The Engineering Projects

Software Can Be Customized to Fit the Need of Your Company

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how software can be customized to fit the need of your company. Industries require complicated applications that make creating and keeping sensitive data quick and easy. Creating data pertinent to a specific business plays a critical role in today's world. We are living in a data-driven world. There are options to make the utilization of these complicated applications easier. One of the most popular options for managing the applications is called software as a service or SaaS for short. What SaaS does is provide and manage all the software a business needs. The software is tailored and customized to the business’s needs. SaaS platform developers will oversee the building of the system for a company. Recall, almost all industries need software that creates and stores the data to audit stored information and help in the strategic planning of the industries, ultimately assisting to meet their goals. Let’s have an insight into a few examples.

What Industries Need SaaS

The healthcare industry has gone through a data revolution in recent decades. No longer is a patient's individual history stored in some file cabinet in a hospital. Hospitals and healthcare professionals can now share a patient's history on the fly, thanks to the SaaS software, making information easy to reach, easy to store, and easy to handle. SaaS developers can implement a system that will collect advanced scans like cardiology or radiology. The scans will be stored and easily accessed in the software provided. SaaS developers can also create mobile apps that will use this data to track a patient's wellness. Another industry that SaaS can benefit is the financial sector. There are scores of companies that fall into the realm of the financial sector. Banking may be the largest and most well known but stock broker’s and investment companies also carry a big need for data handling software. SaaS developers can build a system that tracks stocks throughout the trading day or week and populate graphs and other files that aid traders in deciding where to invest. The popular FOREX software is just one example. For banking, SaaS developers can design software that tracks the bank's transactions and make sure they are legally compliant with the Sabanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This software can save a bank from government sanctions and fines. The online retail and e-commerce market has had a growing need for SaaS developers in recent years. Online shopping is blowing up with consumers turning increasingly to shopping from the comfort of their homes. Coming with all that extra commerce is thousands of online retailers competing for the business. SaaS developers can create systems for both B2B and B2C platforms. Their software can do anything from tracking inventory, sales to analyzing the best way to proceed in marketing. A few other industries that require SaaS software are engineering, utility, energy, and media for tracking the number of audiences they can hook to the television screens. SaaS can also help streamline the human resources department of any company. SaaS software, no doubt, proves handy for plenty of businesses and is capable to handle and store information as per the company’s needs and requirements. That's all for today. I hope you find this post helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

MOSFET WHAT A MOSFET IS AND HOW IT WORKS

Hi Guys! Hope this finds you well. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I'll walk you through the Mosfet what the Mosfet is and how it works. The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor is a semiconductor device widely used for switching and amplifying electronic signals. The MOSFET is a core of integrated circuit and it can be designed and fabricated in a single chip as they come in small sizes. The MOSFET carries four-terminal called: source(S), gate (G), drain (D) and body (B) terminals. The body of the MOSFET is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like a field-effect transistor. The MOSFET is a common transistor that is used in both analog and digital circuits. The MOSFET works by electronically varying the width of a channel that contains charge carriers i.e. electrons or holes.  The charge carriers enter the channel at the source terminal and exit via the drain terminal. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on a gate terminal that is located between source and drain. It is insulated with an extremely thin layer of metal oxide.

The MOSFET can function in two ways

• Depletion Mode
• Enhancement Mode

Depletion Mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate, the channel shows its maximum conductance. As the voltage on the gate is either positive or negative, the channel conductivity decreases.

Enhancement mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate the device does not conduct. More the voltage on the gate, the better the device can conduct.
Video courtesy of Teko Broadcast.

Working Principle of MOSFET

• The MOSFET controls the voltage and current flow between the source and drain. It works almost as a switch. The working of MOSFET depends on the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is a critical part of the MOSFET.
• The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer is located between source and drain terminals. It can be inverted from p-type to n-type by applying positive or negative gate voltages respectively.

• When we apply the positive gate voltage the holes present under the oxide layer are pushed downward with the substrate. The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thus forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• Instead of a positive voltage, if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

• P-Channel MOSFET:

• The P-channel MOSFET has a P-channel region between source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• The drain and source are heavily doped p+ region and the body or substrate is n-type. The flow of current is due to positively charged holes.

• When we apply the negative gate voltage, the electrons present under the oxide layer are pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The negative gate voltage also attracts holes from p+ source and drain regions into the channel region.

• N- Channel MOSFET:

• The N-Channel MOSFET has an N-channel region between the source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• In this type of MOSFET, the drain and source terminals are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body is P-type. The current flows due to the negatively charged electrons. When we apply the positive gate voltage, the holes present under the oxide layer pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thereby forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• And if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

MOSFET SWITCH

• In this circuit arrangement, an enhanced mode and N-channel MOSFET is being used to switch a sample lamp ON and OFF. The positive gate voltage is applied to the base of the transistor and the lamp is ON (VGS =+v) or at zero voltage level the device turns off (VGS=0).

• In the above circuit, it is a very simple circuit for switching a resistive load such as a lamp or LED. But when using MOSFET to switch either inductive or capacitive load, protection is required to contain the MOSFET device.
• For the MOSFET to operate as an analog switching device, it needs to be switched between its cutoff region where VGS =0 and saturation region where VGS =+v.
• MOSFET is also a transistor. We abbreviate it as Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor. It will have P-channel and N-channel. It consists of a source, gate, and drain. Here we connected a resistive load of 24O in series with an ammeter, and a voltage meter connected across the MOSFET.

• In the transistor, the current flow in the gate is in a positive direction and the source goes to ground. In BJT’s, the current flow is the base-to-emitter circuit. But in MOSFET there is no current flow because there is a capacitor at the beginning of the gate, it just requires a voltage.
• We will get to know this by doing the simulation process by switching ON/OFF. When the switch is ON there is no current flow in the circuit, when we have taken a resistance of 24O and 0.29 of ammeter voltage then we find the negligible voltage drop across the source because there is +0.21V across MOSFET.
• The resistance between drain and source is called RDS. Because of RDS, the voltage drop appears while current flow in the circuit. RDS varies depending on the type of MOSFET (it could be 0.001, 0.005, and 0.05 depending on the voltage type).
• Finally, we will conclude that the transistor requires current whereas MOSFET requires a voltage. The driving requirement for the MOSFET is much better and simpler as compared to a BJT.

A 21st Century Tire Industry Will Revolutionize The Market

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll explain how a 21st century tire industry will revolutionize the market. Tire changing and purchasing is a controversial issue for many Americans, with non-insurance purchases that are often arguably expensive. This is set to change with the rise of Tire Agent, who TechCrunch highlighted as receiving $5m in new financing in their bid to remove the mystique from tire purchasing and installation. Using smart data, they’re aiming to pull together buyers, sellers, and mechanics across the country and provide a truly equitable purchase map for those in need. With this data, the industry will be revolutionized, and technology will change how motorists deal with their tires forever in much the same way solar energy has transformed the market already.

Hidden information

One of the aims of the startup is to provide engineering information directly to customers. This would be a huge overhaul for American drivers; the NY Post estimates that 68% of motorists are not only lacking knowledge about their vehicle, but they're scared of repairing it too. With the data on offer from these startups, motorists will have the confidence to do tire changes, know how to efficiently check tire pressure, and potentially tackle more challenging costs – or at least run diagnostics before they get to the shutters of the mechanics' shop. Straight away, this will lead to changes in how tire engineering is viewed, with a movement towards the consumer market required, and less focus is given to the needs of mechanic shops and the closed-shop market.

Better pricing, better innovation

Arguably, the cost of tires and the labor that goes into replacing older models stymies innovation. If the tires work, and the market is enjoying the profit margin, there is less impetus for engineers to invent new forms of the tire and get them into that consumer market. With the impetus shifted away from costly mechanic shops and into the consumer’s wallet, it’s likely that more innovation will be seen – after all, with the wealth of information available to them, consumers will make the smartest and most long-term pick available to them as opposed to simply working from time-tested recommendations from the shop or the manufacturer. This is already creating the need for innovation in tires.

Changing with the weather

A primary reason for road users to get into the garage is to have weather-hit tires repaired or adapted. Think snowshoe and chain in winter, or rubber reinforcements on particularly hot asphalt. Increasingly, tires are starting to actively adapt to the weather, reducing the necessity for any changes at all off the road. According to CNET, Continental has been market leaders with this innovation though many businesses have created their own variants. What does this mean for consumers? Once again, putting the entire functionality and adaptability of the vehicle back into their hands will mean less time with the mechanic and a greater degree of control over what their car is going to do and how it performs. It might even help consumers to get more involved with the technology behind tire engineering.

A self-sealing future?

Self-sealing tires are common these days, but they have their drawbacks. In August 2019, CNBC raised the prospect of fully self-repairing, smart tires. Similarly, Michelin debuted a tire that doesn’t need to be inflated at all. With these smart tires on the market, the engineering outlook for tires and vehicles, in general, will be completely changed – the focus will be shifted onto improving these innovations and making them suitable for a wider market, and easily accessible for vehicles of all types. This once again gives more power to the consumer, pulling them away from mechanics and towards being positive about the technology they can deploy their vehicles to keep them on the road and healthy for longer

Ultimate energy efficiency

Pairing with the sustainable goals of the seal-sealing tire is the car-charging tire. As tires produce motion and potential energy that has the potential to be turned into actual efficient energy for the car to deploy. According to Interesting Engineering, this is becoming a reality that will help to see cars self-powered to an even greater degree. Goodyear’s BH03 concept is nothing new that was released in 2015 and has seen huge developments since then. Now, the concept is being plugged for active use, first in electric vehicles to give primary drive power but also, potentially, in combustion vehicles, to provide plenty of ways of charging the car battery that relies on sustainable tools.

Holistic benefits

Whatever form cars take, it’s undeniable that they add emissions to the world – this is true whether from a classic combustion engine emissions, or the carbon cycle of producing any other vehicle. Can tires combat this? Another Goodyear concept focuses on their ‘Oxygene’ concept, which adds biological material to the outside of the tires. The purpose of this is to actively filter onrushing air from the car as it travels, producing net benefits for the air around the vehicle as it moves. This seems like wishful thinking but these ‘green benefits’ are being used across a wide range of industries – for instance, green roofing has been a norm in many American cities for years now. It might not be too long until the average road user sees hundreds of green hubcaps and tires as they take their drive across the nation’s roads – and that they’ll enjoy the benefits, too, with clean air on the way. With this new generation of tires being green energy focused, this could easily mean a wholesale shift in tire production. A relatively static market can start to fully utilize materials science to innovate new products. This will be demonstrated in a huge range of products, but with sustainability often the goal, expect innovation hours and cash to be plunged into the likes of self-sealing tires and sustainable EV products. This will ultimately benefit the wider market and thus the engineers looking to make their name in the auto industry.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at detailed Introduction to Darlington Transistor. It was named "Darlington" as its inventor's name was Sidney Darlington, who was an electrical engineer and belonged to the United States of America. Such a circuit configuration that consists of 2 PNP or NPN transistor makes Darlington configurations. This transistor configuration is used for amplification and switching circuits. The signal amplified by the first transistor also amplified by the second transistor & due to this two-time amplifications, this arrangement provides a high gain output signal. This transistor operation is similar to normal single transistor that has a base, emitter and collector. Its current gain value is almost one thousand. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, applications and other related factors. So let's get started with Introduction to Darlington Transistor.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

• Darlington transistor ( also known as Darlington pair) comprises of 2 bipolar junction transistors, connected in such a way that they behave like a single transistor.
• This transistor converts low base current to high output current (collector current).
• Its construction is such that emitter terminal (E) of the first transistor that is input connected with the second transistor base (B) terminal and collector (C) terminals of both transistors are linked together with one another by a wire.

• In this configuration current amplified by the first transistor further amplified by the second transistor and its give high gain output.
• There are two kinds of power dissipation occurs in this transistor first is maximum Collector-emitter (CE) and second is direct current gain. The value for maximum Collector-emitter (CE) is thirty volts, sixty volts, and eighty volts.
• As the gain value of this transistor is one thousand so less value of IB needs to using it in different amplification and switching circuits.
• Its most important factor is that its impedance at the input is high that cause to decrement at the output due to this we get a high-value signal.

Darlington Transistor Structure

• The physical construction of the Darlington pair is drawn in given below figure. In this figure, we are working on NPN transistors for construction of the required circuitry.

• You can see that collector of these 2 transistors are linked with each other and emitter terminal of transistor denoted as TR1 connected with the base (B) of the second transistor to provides the current at base.

• This circuitry gets ß multiplication due to Ib and Ic, in this case, the value ß  is larger than one, its mathematical form is.

IC= (IC1+IC2) IC= (ß1) . (Ib)+ (ß2). (Ib2)-----(1)

• While the value of Ib of TR1 is equivalent to the emitter current of it and the emitter of the first transistor is linked with the base of second transistor TR2.

(Ib2) = (Ie1) =(Ic1) + Ib) =(ß1).(Ib) +(Ib) = (IB).(ß1 + 1)

• If we put the value of Ib2 in equation (1) then we have.

Ic=(ß1). (Ib)+ ß2.Ib(ß1+1) Ic= (ß1).(Ib)+ (ß2).(Ib)(ß1) + (ß2).(Ib) Ic= (ß1+(ß2.ß1)+ ß2).Ib

• In these equations the ß1 is the gain of first transistor and ß2 is the gain of second transistor.

Sziklai Transistor Pair

• This type of transistor configuration was first time created by George Sziklai who belongs to Hungry, its name is due to this scientist who created it. It comprises of NPN and PNP transistor that are connected in given below configuration.

• The arrangement of NPN and PNP transistors in circuitry has a benefit that this Sziklai combination does a similar function like normal Darlington transistor, but it needs 0.6 volts extra for its starting operation.
• The circuitry of this transistor combination is shown in the given above figure.
• You can see that the voltage drop of this configuration across base and emitter terminals is equivalent to the voltage drop across a single transistor.
• The operation of Sziklai is slower than the Darlington pair transistor. These transistor pair are normally used for pull-push arrangements and different sound amplifier circuits.
• But common thing in these two transistor arrangments is that they use in NPN and PNP transistor for their construction.

Darlington Transistor Example

• For a practical understanding of the Darlington pair transistor, we solve an example.
• Let's suppose that we have a load that consuming the power of sixty watts is connected with fifteen volts supply and 2 NPN transistor in Darlington pair arrangements.
• The gain value of the first transistor is thirty and another transistor gain value is ninety-five. So by using these given parameters, we calculate the value of Ib to operate the load.

• When the output load starts to operate then collector current flows this collector current is equal to the current consumed by the load.

IL= Ic

• As we know that P=VI. So,

Ic= P/I

=60/15= 4 amperes

• As above we discussed that the value of ß is 30 and for second is 95, so the value of Ib can be calculated by this equation.

Ic =[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2] x Ib

Ib=(Ic)/[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2]

Ib=4/[30 +(95 x 30)+ 95]

Ib=4/2975

Ib=1.3mA

• From this, we can conclude that if we provide 1.3 milliamperes to the first transistor, load start its operation when we disconnect current load will off.

Advantages of Darlington Transistor

• These are some important benefits of this transistor arrangement that are described here with detailed.
• It gains value is very high almost one thousand and sometimes greater than it, so a small value of Ib will be amplified to the larger output current.
• Its resistance at the input is very very high that decreases the resistance value at its output.
•  As this circuit is very easy to construct so it is easily available in numerous structure in a single casing.

Disadvantages of Darlington Transistor

• Where it has some benefits there it also has some drawbacks that are described here.
• Its main disadvantage is that its saturation voltage is higher than the normal transistor.
• The value of saturation voltage is 0.65 volts for Darlington pair while in case of a transistor is 0.1 to 0.2 volts.
• Another problem is that its switch time increases if the first transistor does not send Ib to the second current within the required time. That makes its operation slow.
• In the presence of large frequency signal, it shows the high phase shift that is low in a single transistor, due to this it losses stability when negative feedback is provided to this circuitry.

That is the detailed article on the Darlington Transistor I have mentioned every aspect related to this transistor. If you have any issue ask in comments.Thanks for reading.

Smart Energy Engineering Drives Manufacturing Growth

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how smart energy engineering drives manufacturing growth.

Human life on earth has never seen more development than it has experienced in the past 100 years. Nowadays, manufacturing is based on smart tech-oriented engineering. This guarantees quality productions in the minimum time possible.

According to the British newspaper Yorkshire Post, a new $252m Siemens manufacturing site in the UK is a poster-boy for this new trend of super high tech combined with manufacturing. Innovative digital engineering solutions play a key role in upscaling these companies with modern-day technology that gets rid of older, classic manufacturing techniques and provides a cleaner, safer, and faster way of manufacturing goods.

Futuristic ovens

Needless to say, industrial ovens are necessary for manufacturing purposes. The creation of industrial ovens scalable to fit the industry's precise demands is a prerequisite for the required airflow for the job, the type of energy used, and the lifespan of production.

You know it already, if industrial machinery misses the mark and fails to meet the industry standards, this can terribly impact the overall production. The reason you need advanced machinery equipped with cutting-edge technology is to grow your revenue skyrocket.

These ovens are part and parcel of manufacturing with outstanding results in both the simple drying process and hydrogen de-embrittlement. Soon, innovators are expecting to use solar energy to power such ovens.

In November 2019, CNN reported on a breakthrough made by Bill Gates’ secretive energy start-up that it had managed to concentrate heat in one area. Scaling down of this technology could be a further boon to an industry that helps tackle energy concerns with full control.

Further energy storage

These systems may well be expensive, but new technology is proving fruitful for energy storage and movement. And based on result-driven and swift processes, you will surely admit, they are totally worth it.

According to The Independent, breakthroughs in battery manufacturing have made Li-ion batteries 90% cheaper in material costs – also a sustainability saving – and have made manufacturing far easier. This will have far-reaching implications for manufacturing businesses across numerous sectors, particularly the car industry including EV, hybrid, or CEV.

Furthermore, by using a chemical resin instead of heavy metals, these batteries degrade slower and have a lessened environmental impact, leaving your atmosphere with no toxic gases. They could lead to a serious overhaul in how manufacturing is done from the energy management perspective. Companies like Utility Bidder are playing a key role in helping businesses find the most cost-effective energy solutions to support this shift.

A reduction in waste

Energy-saving at the front-end is great and it is equally important in tuning energy usage to encompass largely green fuels. There remains, however, the question of waste.

According to industry consultants Enel, significant energy is lost in the processing of manufacturing lines that are often uncovered at a later date in efficiency programs. However, they will go missing for years in the meanwhile, and this necessitates savings to be made elsewhere.

One such way is through turning waste once again into energy. It comes with two benefits; first, if energy is wasted, it’s less impactful as there is a zero-sum game; second, it creates efficiencies for manufacturers that can help against the impact of hidden problems in their assembly line.

Finding a way to harness waste and turn it into energy should be a primary concern for manufacturers, both in environmental and cost-saving ways, and there are methods out there that may prove helpful for energy conservation.

The Icelandic method

Iceland is renowned for its use of geothermal energy, which, according to IRENA, produces just 3% of the emissions that equivalent energy-producing operations will create. Despite this, the island nation is not contented on its laurels and manufacturers, the reason they have come together to look at turning waste into energy.

The result is a program of gasification run by the University of Iceland. The main aim is to look at waste from all areas of manufacturing and day-to-day life and turn the waste materials and energy (in the form of heat, light, and emissions) back into useful energy by capturing and reintroducing materials to the manufacturing process.

While still a relatively ‘dirty’ process – these are, ultimately, fossil fuels and bio-energy – this can represent a ‘closed-loop’ on emissions for manufacturing businesses and the opportunity to make the most out of every single piece of work. In turn, this reduces the amount of wastage at every stage of production.

Moving to clean processes

Long-term businesses must look to move away from all dirty and inefficient fuels and turn toward more clean and effective alternatives. Much of this is being completed already by private energy firms.

Forbes estimates that fossil fuel usage will reduce from 82% of current global consumption to 60% by 2040 and this rate will be much higher in developed countries compared to third-world countries.

In the USA, regardless of political pressure, energy companies are investing heavily in renewables that are becoming a part of the energy grid. While effective work can be done on the factory floor to ensure clean energy compliance, regulators are doing great work to bridge that gap and ensure a much cleaner environment.

Future: the hydrogen solution

Hydrogen is a volatile energy that carries plenty of risk in the manufacturing process. According to engineering magazine The Engineer, it could be the next big breakthrough – and one that is more palatable to the public than controversial nuclear energy.

Scaleable hydrogen operations that pluck energy out of the air are springing up across the world and are, crucially, scalable – they could find their way onto the site of manufacturing premises.

Hydrogen is, no doubt, inherently dangerous and carries a lot of risks; however, with the help of advanced technology, its impact can be reduced. For instance, some units have safety systems that rapidly turn Hydrogen stocks into oxygen if a dangerous situation arises.

Clean and safe energy with the tendency of conversion is arguably the future fuel for manufacturing. This also leads to a clean and secure environment.

Clean energy with large-scale manufacturing is the dream for both businesses and consumers. If engineers continue to focus on clean energy solutions for manufacturing, it will benefit both industry and the environment which guarantees maximum production requiring less labor force.

Control Engineering: Surprising Applications of Servo Motors

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, we'll discuss surprising applications of servo motors. Servo motors also called “servos” or “control motors”, are electrical devices used for the precise control of position, torque, or speed of an object. They can help in rotating or pushing items at a certain angle or distance. This actuation device has been around for quite some time. Servo motors are widely practiced in different industries.

Servo Motor Applications

A servo motor may appear small but this tiny beast is packed with countless capabilities that make certain objects function more effectively. Projects that require maximum precision rely on this electrical device. You should also have a look at Servo Motor Control using Arduino. A servo motor with high torque is an ideal pick to handle heavy loads properly. These versatile servo motors can quickly adapt to any kind of environment. I have also posted on Servo Motor interfacing with PIC Microcontroller. Let’s take a look at some of the valuable uses of servo motors.

1. Sushi Bars

Have you seen those cute, sushi trains in Japanese restaurants? They use servo motors. Due to lack of staff, Yoshiaki Shiraishi developed a sushi train to serve sushi straight to customers. Sushi trains are made with a conveyor belt. The ability of a servo to deliver perfect repeatability of motion serves a great purpose in sushi trains.

2. Escape Rooms

Those who seek an adventure will love escape rooms. You and your friends will have to complete a mission for you to literally “escape”. The doors are installed with a servo motor controller that will only open if your team solves the puzzle. Props and supplies as well as other interactive parts of the game also use servo motors.

3. Automated Doors

We usually see these doors in business centers, shopping malls, and other commercial establishments. They all operate through servo motors. How? Automated doors have infrared sensors that detect the presence of an individual. The data collected through the infrared sensors is sent to the servo motors which in turn open the door.

4. Remote-Controlled Toys

Whatever remote-controlled toy or object it may be, it is guaranteed to be equipped with a servo motor. A user controls the toy using a transmitter which sends a signal through radio waves. The signal is then sent to the toy through an antenna and circuit board. Upon receipt of these signals, the servo motors then steer the wheels in a toy car, operate the toy helicopter’s propellers, or do whatever the command you apply.

5. Camera Auto-Focus

Advanced cameras like Canon or Nikon use servo motors for their auto-focus feature. You can see the feature “AF Servo” in some digital cameras. Based on the camera’s settings, autofocus allows photographers to capture perfect images even if the subject is moving. The servo motors are programmed with an intelligent algorithm. With just one click, it looks for angles with great focus in auto mode. This is helpful for photographers working on sports or wildlife.

6. Super High-Tech Fashion

Sometimes servo motors serve purposes beyond human imagination. In 2013, Anouk Wipprecht, an iconic Dutch designer, designed a one-of-a-kind outfit called “Spider Dress”. This dress is, no doubt, unprecedented. Each shoulder pad has two 12-channel Maestro servo controllers that move through embedded sensors. The triggers involve stress levels or when someone comes close around the wearer.

7. Collaborative Robots

Also known as “cobot”, this type of machine is different from a traditional robot. They are programmed to work in partnership with humans to complete a certain task. Servo motors provide these robots a remarkable intelligence that you cannot expect from a simple cc motor. Also, advanced sensors and servo drive technology enable cobots to adapt to different environments.

Types of Servo Motors

There are scores of servo motors available in the market. They are categorized in terms of size and shape based on the nature of the application.

1. DC Servo Motors 

DC current controls DC servo motors. They are the right fit for smaller applications for their ability to handle smaller current surges. Due to their swift reaction to commands and motions, DC motors are preferred for machines programmed with mathematical controls. They have, however, stability issues and may need more maintenance compared to AC servo motors.

2. AC Servo Motors

AC current controls AC servo motors. Compared to their DC counterparts, these servos can take higher current surges. The reason they are preferred for CNC and industrial machinery, as well as in automation. In this type of servo, there is an integrated encoder that allows closed-loop control and feedback. Stability is also not an issue with this servo. Furthermore, frequent maintenance is not required.

3. Positional Rotation Servo Motors

This kind of servo is considered as the most common and important among all servo motors. They are typically used in an aircraft, toy, or robot servo. This servo comes with a shaft that can rotate up to 180 degrees. To make sure it won’t surpass this limit, the servo is also equipped with gear mechanisms with physical stops that guard the rotation sensor.

4. Continuous Rotation Servo Motors

These servo motors are somewhat similar to a positional rotation model with limited operations. They can move in any direction but the distance results are indefinite. Instead of directing the motor in a fixed position, the control signals handle the servo’s speed and direction of rotation. Their unlimited rotation and directional control features make them ideal for radar dishes or servo motor for robots.

5. Linear Servo Motors

Another kind of servo that is similar to a positional rotation model is the linear servo motor. The difference is that this type of servo motor has extra gears that allow linear movements or forward/backward motions. They are rare but are available in hobby stores. A hobby or higher-model airplane, small vehicle build, and even a robot use linear servo motors as actuators.

Working of Servo Motors

Servo motors can rotate 90 degrees from either direction and can turn up to a maximum of 180 degrees. It cannot exceed this number because of its built-in mechanical stop. A Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal controls the servo motors which are sent to the control wire. Every 20 milliseconds (ms), the servo motor expects to receive a pulse. The PWM received by the motor sends a command as to how the shaft will position. Moreover, the duration of the pulse forwarded via the control wire directs the rotor in which position to turn to. Take a look at this study about a robot arm’s movement that can be controlled via Internet access. Here, the control signal came from someone behind the computer. The robotic arm servo motors react differently according to the pulse width received. With a pulse width of 0.6 mS, the shaft moved -45 degrees. Then the pulse width increased to 1.5 mS causing the shaft to return to 0 degrees. Lastly, the pulse width increased again to 2.4 mS which shifted the shaft to 45 degrees.

Conclusion

If excellent precision is required, servo motors are the solution you’re looking for. The application of this actuation device is rampant in different industries. You’ll find servo motors in a collaborative robot, sushi bar, and even in an out-of-this-world fashion. Their classification depends on the servo motors application. When it comes to movement, the command comes through PWM signals. The width of the pulse received dictates the position of the shaft. The Internet is already occupied with countless content where it’s difficult to identify the right one. With the Design Web Kit, you don’t need to worry about getting the wrong information anymore. We offer a collection of articles about various website trends.

Smart Buildings Boost the Need for Intelligent Gas Sensors

The global smart building market is expected to reach approximately $33.5M by 2022, indicating a vastly growing need for safe and secure building environments. These sensors continuously monitor environments to ensure that the air quality, temperature, and ventilation in a building are accurate. They can identify scores of potential threats - including harmful gases and gas leaks. According to one recently published report, the need for more sophisticated and intelligent gas sensors in the smart building of the automation industry is critical - this is because consumers demand security where tighter governmental regulations are calling for better and safer indoor air quality.

How Gas Sensors Improve Building Safety?

Gas sensors play a vital role in building safety. They are designed to detect and monitor gas leakage and toxic gases. This is achieved through safety inspections that focus on testing air quality in different parts of the building. New health and safety regulations passed by governments across the globe mean that gas sensors boasting high sensitivity to gases are becoming an important part of safety systems.

These sensors are electronic devices with the ability to detect the existence of (and particular concentrations of) different gases in the environment. Based on the concentration of gases in the atmosphere, the sensors show the different resistance levels of various substances used in the device to check for fluctuations in output voltages. Depending on the readings obtained, we can identify the type and concentration of different gases.

What Type of Gas Sensors Are Used in Engineering?

Gas sensor technologies are used to boost engineering safety - including non-dispersed infrared sensors for carbon dioxide detection and miniaturized photo-ionized detectors for measurement.

In the past, buildings used to contain different sensors, occupying significant space. A need has therefore arisen for more compact, robust, powerful, and reasonably priced sensors that can ensure safety in different sectors - including the health, oil, gas, and automation industries.

Detecting Combustible Gases

Modern-day gas sensors can detect a wide array of gases - including combustible gases such as methane, butane, propane, hydrogen, and more. These sensors can detect the presence of toluene, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and other gases, offering a reading in the range of 0 to 5 parts per million.

The components used in the sensors can respond to changes in physical or chemical properties. The latter is converted to electric signals by transducers; the sensors measure the concentration of different gases through analytic reactions between the sensing material and target gases. Various types of sensors exist; for example, optical gas sensors measure the amount of light scattering caused by different type of gases. The type of sensor used depends on its intended application. For instance, catalytic sensors are better and therefore preferred for combustible gas detection, while carbon nano-materials are usually chosen for environmental monitoring. These materials have different advantages as well in terms of sensitivity, cost, response time, weight, and stability.

New Chemistry for Ultra-Fine Gas Sensors

Engineering teams are constantly on the lookout for more efficient, lighter sensors capable of fulfilling more than one role. On July 1, 2020, scientists from Ruhr-University Bochum announced that they had developed a new process for zinc oxide layers that can be utilized both ways i.e. as a protective layer on plastic and for sensing the presence of toxic nitrogen gas. These layers can be laid down via atomic layer deposition, which contains chemical compounds (or precursors) that ignite when they come in direct contact with the air. The Ruhr-University Bochum team created a new manufacturing process using a non-pyrophoric zinc precursor that can be made at temperatures that are low enough for plastics to be coated. These zinc oxide layers can do many functions all in one fell swoop - including that of protecting degradable goods.

How are Ultra-Thin Zinc Oxide Layers Made?

In the manufacture of sensors for nitrogen dioxide, a fine layer of nanostructured zinc oxide is applied to a sensor substrate that is then joined to an electric component. The Ruhr-University Bochum scientists have used atomic layer deposition (ALD) to join the ultra-fine layers to the sensor substrates. ALD processes are usually used in engineering to make tiny electrical parts using ultra-thin layers. Some are just a few atomic layers thick, yet they are robust and highly efficient. For this process, specific precursors that can form such fine layers are required. Up until now, these layers were made using highly reactive, and highly pyrophoric zinc precursors via ALD.

Working in a Safer Fashion

The new method allows teams to work safely by avoiding highly ignitable compounds. It relies on very safe, low temperatures that enable the deposition of the layers onto plastic. It is therefore of great use in the production of gas sensors as well as in any industry in which goods need to be protected from oxidation through the use of plastics. The food and pharmaceutical industries are two sectors that can potentially benefit from these gas-protected plastic layers. The gas sensor market is predicted to grow exponentially every day. Continuous monitoring of gas levels is key to ensuring the health and safety of those living and working in buildings where they need to deal with toxic and sensitive gases every day. Trends dominating this product include a need for greater customization, lower-cost sensor technology, and smaller-sized sensor packages. Due to the high demand for smart buildings over the years, the desire for continuous and accurate gas measurement is increasing daily. These sensors are high in demand in different areas including the Asia Pacific Region, the Middle East, and North America. Moreover, several new chemical processes are required for the creation of ultra-thin and efficient gas sensors.

This is achieved by atomic layer deposition using precursors that require low heat and can protect the integrity of the plastic. A small amount of fine nanostructured zinc oxide is applied to a sensor substrate before connecting it with an electric component. This new intelligent gas sensor technology is used in the gas and packaging industries.

10 Ways To Get Rid Of Your Homework Problems

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you 10 ways to get rid of your Homework problems. The child puts off or stops doing something, preferring to switch to other activities because they do not see the importance of the task or have difficulty in understanding, organizing or motivating it. Grunting does not help in this case. "Homework is an obligation. Children have their own opinions about it and many of them think it's better to have a reputation as a forgetful and irresponsible child than to admit that they don't know how to do the task," says Rick Wormeli, an education consultant and author of Fair Isn't Always Equal. However, with a little creativity, parents will be able to help their child overcome the barrier and learn how to do tasks more effectively. We offer 10 ways to encourage your child to start doing their homework with more confidence and less resistance. You should also have a look at Tips on Completing your College Homework.

1. Set the schedule and prevent bad habits.

"The perfect class takes five minutes a day, but it's important to do it properly" said Dawson. "I usually ask my son, 'You've had ten algebra exercises. How long do you think it'll take you?" Set the best rhythm with a well-thought-out schedule and rest breaks.  Give the child the right conditions for the class. For example, one child has the need to work next to the parent in the kitchen, while another child works best in her own room. Some people need a clean, unobstructed place to study that contains everything they need. And somebody feels comfortable in a creative mess. Some children follow the schedule, others need a to-do list. Break bad habits, interfere when the child starts talking on extraneous topics during the class or does not go to bed on time, because he decided to play or to start doing homework lately and finish it by midnight.

2. Name and tame the inner voice

Teach the child to notice when he has thoughts of defeat. When the inner voice whispers: "You're bad at math," the child can come up with a name for the voice, like Jack. Ask the child to choose another name for the inner voice that claims to be good at something. Then say, "It's not your fault, it's Jack." Ask the child questions: "What does Jack need to feel more confident about himself? What would a positive voice advise Jack to do?" When the problem is solved, the child will have experience in solving it, says Ana Jovanovic, psychologist and coach of the online training portal Nobel Coaching in Potomac, Md. This approach will help to understand that weakness is only part of the personality. Ana asks her students to give names to their schedules so that it would be harder to reject them. And her pupils are happy to use it, for example: "What should I do today? I have to ask Mike."

3. Lucky clothes

Let your child choose a special outfit for their homework, it may be an accessory or clothes, such as a hat to help them think or all-seeing glasses. The journal "Child Development" published an experiment, where researchers noticed that the child's stamina increased when he pretended to be a superhero.

4. Let the school be the evil one

When your homework starts to ruin your life, it is time to contact your teacher or school counselor. Jennifer Goodstein, sixth-grade teacher and CEO at Bethesda, Md. says she asks her parents to email her when a child loses emotional self-control. "We can take on the role of villains and say, 'okay, Brandon, you had a fight with Mom so you have to do your homework at school,'" says Jennifer. And then she makes a schedule for extra classes at school.

5. Trust, but check

"Let your child choose whether to do it for themselves or ask the teacher for help, but make sure he or she does it," says Kim Campbell, an eighth-grade teacher, and consultant for the Association for Middle-Level Educators in Minnetonka, Minn. If a child decides to ask the teacher for something, let them know what will happen if they do not. For example, you could say to him, "You have to do it by yourself until Tuesday, otherwise I will write an e-mail to the teacher".

6. Don't forget to relax

"When I see the kids falling asleep at classes, we do 20 jumps, play rock-paper-scissors or pretend we're in the ocean and have to swim away from the sharks fast," says Campbell. Even a normal washroom break can help. To improve concentration, she recommends letting the kids take a little walk, play with a ball or ride a bike before going back to work. When a child starts kicking a wall, parents can offer simple tasks to help them think, such as mixing dough, blowing bubbles or slow breaths and exhales.

7. Set up an awards system

Awards work better when they're received instantly. "You get an award for working well within a week (not a month)," Campbell says. "Some parents make it a condition of receiving an A's within a quarter, but the long-term goals don't work. The award may be something small, like stickers to decorate notebooks. Ana Jovanovic notes that personalized study equipment helps children with their studies.

8. Change the approach and ensure communication

"My eldest son was assigned to make a diorama, and he didn't have very good fine motor skills, so it was hard for him to do the job," says Rick Wormeli. "This assignment was more about fixing small toys on a shoebox than science, so he asked the school to modify the assignment." Expand your life experience with your child, travel, play sports, watch popular media, and stay up to date with current events.  Parents can also make the most of modern technology. Your child can learn with friends online or use various card applications to create cards for better memorization. You can teach them to break down voluminous topics into small exercises or talk about essay ideas together. Finally, you may let him use paper writing service.

9. Pick a role model object and nurture character resilience

Ask your child to name a person who admires him, whether he is a professional athlete or a favorite writer. And when a child falls in love, ask what his idol would do if he were him. Watching movies also helps to see the whole picture. For example, "The Puzzle" can help children appreciate the benefits of negative emotions. "When you are sad, you are likely to ask for help and that way you can contact other people," says Jovanovic. She encourages parents to challenge their children when they say that they are stupid or useless. "At times like this, I say, 'Convince me that you can't do that. Show me where you failed." Then she asks the child what would be different if they told themselves they could do it. To increase your endurance, praise the effort and emphasize that the child has just not yet mastered the skill. You should read this Guideline for writing an excellent Homework Paper.

10. Do not push too hard

Too much pressure makes the baby back off. "At a time when you are just beginning to understand who you are, you are already being told who you should be," says Jovanovic. "When the gap between who you want to be and who your parents want you to be, increases, you start a revolt. You should also have a look at these Best sites to get Engineering Homework Help "Children at this age are learning about a social world that's much more complicated than their parents realize," Dawson said. "From a human development perspective, it's probably just as important as a math problem.”

The Future of Cloud Development

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show give you an overview of the future of Cloud Development. As one of the fastest-growing innovations of modern technology, cloud computing has revolutionized our relationship with the internet and the ways we’re able to connect and share resources with others around the globe. As tech companies are rapidly discovering even more ways to utilize all of the cloud’s advantages, the future of cloud development is sure to bring further advancements as an integral part of our everyday lives.

Where it is and where it’s going

Cloud development has taken off because of its ease of use, security, scalability, and reduction of costs. Many companies have been growing more reliant on the services provided, and the explosive growth in the cloud market has benefited them. Industries incorporating cloud tech will see far greater flexibility and efficiency in their IT operations. Once bound by hardware limitations and costs, cloud computing has been removing barriers every step of the way. Many previous obstacles such as latency and conversion time have been cleared as internet speeds have gotten faster and developers have gotten better grasps of how to utilize the technology. A cloud development service company helps businesses transition their currently implemented services into a cloud environment. As more companies take advantage of these features, cloud tech will eventually overtake the use of local resources by a large margin. Financially, cloud service development will see huge gains as many companies are already investing billions upon billions of dollars into their cloud infrastructures, and those numbers are only growing.

How it’ll change and grow

With the rise of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other advanced computing services, the complexity of running these resources will quickly outpace the ability for regular computers to match. Cloud computing and software as service platforms that meet these needs will eventually become a necessity for production and development cycles. Cloud services are already a huge part of our daily lives. If we want to check an email for work, we use a cloud email service. If we need a ride to our favorite hang out spot, we can use a cloud service like Uber or Lyft. If we want to kick back and unwind with friends, we have cloud gaming and movie streaming services. Most of these innovations have snuck up on us over the past several years, so imagine where we’ll be once even more time passes.  You should also have a look at 3 Reasons to Switch to Cloud Storage. In about 10 years, we could see cloud services becoming an indispensable part of our daily lives. It’s likely that pretty much every company will utilize the cloud in some capacity. Similar to how computers and smartphones themselves became an integral part of our society, the adoption was gradual while people began to understand how they truly revolutionized their routines, but once they arrived, they exploded in popularity and we never looked back. Cloud services are similar in that they are rapidly growing tools that are opening new possibilities. Soon we’ll begin to see the development of new applications and services take off that would never have been possible with desktop-bound computing. It’s likely that before we even realize it, that future will be here.

Three Industries With High Quality Assurance Standards

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to discuss Three Industries With High Quality Assurance Standards. If someone asked you to bet $1 million on which industries had the highest quality assurance standards, the smart money would bet on the industries that are most heavily-regulated. How do you know if an industry is heavily-regulated? See if there’s a government bureau named after that industry. Another good indication is if lives and public health hinge on the industry doing its job correctly. Or, just work in a heavily-regulated industry. You won’t be able to walk from point A to point B without quality assurance implications. Successful enterprises in heavily-regulated industries approach “quality standards” in three tiers:

• Quality Assurance (QA): The high-level proof submitted to the public, and—more importantly—regulators that your products are of sufficient quality.
• Quality Management System (QMS): A series of processes that delivers quality assurance by implementing quality control.
• Quality Control (QC): The “boots-on-the-ground” act of rooting out and eliminating problems that might hinder quality production.

Most heavily-regulated industries have established, often international quality assurance standards to meet, as well as time-tested quality management systems to implement quality control. Here are three industries with high quality assurance standards.

Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry is heavily-regulated for good reason. Governments have a public trust to make sure products they consume are safe and do what they are supposed to do. A faulty drug formulation could hurt or kill consumers or contribute to a public health crisis rather than alleviate it, with lawsuits following close behind. The key regulatory agency for pharmaceuticals in the US is the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Pharma companies typically must comply with multiple sections of FDA 21 CFR (Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations). Pharmaceutical quality assurance focuses on:

• Public Safety: Medications can change someone’s life for the better or cause serious harm. Quality controls to protect public safety include strict attention to document control, employee training, laboratory OOS, corrective and preventive action (CAPA), internal audits, and managerial review.
• Professional and Consumer Confidence: Edelman’s 2019 Trust Barometer rated the public trust in the pharma industry at 57%, worse than any other healthcare vertical. Robust attention to quality assurance is necessary now more than ever to regain consumer and professional confidence.
• Production Efficiency: Production efficiency allows safe products to be produced at a lower cost, increasing profits and fostering affordability severely lacking in the industry. Companies can improve production efficiency through automated data collection and holistic data integration.

Medical Devices Industry

The FDA and its international counterparts also keep the medical device industry on a short leash, as much if not more so than the pharma industry. “Medical devices” is actually a fairly broad category of healthcare-related devices, covering such categories as:

• Physical Devices: Medical devices that live at or come from a hospital, like MRI machines, pacemakers, and defibrillators.
• IoT Devices: Short for “internet of things,” IoTs are a class of physical device that perform functions via the internet. Examples include blood glucose monitors and dissolving EEG monitors that transmit data by wireless signal or into the cloud.
• SaMD: SaMD--“Software as a Medical Device”--refers to software that performs the function of a medical device, regardless of the device it is in (i.e. smartphones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) Examples include software that uses the microphone or accelerometer in a smartphone to record breathing data or tremors.

While not always “consumable” in the way medications can be, medical devices have risks of their own, like radiation from an X-ray machine. Some hospitals even use sophisticated robots to perform heart surgery. Quality assurance is obviously paramount for a device like this. Other medical devices, like pacemakers and blood glucose monitors, are implanted in the body, where they could do significant harm if not manufactured to exacting quality standards. Key quality assurance guideposts to keep in mind include:

• Corrective and Preventative Actions (CAPA): Procedures to correct quality management failures.
• Complaint Procedures: How to receive, document, and respond to customer complaints, including tracking and close-out procedures.
• Reporting Procedures: Including written procedures for reporting data and key descriptions in compliant form.
• Nonconforming Product Procedures: Nonconforming products and materials are commonplace and acceptable if appropriate controls are applied.

Aerospace Industry

The aerospace industry sits at the intersection of multiple regulatory purviews, resulting in one of the heaviest compliance burdens of any industry. Millions of consumers who depend on commercial aviation and medivac helicopters are counting on the industry’s compliance and safety. Regulatory agencies with oversight over the aerospace industry include the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), the Department of Defence (DOD), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)--and that’s just in the US. The key quality assurance control that applies to aerospace manufacturing is AS9100, also known as AS9100D due to Amendment D. This standard was created by the International Organization for Standardization to adapt quality assurance control standard ISO 9001 to the  specific needs of the aerospace industry. Dickson states that the standard is quite comprehensive, noting that it covers company policies, procedures, and documentation. Not only do aerospace manufacturers have to comply with AS9100D, but so too do their suppliers and subcontractors. International agencies, like the EU, often adopt versions of the standard that are basically identical. AS9100 is also divided into three standards:

• AS9100: Aerospace design, development, and manufacture.
• AS9110: Aircraft maintenance organizations.
• AS9120: Distributors of hardware, electronics, and other materials.

Aspects of AS9100 to be aware of include:

• Development and Design: Standards for new products.
• Purchasing: Selection of vendors, purchasing procedures, validation and verification.
• Traceability: Being able to trace processes to the accountable party.
• Risk Management: Reducing QC risks where possible, accepting and managing risks where not.

At the end of the day, burdensome as quality assurance may be, the industries that require extensive QA typically do so from a position of public trust. QA failures are often high-profile and disastrous in this industry, undermining their credibility at times when they need it the most to keep innovating and improving the landscape of human experience. Understanding quality assurance standards for heavily-regulated industries serves as an excellent guide even for industries that don’t depend on them. The compliance burden may be less weighty, but public trust and a reputation for quality never hurt any business in any industry.