Heat sinks are the electric routes for heat elimination from the PCB body. The digital electronic world is all about making devices compact and more powerful. This is possible only when the printed circuit boards (PCBs) are small enough to fit into the compact device. The increasing demand for power in low space comes with different challenges, of which the most crucial is the heat management of PCBs. The heat sinks are made of elements such as copper, aluminum, diamond, ceramic materials, graphite, etc., and play a crucial role in the thermal optimization of PCBs for optimal performance and long life. This comprehensive guide is about the basic introduction, heat transfer methods, key parameters, design considerations, and manufacturing techniques involved in the heat sink from the PCB point of view.
PCBWay is the leading PCB manufacturer and has the honor of introducing the CRM management system to China and international companies for the first time. Before moving on to the theoretical information about PCB heatsinks, let’s discover the basic features of the platform master in providing all kinds of PCB manufacturing services, including high-heat performance PCBs. They provide all PCB-related services, including PCB prototyping, assembly, CNC, 3D printing, and much more. Customer satisfaction is their priority; therefore, they have made the process very smooth, whether it is the quotation procedure or the order tracking.
The good thing about PCBWay Fabrication House is the quick and easy services, special deals, and discounts with the same working quality. If you want to check the current deals or special discounts, you can check their web page:
Even if the customers come with incomplete or ambiguous ideas about their projects, they can benefit from the PCBway services and book one-on-one assistance for their PCB-related queries. In short, this is the ultimate place to get all types of help, manufacturing, and work about the PCB, and a great number of positive reviews is proof of their smooth services and outstanding products.
Heat sinks are the essential components in printed circuit boards that dissipate excess heat from the board and help with thermal management. The electronic components on the PCBs eliminate a lot of heat during their performance, based on the type of PCB and its duty time. Proper heat management is crucial for PCBs to ensure they work in safe temperature ranges and provides the best performance even when working for hours. The following are the basic parts of heat sinks:
It is made of high-conductive material to absorb more heat and eliminate it through the fins and also provide a solid foundation for the whole heat sink.
These are extended plates from the base plate, and the whole heat sink is identified through it. The common heat sink types are straight, louvered, and pin, and the density of the fins determines the thermal dissipation rate.
It is a layer of a specific material placed between the heat sink and PCB to improve thermal contact.
The agency through which the heat is transferred to the external environment is called the cooling medium, and the most common examples are air or fluid.
This is the attachment method of heat sink to PCB and include the fastener or adhesives.
The smaller size and high demand for performance from the PCBs have made the manufacturers think more seriously about dissipating the excess heat, and this has enhanced the value of heat sinks. Heat sinks are engineered near the critical components to draw the heat away, disperse it into the surrounding environment, and prevent overheating for optimal performance.
It is essential to learn the core heat transfer objectives to understand the types, basic principles, and other related information about heat sinks. Heat transfer occurs through three basic phenomena, and let’s discuss each of them from the PCB point of view:
Conduction is the phenomenon of heat transfer from one object to another through direct contact because of the temperature difference between them. In PCBs, conduction occurs when the electrical components expel heat and it transfers toward the heat sink. The transfer rate and efficiency of the heat sink depend on the heat sink and PCB material. It is the most uncomplicated and common type of heat transfer.
The optimal place for the heat sink is exactly on the hotspots, and the most common ones are thermal spreaders, integrated circuits, resistors, etc. When the aim is to provide thermal conductivity through conduction, the manufacturer connects the heating component with the heat sink. Moreover, the fins are connected directly to the hotspot for direct heat elimination towards the external environment.
Convection is the heat transfer from one object to another through fluid movement. In PCBs, convection occurs when the air passes through the heat sink, which eliminates the heat by cooling it down. Basically, there are two types of convection:
Natural Convection
Forced Convection
Natural convection occurs without the help of external equipment or power consumption. This process is comparatively slow, and when designing a heat sink for natural convection, these must be carefully oriented so the air can directly flow through the fins and help cool down the whole PCB system.
On the other hand, forced convection requires an external source, such as a power fan, that takes the power but expels all the heat at a higher rate.
Radiation is the process of heat transfer from one point to another through electromagnetic radiation. It is a good source of thermal optimization in PCBs but is a less common method as compared to conduction and convection. It is simply a phenomenon of heat elimination from an object on a PCB, and the rate of heat transfer depends on the material, surface area, and position of the component emitting heat.
The frequent way to make the heat sink more efficient for radiation is to maximize the infrared wavelength. For this, the heatsinks are made of anodized aluminum to make them more efficient with radiation heat and thermal mechanisms. Moreover, the large surface area is another measure for the same purpose. This heat removal process is useful in heavy-duty and high-temperature applications, and the most supporting point about this method is that radiation is the only heat transfer method in vacuum applications.
When measuring the PCB heat sink performance and designing their locations, multiple factors are kept in mind, and here are some general parameters:
Thermal resistance is the critical point when designing the heatsink. It is the material’s ability to resist the heat flow from the body to the environment. Therefore, low heat sink thermal resistance shows better heat dissipation and is preferable. A higher conductivity of the material means lower thermal resistance. Other factors to judge the thermal resistance are the component's geometry, thermal interface material (TIM), mounting pressure, and the amount of air flowing through the heat sink.
It is the ability of the heatsink to conduct the heat, and the unit to measure it is the W/m·K (watts per meter-kelvin). Elements like copper and aluminum have high thermal conductivity and are considered better options for creating heat sinks. Similarly, plastic and other nonmetals have very low conductivity values.
At very high temperatures, the thermal conductivity of the material is affected, and this results in the unexpected behavior of the material. Moreover, the structure and geometry of the heatsink are another factor affecting the thermal conductivity.
The fin design is another critical point to consider when measuring the heat sink performance of the PCB. The shape, size, position, and spacing influence the thermal management through the heat sink.
Fin Design |
Description |
Thermal Heat Dissipation |
Straight Fins |
Fins extend parallel to a base plate. |
Effectively cool in general-purpose applications. |
Louvered Fins |
Fins form a corrugated or wavy shape. |
Increase the surface area to enhance heat transfer. |
Pin Fins |
Cylindrical fins are arranged in various patterns. |
Provide a high surface area for efficient heat dissipation. |
Offset Fins |
Fins angle to optimize airflow and heat transfer. |
Enhance cooling performance in specific applications. |
Extruded Fins |
Fins form by extruding material through a die. |
Offer versatility and are often used for large heat sinks. |
Bonded Fins |
Fins attach to a base plate using adhesives or fasteners. |
Allow for flexible design, suitable for various applications. |
In addition to these, the heatsink surface area, position, and airflow are important factors to consider for the PCB heatsink performance.
Several considerations are adopted for the expected performance while designing the heatsinks for the right thermal optimization on PCBs. Here are some of these:
This is the most basic and obvious point that designers have to keep in mind while designing the heat sink for PCBs. Every design is different in surface area, size, and airflow; therefore, the manufacturers have multiple choices according to the PCB type. Some popular heat sink designs are cross-cut, straight fin, and pin fin, and the choice of a particular design depends on the heat dissipation requirements, available airflow, and total space for the heat sink formation.
These are the crucial gateways for the heat elimination of electronic components from the environment. They help to fill the gaps between the components and make the thermal optimization smooth. Some general TIMs are thermal grease and thermal pads, phase change materials (PCMs), thermal tapes, etc., and the right choice of TIM is the key to better heat elimination from PCBs. As a result, the thermal resistance decreases, and more heat dissipates into the surrounding area.
The main heat elimination methods for heat sinks are convection and conduction, and these depend on the perfect contact of the heat sink with the PCB surface. This connection is accomplished using different types of mechanical fasteners, and some common examples are:
Screws
Clamps
Press fit
Clip ons
Adhesive-based attachments
While choosing the right attachment method for a heat sink, always consider parameters such as mechanical stress, compatibility, ease of assembly, etc.
Now let’s discuss the fundamental techniques for crafting the heat sinks in the PCBs for the best thermal optimization.
This manufacturing technique is applied to create the customized heat sink for the PCBs. Here, the heat sink material is usually heated aluminum or copper that is forced through the die to create long-shaped heatsinks with a good cross-section area. The resultant material is then cut into the desired size. The pluses of this technique are precision, efficiency, consistency, and customization according to the manufacturer’s choice. It is usually preferred for LED lights, consumer electronics, and commonly used appliances.
Die casting is the method in which the molten metal is injected into a mold under high pressure to shape the metal according to the PCB’s requirements. This is preferred where complex heat sink shapes are expected to create highly intricate designs and details. Moreover, this is a perfect option for high-volume production in less time.
It is a traditional way to get the right heat sink shape through the localized compressed force of a hammer or die, and the heat sink formed as a result has great mechanical strength. The parts made have high mechanical strength and thermal resistance. This technique is applied to create heat sinks for the PCB, which is expected to be utilized in high-performance fields such as aerospace or military.
This method involves the formation of a heat sink by cutting the flat metal sheets. The metal is sliced and bent according to the size, area, and shape of the heat sink required. It is a comparatively complicated method and is applied to create a high-density fin structure so that thermal dissipation occurs at a high rate. This method is applied to high-duty electronic components such as GPUs, CPUs, etc.
This is a relatively straightforward technique for heat sinks that involves fin attachment to the base through thermal adhesion or solder. The manufacturers have the independence to use different material types and customize them according to the PCB type and thermal requirements. The flexible design results in better performance and reliability.
Hence, this was your guide for the PCB heat sinks, and I hope you got all the information about the topic for what you were searching for. If you want more information, you can ask in the comment section.
The printed circuit board (PCB) is the backbone of electronic circuits, and for complex circuits, multi-layer PCBs are utilized to enhance productivity. PCB drilling is a crucial process, especially in multilayer PCB production, and involves precise via creation through laminate material. We know that vias are important conduits that bridge the gaps between multiple layers of PCBs. These are considered the conductive connections in a PCB, especially if it has multiple layers. Without vias, the multilayer PCBs have limited design flexibility and are impractical. In PCB manufacturing, there are multiple drilling types, but today I am going to discuss the comparison between the two most important methods, i.e. mechanical drilling and laser drilling.
The appropriate drilling technique selection ensures the right hole placement, optimal hole quality and reliable performance. Lasers and mechanical drilling have their own merits and demerits. Drilling is a sensitive process, and even a small mistake can damage the PCB if the manufacturer does not keep the required measures in mind. Multiple factors affect the best choice between the two but choosing the best PCB platform can make this task easy.
PCBx Fabrication House is the leading platform that provides high-quality, low-priced PCBs and turnkey assembly services. PCBx offers all types of PCBs and has the prestige of presenting a seamless solution for laser drilling or mechanical drilling in PCBs. Drilling is a delicate process in PCBs, and we use advanced technologies for sharp, clean, and accurate drilling results, no matter if you are interested in laser drilling or mechanical drilling.
With the latest cutting-edge technology (including AI), the PCB order process is smooth, and we deliver the best PCBs with a smooth assembly and drilling process. Our top-notch automated inspection (SPI, AOI, and AXI) services make it possible for us to deliver the best products in mass production in the least time. With the 3D SPI, 3D AOI, and 3D AXI, the whole production process is under critical inspection to deliver the best product.
The latest technology not only helps to perform a smooth production process, but the top-quality drilling process is the prominent feature of PCBx services. So, if you want to get instant quoting, the most convenient ordering process, and top-quality drilling in your PCB, then you should check PCBx. Let me show you the face of the PCBx website:
The drilling process is crucial for multiple-layer PCBs, and we are offering competitive prices for drilling and multi-layer PCB production I would encourage you to try out our services and get the best quote not only for mechanical or laser drilling PCB manufacturing but also for assembly and design.
Now, let's discuss the comparison between mechanical and laser drilling and then choose the best option according to your needs.
The mechanical drilling in PCB production relies on the rotating bit tool to drill small holes in the laminated material. Usually, the drill bit can be used repeatedly because of its micro-granule cemented carbide structure. It can be reshaped and reused up to three times, depending on the type of PCB vias. In the case of mechanical drilling, the standard fiberglass and resin content laminate is used with a copper foil covering as a substrate, also termed FR4.
The drilling element in this method consists of the pneumatic mandril, which provides almost 300,000 rpm speed to the drill; therefore, high accuracy is required for holes of small sizes. For this, the drill is mounted on the servo-mechanical system so it may move along the X and Y axes. Moreover, the particular actuator works for the PCB movement in the Z axis. As a result, the user gets a smooth, clean, and accurate output.
Here is the list of common pros of the mechanical drilling process in PCBs:
The most common advantage is control over the hole depth with mechanical drilling. The bit tool penetrates deeper than the laser drilling hole. This is an important factor, especially if the manufacturer is working with a PCB with a large number of layers.
It gives high-quality holes consistently with the same sharpness, and it doesn’t matter how many holes are drilled.
The mechanical drill does not have any tapers at the end; therefore, the holes are completely drilled through the substrate without any bevels. As a result, the manufacturer gets a clean knee of the wall and a sharp edge finish.
This method allows the user to have a faster drilling speed than laser drilling, resulting in a good throughput level at a given time if all the preparations are done correctly. It works even better on PCBs with dense vias.
Now, let’s have a look at the negative aspects of this technique:
Mechanical drilling is an old and outdated method; therefore, it is not perfect for all types of projects.
When using mechanical drilling, the manufacturers have constraints on drill bit size, resulting in fewer via-size options. The narrow holes require a narrow drill, which has a great chance of breakage. For instance, if a high trace dense PCB requires less than 5 mils in diameter via holes, the required bits of diameter 0.008 inches, or 1/64ths of an inch, are too delicate for use in mechanical drilling.
Usually, the bits have a large size; therefore, this technique is not suitable for the latest, smaller but more complex PCBs.
If the right precaution is not taken, the mechanical drilling can cause tiny metal fragments (usually copper) that can stick to the PCB surface and affect its performance, so there is a need to clean the PCB after drilling.
There is a need to deburr the PCB vias after drilling, which is a time-consuming task.
It is an expensive method, and its preparation and post-processing are time-consuming.
Laser drilling is the PCB drilling process that consists of a complex optics set that makes holes in different PCB layers with 200 μm or even less. As a result, highly precise and sharp drills can be drilled in the PCBs. The size and diameter depend on the laser beam opening, and the exposure time of this bean determines the hole depth. There is a set of particular lenses that perform the duty of bean concentration on a particular point for PCB drilling. This drilling type allows the beam to create even micro vias, blind vias, etc. but also eliminates the delamination. The beam shaping technology is responsible for projecting the laser on the substrate, and as a result, this energy breaks the chemical bond. This process releases the steam that generates the recoil pressure and applies the downward force to the molten material. This results in the molten material flowing out of the hole, so the manufacturers get a clean and sharp hole.
The beam ablates a fine hole in the copper layer, following the substrate materials and the beam type is selected depending on the substrate type of PCB manufacturing. The two most common laser types are:
UV lasers
CO2 lasers
The ultraviolet lasers are more precise and find applications in high-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs. Not only for vias, but this method is considered ideal for PCB cuttings. Conversely, carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are less expensive but have larger wavelengths. It finds its applications in dealing with different materials in PCB, such as plastics, ceramics, and composites.
Have a look at some important pros of laser drilling:
Laser drilling ablates through a large variety of substrate materials. Therefore, has a great scope for PCBs related to different industries.
It is a non-contact technology, and most processes are automatic; therefore, there are fewer chances of PCB breakage or damage.
Once the laser beam settings are done and the drilling process starts, there is no need for manual changes at every point but just supervision. The laser machine performs all the duties.
It has a high production rate because a large number of holes can be drilled into a single PCB at a time.
It is the latest technology and, therefore, suits the latest complex, smaller, and more advanced PCBs.
Here are some negative points about the laser drilling technology:
A metal stop layer is required in PCBs to halt the laser drilling process. Without this layer, the stopping process is challenging.
Lasers suit the smaller hole size because the chemical bond breakage requires a lot of time, effort, and energy.
The aspect ratio (AR) is the hole’s copper plating indicator, and there must be great accuracy in maintaining the AR ratio; otherwise, it’s difficult to get the ideal output. The formula for the AR is given next:
AR= Depth of the hole / Diameter of the drilled hole
PCBx offers the perfect AR ratio; therefore, our clients get a clean and sharp drilling process at all times, even for mass production.
Multiple factors affect the best choice for the particular PCB type. The following parameters will help you choose the best technology for your PCB manufacturing:
One of the most crucial points to consider while choosing the drilling technique is the size of the vias. As discussed before, laser drilling allows the manufacturers to drill small-sized holes with accuracy as compared to mechanical drilling. When studying the vias size, the two most important parameters to keep in mind are:
Pad to Hole Ratio=Hole Diameter/Pad Diameter
Aspect Ratio= Depth of the hole / Diameter of the drilled hole
Hence, mechanical drilling is suitable for PCBs with large vias and thicker borders otherwise, laser drilling works with smaller vias size.
This is the type of vias that goes throughout the PCB while manufacturing and the uncomplicated type of vias because there is no need to take care of the particular layer length. For the PCBs where the manufacturer has to create multiple through-hole vias, mechanical drilling is a better option due to its superior control and grip in depth. On the contrary, if the via size is small then you have to choose laser drilling.
The drilling technique must be according to the type of substrate and other PCB material. For instance, laser drilling can cause thermal stress or delamination in the substrate like FR-4 (Fiberglass) but for polyamide, laser drill is a good choice.
Mechanical drilling is effective for substrates like FR-4, metalcore, polyimide, etc but for the flexible substrate, laser drilling is preferred.
The cost is another fundamental criterion for choosing the best drilling technique for your PCB. Mechanical drilling and laser drilling are distinct each with varying operational costs. Although laser drilling provides more production and can deal with small vias effectively its processing cost is high and due to its complex handling, experts are required.
On the other hand, mechanical drilling is slow but it uses traditional machinery and costs less but the regular maintenance of drill bits and machine make it expensive for bulk orders. PCB manufacturers have the machinery for mechanical drilling which does not require much technical skills so usually, it costs less as compared to laser drilling.
Hence, the cost of any of these methods depends on the number of PCBs, via size, via type, and other parameters.
In PCB manufacturing, mechanical drilling and laser drilling are two of the major drilling techniques that are widely used in different PCB types. Mechanical drilling is a conventional, easy, and accurate drilling method that is useful for larger via size, hard substrates, and high AR, and pad hole ratios. On the other hand, laser drilling is the latest, cleanest, and most automated drilling technique. Different types of vias and their size play a role in choosing the right drilling technique. Each method has its demerits and drawbacks, and I hope I’ve cleared up different points. Now you can choose the best technique according to your PCB. If you want more assistance, you can contact us directly.
Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing well. In today’s tutorial, we are going to discuss the PCB Etching process, a fundamental step in PCB manufacturing. The PCB Etching process is used to remove the unwanted copper from the PCB surface to reveal the desired circuit pattern.
As we know, a PCB board has a complete copper layer in its raw form. We design our circuit in the software(i.e. Eagle, Altium, Proteus etc.) and place the pattern on the PCB board. This circuit pattern is normally protected by the tin plating, as shown in the below figure:
Now, there’s a need to remove the extra/unwanted copper layer from the PCB board and this process is called the PCB Etching Process. PCB Etching is carried out in various ways and the most commonly used is the Chemical Etching Process, where a chemical named Ferric Chloride is used to remove the copper. A completely Etched PCB is shown in the below figure:
Finally, we can remove the tin layer, polish the leftover copper layer (of our circuit), drill the holes and our PCB is ready for component placing & soldering.
PCBway is the leading PCB manufacturing platform that offers all PCB services, from fabrication to assembly, in mass production with instant quotes. We ensure a smooth order process and one-on-one assistance for all your PCB manufacturing services, with the best value in direct pricing. We use modern technology and processes for PCB etching; therefore, we provide a wide range of etching techniques, including laser etching, chemical etching, and much more, to ensure the exact product you are searching for.
At PCBway Fabrication House, they provide real-time fabrication tracking for your orders so you can get the most satisfying and quick ordering process. Our professional workers know etching is a crucial step in PCB fabrication, and with the modernization of PCBs, they are becoming compact and complex, so etching provides accuracy and precision in the circuit design. Therefore, they follow the best practices and always get positive feedback for the services. For more information, follow the website’s link, and here is the main page:
The safe payment method and worldwide delivery are our prestige to satisfy the customers and work on bulk orders with the buyer’s protection. We deal with every type of PCB and provide multiple packages to grab the attention of every type of buyer.
In this article, I am going to discuss the introduction, types, workings, and other basic information that you must know before you get started with the etching process.
PCB etching is a highly intricate process in PCB fabrication that involves the removal of unwanted material from the PCB surface. It is the controlled dissolution or erosion of unwanted copper where the specific PCB areas of the copper layer are removed to get the required pattern. It is also termed PCB printing, where circuit patterns are designed on the surface for the electric components.
Before starting the PCB etching, there is a need to create the layout of the desired design for the board. Great care is required to create the exact design and layout, and then, it is transferred onto the PCB through a process known as photolithography. During this step, the PCB is coated with light-sensitive materials, and the pattern is then transferred to the board using light. As a result, the blueprint of the design is ready to be etched with sharp results.
PCB etching is part of the manufacturing stage of PCBs, and it takes place just before the electronic components are mounted on them. This crucial part forms the pathways necessary for PCB operations by defining the electronic connections. It is considered the last stage of PCB fabrication, and then the board is moved towards the assembly stage.
As discussed before, etching is the fundamental part of PCB manufacturing. For that reason, various etching techniques are employed for the specific type and material of the board. Understanding each of them ensures the manufacturer gets the required output and sharp design. Etching is broadly characterized into two major classes:
Wet etching
Dry etching
Let’s discover both these classes and the methods related to them.
The wet etching removes the undesired material from the PCB through chemical reactions. The next section will elaborate on its workings:
An etchant is a chemical substance that is used in the wet etching process to react with and dissolve the excessive material on the masked PCB. It is usually in liquid form; therefore, this type of etching is known as wet etching. Mainly, the etchants used in this method are acids, bases, or other solvents, and the selection of the right etchant depends on the type of PCB, masking, and some other important parameters. The following steps are required in wet etching:
The patterns we see on the PCB are formed by a layer of metal or oxide on the surface. At the start, a plain layer of this material is coated on the PCB along with the photoresists (coating layer) through photolithography. As a result, only the dischargeable areas of metal or oxide are exposed for the etching.
Now, when the board is ready for the dissolving process, it is immersed in the etchant bath, where the exposed material undergoes the reaction process. Usually, the metal layer made of copper and ferric chloride is the etchant. This is a relatively time-consuming process, and the total time depends on the type of etchant used in this step. As a result, the underlying layer starts showing. At this point, it is important to take the board out of the etchant solution bath.
After removing the substrate from the etchant solution, the board is thoroughly washed with water or other neutralizing agent to stop the chemical reaction.
This is the final step in this process, in which the photoresist layer is stripped away from the board and the user sees the desired pattern on the board.
Wet etching is a simple and effective method to get a precise design, but it requires a lot of care to avoid over-etching or underlying layer damage. Generally, the wet etching is isotropic, which means it etches in all directions. It requires a less complicated method and does not have strong ions; therefore, it has a low risk of board damage.
The following are the most common wet etching types:
The alkaline etching, or alkaline permanganate etching, utilizes an alkaline solution, usually NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The solution dissolves the copper from the PCB, and this process is known for providing uniform etching at a high etching rate.
Usually, the manufacturers select this etching type in high-pressure and conveyorized chambers to improve efficiency and reaction rate. It is a good option for etching PCBs with an uncomplicated etching design and larger surface areas. Exposing the PCB to the refreshed etch spray within the chamber helps the manufacturer achieve less toxicity than with many other etching processes.
Acidic etching on PCB involves etching away unwanted copper from the surface through the chemical reaction of the acidic solution. The acidic solution can be applied to the PCB through different means, such as dipping it in the bath, spraying the solution on the board, or brushing it on the surface.
Once the acidic solution dissolves all the discardable copper layer areas, it is then washed and dried completely to stop the chemical reaction. Generally, the acidic method is considered best for the inner layer as it helps minimize the lateral erosion of the etched material of the masked metal layer. The chemical reaction is more controlled in this type; therefore, it provides an intricate and refined circuitry design. Manufacturers consider this method for smaller designs and dense boards because it provides a fine line width.
Dry etching is a technique in PCB that involves the removal of unwanted metal coating areas through reactive gases or plasma instead of liquid chemical reactions. It is a highly precise method to create sharp patterns and fine features on PCB. The most common methods of dry etching are described next:
Plasma etching has been used for PCBs since the 1960s but was not a prominent technique until the 1970s. This method was considered useful for reducing liquid waste disposal and getting sharper results as compared to wet etching. Another prominent benefit of using plasma etching is that it uses excitation and dissociation techniques to remove a particular part without causing damage to PCB surfaces. As a result, it is considered a good option for sensitive and delicate PCBs.
The method involves the use of a plasma system, also known as the plasma chamber. A high voltage is applied to the reactive gases such as oxygen (O2), chlorine (Cl2), argon, fluorine, etc., which break down the molecules into the constituent gas atoms. For this, the plasma system has a radio frequency source that produces electromagnetic waves. Some of these atoms are ionized (acquire charge) and then react with the exposed metal layer. As a result, the discardable copper molecules are broken down and removed. Mostly, the frequency range is 13.56 Mhz, 40 Khz, 80 Khz, 100 Khz, and 2.45 GHz.
The process does not involve any chemicals and is a dry, clean, and effective method for etching. The positive points of this method are that it is a clean, controlled, and precise method for etching that can be applied on small scales. Unlike some other techniques, there is no risk of vias contamination or solvent absorption. Moreover, it works better on high-density printed circuit boards, often utilized for fine-line circuitry. On the contrary, it is an incredibly costly technique and is not profitable until the etching is done in large quantities regularly. The chamber system requires maintenance and expertise.
Laser etching is also termed laser ablation or laser direct imaging (LDI) and was used at the start of 1987. It is the process in which a high-power laser beam is incident to the PCB surface to remove the unwanted copper layer and get pinpoint accuracy. It is a computer-controlled method, and the excessive copper is either evaporated entirely or flaked off.
On a larger scale, laser etching has the following sub-types:
Fiber Laser
Ultra Violet Laser
CO2 Laser
Ventilation, eye protection, protective clothes, laser beam reflection maintenance, and limited direction viewing are some of the fundamental precautions required to apply this method. A benefit to using this method is that the number of steps in the whole process is very minimal if all the precautions and machinery are ready to use. No ink, acid, toxic material, or wet chemical is required for this process.
The disadvantage is, that etching the large board is challenging. Moreover, it requires a lot of investment at the start to get the equipment and system ready. The operational cost is also high in this process.
The following table shows the difference between wet and dry etching for the printed circuit board:
Feature |
Wet Etching |
Dry Etching |
Process |
A liquid chemical solution is required for etching |
Gas, plasma, and lasers are required for the etching |
Etching Material |
Liquid chemicals (e.g., acids, alkaline solutions). |
Reactive gases or plasma. |
Material Removal |
Isotropic (removes material uniformly in all directions), can lead to undercutting. |
Can be anisotropic (directional etching), providing more precise control. |
Equipment |
Requires chemical baths, masks, and washing stations. |
Needs vacuum chambers, plasma sources, and more sophisticated equipment. |
Cost |
Generally lower cost due to simpler equipment. |
Higher cost due to complex and high-precision equipment. |
Applications |
Preferred for use for large-scale material removal in simpler PCB designs. |
Preferred for high-precision applications, especially in advanced and complex PCB designs. |
Advantages |
|
|
Disadvantages |
|
|
Etching is one of the most basic steps in PCB manufacturing, in which the excess copper layer is removed from the PCB surface to get the desired circuit design. A copper layer is applied to the PCB, and, a mask of unreactive material is applied to the areas required on the board. The unneeded part is then allowed to react with the etchant and is dissolved. After that, the solvent is then removed and dried if required, and masking is then removed. As a result, sharp and fine designs are obtained. Etching is broadly classified into wet and dry etching. Examples of wet etching include alkaline and acetic etching, whereas dry etching includes plasma and laser etching. The choice of method depends on the board size, density, type of board, etc. Each method has its merits and demerits, and we have discussed all the basic points to clear up the topic.
A printed circuit board(PCB) is the most important part of an electronic device. A high-quality PCB is necessary to make a safe and durable device. PCB manufacturers should strive to maintain high quality at a low price. To achieve this goal, some matters should be taken into account.
Some key factors affect the prices of PCB manufacturing and assembly. PCB price depends on size, number of layers, quantity, etc. The material that we choose for PCB also affects the cost. The PCB printing process also matters in this regard. For example, some PCB manufacturers print PCBs manually while some control the whole process with CNC machines. Manual PCB printing is cheaper than CNC machine-printed PCBs. PCB manufacturing is a complicated task that needs experience and technology. A trusted PCB partner is essential for the electronics business.
PCBX is an industry-leading PCB prototype manufacturer. Here you will get a One-Stop PCB Solution from Design to Mass Production.
PCBX specializes in providing 24-hour quick-turn PCB. We offer consistently low prices but high quality. We have 19 Years of Experience with proven expertise in prototype & production. Our Strict QC and advanced inspection ensure high reliability and stability. We have Advanced Automated Inspection (SPI, AOI, AXI) Services designed to ensure the utmost quality and consistency throughout the PCB production.
We integrate innovative technology including AI with efficient processes to deliver high-quality PCBs and complete product assemblies at competitive prices. This combination Minimizes rework and waste, saving on costs.
If you are looking for high quality at a low price, PCBX Fabrication House is the perfect place for you.
Following is a screenshot of the PCBx website’s home page.
We have a special offer of $1 for 10 PCB prototyping, and $15 for 10 PCB Assembly, without compromising on quality. We also give free PCB assembly coupons. You can see the offer on our website as shown in the following picture.
In this article, we will discuss the Factors Affecting the Prices of PCB Manufacturing & Assembly. We will also try to find a balance between cost and quality.
How does shorter delivery time increase manufacturing costs?
Delivery time plays an important role in the manufacturing cost of PCBs. Urgent or express delivery adds more to the cost. When the customer demands urgent delivery, the manufacturer needs to employ extra labour. Workers may need to do overtime. Additional machineries are put into operation. These will increase the overall manufacturing cost.
Due to shorter delivery time requirements, manufacturers often need to adjust production schedules and processes to ensure timely order completion. They may need to rearrange production lines, prioritise urgent orders and accelerate production speed. As a result, costs associated with production adjustments are increased.
After manufacturing the PCB, then comes the question of delivery. Urgent delivery needs special arrangements. Air freights and express delivery services add more to the cost.
PCBX offers a flexible assembly time frame. It can range from as little as 24 hours to a few weeks. You can select the time option that best suits your schedule and budget. We want to ensure transparency. This is why our turn-time policy begins once all the necessary components are ready and all the required PCB files are complete for our assembly work. These files include Gerber files or other PCB file formats, Centroi(PNP file), BOM, and any other essential data, documents, images, or photos. This approach accounts for the complexity involved in determining the turnaround time for PCBA services.
The design plays an important role in the manufacturing cost of a PCB. The more complex the design is, the costlier it becomes. Complex design usually means the components are densely placed and a lot of traces and vias are very close to each other. This type of complex PCB needs extra care during manufacturing. Complex circuit boards may require larger board areas. The number of layers may also increase. All of these factors will eventually increase the production cost of the PCB. So, it is wise to keep the design as minimalistic as possible. If the whole circuit can be accommodated in a single-layer board, there is no point in making it double-layered. Traces should be placed cunningly to save more place.
We want to make your PCB designing task easier. We have the PCBX designer to help you with the design. It is an online PCB designing platform. It is quite easy to learn. It takes not more than 5 minutes to learn this tool. No matter what device you use, you can always run this tool. You can import circuit files from other PCB Designer software into PCBX for viewing, editing, and modifications. Following is what the PCBX designer looks like.
Bigger PCBs usually need more substrate materials. They also need more copper foil. All of these materials increase the cost. For high-density boards, the increase in material costs can be significant.
Larger PCBs may need a series of complex manufacturing processes. They depend on larger production equipment, such as larger cutting machines, and larger copper plating holes or slots. This increases manufacturing complexity and costs. The following picture shows a PCB which is bigger than usual.
PCBs are usually rectangular. But often they are of other shapes. Such as round PCB, Christmas tree-shaped PCB etc. To cut circuit boards in unusual shapes, additional processing steps or customized processes may be required, further adding to manufacturing costs. The following picture shows a PCB having an exotic shape.
Larger PCBs may lead to higher shipping costs. Due to their larger size, they need larger packaging boxes or additional protective measures to ensure the safe transportation of the products. Transportation of big-size PCBs may pose some challenges. As a result, PCB suppliers may need to pay additional charges, such as oversize cargo fees or higher shipping costs.
An increase in the number of layers means the consumption of substrate materials, copper foil, insulation materials, etc., also increases. Thus the number of increased layers raises material costs. The following picture shows the standard composition of a multilayer PCB.
Multi-layer PCBs need a more complex manufacturing process. In multi-layer PCBs, additional processing steps may be required. These steps include lamination of copper foil layers, drilling, and alignment of inner layer circuitry. These processes add to the complexity and difficulty of manufacturing, consequently increasing manufacturing costs.
PCBs must ensure stable signal transmission. This is why multi-layer PCBs require precise alignment and connection between each layer. Multi-layer PCBs have vias between layers to interconnect the components of each different layer. Electroplated vias are very common in these PCBs. To accommodate all these features, multi-layer PCBs demand higher levels of manufacturing technology and equipment. This also contributes to higher manufacturing costs.
With the help of modern technology and expertise, PCBX is capable of manufacturing multi-layer PCBs consisting of up to 8 layers.
Different types of substrate materials have different prices. The substrate material you choose directly manipulates the price of your PCB.
For example, commonly used FR-4 fibreglass composite materials are typically cheaper than high-frequency materials like PTFE. The following figure depicts the placement of substrate material in PCBs.
There are certain special applications of PCBs. Many PCBs need to operate in high-frequency, high-speed, or high-temperature environments. For this purpose, special substrate materials may be required to meet performance requirements. Generally, these special substrate materials are more expensive.
The price of PCB directly depends on the thickness of substrate materials. There are some commonly used high-frequency substrate materials with relatively high prices. RO4350, RO5880, etc. are mentionable among those.
Finer manufacturing methods and higher-end production equipment are needed for smaller trace widths and spacings. Reduced trace widths and spacings may require the employment of more sophisticated lithography methods and drilling tools, which raises the cost of production. Smaller trace widths and spacings could also result in more complicated production processes and longer processing times, which would raise manufacturing prices even more.
During the manufacturing process, smaller trace widths and spacings may result in a greater yield loss. There might be more scrap or faults during production as a result of the reduced trace widths and spacings, which would raise production costs and reduce yield. Smaller trace widths and spacings may also raise the failure rate during manufacturing, necessitating the need for additional steps to lower scrap rates, such as stepping up inspections or changing production procedures, which raises the cost of manufacturing.
The following picture shows trace width and trace spacing.
Another thing that heavily influences the price of your PCB is the number and size of drill holes. Smaller drill holes need smaller-sized drill bits. It increases the processing cost of PCBs. There may be some specialized PCB requirements, such as blind vias, buried vias, or controlled-depth holes. Special drilling processes are often required to meet these demands. These special drilling processes typically require higher-level processing equipment and more complex operational steps, thus giving rise to processing costs.
The following picture shows a PCB with different sizes of drill holes.
Drilling processes sometimes lead to material loss. Increased material loss rates result from more material being removed and sliced away when there are more drill holes. Furthermore, additional drill holes might be needed for some specific PCBs, such as high-density boards, in order to achieve complicated circuit layouts, which would further increase material loss rates. To meet specific PCB criteria, including blind vias, buried vias, or controlled-depth holes, unique drilling techniques could be required. Processing expenses are increased because these unique processes usually call for more sophisticated operational procedures and sophisticated processing equipment.
Material loss can occur during drilling operations. Increased material loss rates result from more material being removed and sliced away when there are more drill holes.
copper is oxidized and deteriorates in the presence of air. Oxidization seriously affects the electrical properties and solderability of PCBs. The implementation of PCB surface treatment is important for the improvement of the reliability and shelf life of PCBs. The quality of metal-to-metal joints depends on surface treatment These treatments also contribute to the higher manufacturing cost of PCBs.
There are 8 kinds of PCB surface treatment methods. These are-
HASL, hot air solder levelling
OSP, Organic coating.
ENIG.Chemical gold.
IAG. Immersion Silver.
ISN. Immersion tin.
Electroplated Nickel Gold.
Electroless Palladium.
ENEPIG, Electroless Nickel Electroless Palladium Immersion Gold.
The following picture shows different PCB surface finishes.
The costs of all these surface treatment techniques are not the same. For example, organic coating is cheap. On the other hand, palladium is a valuable metal. So, the Electroless Palladium process is expensive. Expiration dates of various surface treatments are different. You have to select the surface treatment according to your application.
Here are some tips to follow if you want to cut down on the manufacturing cost of PCBs
Component placement of PCB should be done in such a way, that you can connect them to each other by the shortest possible path. When you convert a schematic to a PCB layout, please pay attention to the components that are connected to each other. Place the connectable components close to each other. Try to keep the traces as short as possible.
PCB cost increases proportionally with the number of layers. So, try to accommodate all the traces, vias and components in the lowest number of layers possible.
It is essential to maintain an optimum distance between the traces to avoid DRC errors. However, traces should not be placed so far from each other that the total board area becomes cumbersome. Try to place the traces as close as possible to each other without violating DRC rules.
DFM stands for design for manufacturability. DFM guideline is a set of rules for cost-effective and efficient manufacturing. By following this guideline, you can optimize the sizes, materials and tolerances of PCBs to reduce costs.
PCB stands for printed circuit board. You will find PCBs in pretty much all electronic devices. It is usually green/blue in color. The PCB is a circuit in a board that permanently holds all the components of a circuit. It is the main part of an electronic device. This board controls and regulates the function of the whole device. A circuit may work perfectly in a breadboard. But breadboard circuits are not suitable for use. It will only be eligible to be used in a ready-made product if implemented in a PCB. This is why PCB designing should be done with utmost care.
It takes a lot of knowledge and expertise to manufacture good-quality PCBs. PCBway is a trusted PCB manufacturer. While their head office is located in China, they ship PCBs worldwide. The following image shows the home page of PCBway.
PCBway Fabrication House is the best PCB manufacturer for professionals and hobbyists. There you can not only print your PCBs. You can get consultancy regarding the whole manufacturing process. Together with a top-notch design and an expert manufacturer, you can produce a high-quality and durable PCB. The following pictures shows how the order page of PCBway looks.
PCB design should be an accurate process. It involves several critical steps. Different challenges may arise in each step of this process. It is important to detect and solve these problems at the early stage of manufacturing the product. Otherwise, we cannot guarantee a reliable electronic gadget. This article discusses the common problems faced in PCB designing and practical solutions to solve these.
This problem often occurs when the designer is a newbie. The wrong placement of components causes some problems. Due to this mistake, the size of the PCB increases unnecessarily. That costs unnecessary money. Soldering becomes difficult if the components are haphazard. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) may also occur and overall signal integrity may also be affected. Misplaced components also result in the following problems:
We should place components in a PCB wisely. The components should be arranged in such a way that the traces will be as short as possible. The components that are supposed to be directly connected, must be placed close to each other. The following image shows a decent arrangement of components in a PCB.
Making 90-degree traces is a big no-no for pro-level PCB designs. The sharp edge created by this type of tracing creates extra stress on the traces. These traces are more likely to crack or break. The life span of such badly designed PCBs is less than usual. The corners of a right-angled PCB have higher electric field density than standard ones.
Right-angle PCB traces affect signal integrity. The effect of a PCB trace's right-angled corner is the same as that of a transmission line coupled to a capacitive load. This is called parasitic capacitance. As a result, the transmission line signal's rising time is slowed down.
Designers should always avoid right-angled traces. In PCB designing software like Proteus, there are functions for making curved traces. We must use those to make our traces curved and not susceptible to cracks after long-term use. The following image shows the difference between a bad and a good trace.
PCB designers must ensure signal integrity. Signal transmitting across the PCB should not distort. Poor signal Integrity is caused mostly by wrongly designed traces, crosstalk, impedance mismatch etc. Signal distortion causes transmission errors.
Modern PCB designing platforms have many important tools that help PCB designers maintain good signal integrity. By knowing how to use them properly, you can avoid errors like uncontrolled line impedances, propagation delays and signal attenuation.
The following figure shows a relationship between coupling traces and SI(signal integrity parameters.)
EMI causes noise and signal interference. Noise degrades the performance of a PCB. EMI increases with frequency. This may cause many problems in high-frequency circuits and designs where components are congested.
EMI can be handled with a combination of design strategies. One method is to use ground planes. We have to place ground planes in such a way that they absorb and redirect electromagnetic emissions. It is also possible to reduce EMI by reducing the current loop area.
It is also important to Shield critical components and traces. Additionally, careful routing of high-frequency traces away from sensitive analog signals can minimize interference.
Heat is generated in PCBs in several ways. Some prime sources of heat generation in PCBs are the active devices or chips that generate heat. Another source is created when an RF power is applied to the circuit. In the case of a double-layered PCB, the copper has extremely high thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the substrate is a thermal insulator that has a very low conductivity. A good-quality PCB must Have a high heat flow. There must be sufficient heat sinks around active components. It is important for keeping the circuit cooler by more efficient heat transfer from the heat source to the heat sink.
The following picture shows some EMI shielding films.
Structurally a PCB can be perfectly alright. Still, it will be useless if the power supply is not adequate. Power distribution should be according to the requirements of each and every component. There may be different voltage and current requirements for different components of a PCB. For example, a PCB may consist of a microcontroller that operates at 5V, but there may be a motor driver that operates at a different voltage level. So, different amounts of voltage and current must be supplied to different parts of the circuit. It is necessary to design a reliable power distribution network. There are PDN analyzers that can detect anomalies in the PDN.
If you know how to use a PCB designing software, you already know this term. DRC stands for Design rule check. DRC error occurs when you do not maintain the minimum trace-to-trace distance defined by the software. For example, the minimum spacing between two traces of a 2-layered PCB is 6 mils (mil=1/1000 inch). If any two traces of your PCB layout are closer than this, the software will show a DRC error. The same error messages will appear also when-
Traces are overlapped with each other
The power plane and the GND plane touch one another
The minimum standard distance between a trace and an adjacent via is not maintained.
We should never ignore DRC errors. If we print a PCB without solving DRC errors, chances are high that it will blow away after powering up.
There should be no DRC error in the PCB layout. Each DRC error detected by the software should be corrected before printing the PCB. You have to edit your design to meet the requirements of the software. You may need to adjust the sizes of the traces and vias to comply with the rules. The following image shows the DRC tool of a PCB designing software.
You may design a flawless PCB, but manufacturing errors can still occur. You can see many short circuits and broken traces. Sometimes it becomes also impossible to read the texts written on the silkscreen. The following picture shows a broken PCB trace.
A good collaboration with the manufacturer may help you solve these manufacturing defects. The customer should provide clear and detailed documentation. It is essential to include the fabrication drawings and assembly instructions. It is helpful to perform a manufacturability (DFM) check to identify potential issues before production. Automated optical inspection (AOI) and in-circuit testing (ICT) during manufacturing can also find defects early.
A well-designed ground system is required for Modern high-speed electronics. PCBS need to operate at their best performance. If the PCB ground is not properly implemented, the circuit board may experience many different problems with noise and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Sometimes the ground net in a PCB design can appear confusing. Yes, there are many connections, but since most designs will have one or more ground planes in their layer stacked up, you just add a via to the ground, and the work is done. Right? Theoretically, that is correct, practically, there are lots more that need to go into your PCB grounding technique to build a good power delivery network.
A single, continuous ground plane is typically the best approach for minimizing ground loops. The following image shows a PCB layout with properly designed POWER and GND planes.
Soldering issues such as cold joints, bridging, and insufficient solder can lead to unreliable connections and component failures.
The following image shows an example of an accidental short circuit.
Designing with manufacturability in mind can help prevent soldering issues. Ensuring appropriate pad sizes and clearances for components can facilitate proper soldering. Specifying the correct solder mask and paste layers in the design files is also important. Automated soldering processes, such as reflow soldering, should be used whenever possible to ensure consistent and reliable solder joints. Inspecting solder joints using AOI and X-ray inspection can catch defects before final assembly.
Inadequate clearance between traces, pads, and components can lead to shorts and an increased risk of crosstalk, affecting the PCB's reliability and performance.
Following the clearance guidelines provided by the PCB manufacturer is essential. Maintaining adequate spacing between traces and pads can prevent shorts and crosstalk. Using the DRC tool in the CAD software to check for clearance violations can help identify and rectify issues before fabrication. Also, consider the voltage levels and environmental factors like humidity and temperature. It can guide appropriate clearance settings.
Designing multilayer PCBs introduces complexity, such as ensuring proper layer stack-up, signal routing, and maintaining signal integrity across layers.
Planning the layer stack-up early in the design phase is critical for multilayer PCBs. Assigning specific layers for power, ground, and signal routing can help manage complexity. Using blind and buried vias can optimize space and routing options. Ensuring proper alignment of vias and traces across layers is essential for maintaining signal integrity. Simulation tools can assist in verifying the performance of multilayer designs and identifying potential issues.
Tolerance means the maximum deviation from the design at the time of the manufacturing process. There are always big differences between theory and practice. Your design may be perfect in your software, but you have to consider manufacturing tolerances in practice. If we do not take it into account, our PCB may fail.
It is best to check the manufacturing tolerances of the PCB manufacturing company. The following image represents PCBway’s manufacturing tolerance guideline. To learn more about PCBway's manufacturing tolerance policy, you can click here.
While designing a PCB, it is necessary to take environmental factors into account. You must consider the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure of the environment where it is likely to be used. For example, a PCB designed for an industrial purpose should be more robust than a PCB of a home appliance. PCBs are likely to damage early if they are not compatible with their surroundings.
First of all, we have to select the components according to their specifications and operating temperatures. For industrial products, all components and the board itself should be industrial-graded. For better heat dissipation, use thermal vias, heat sinks etc.
Following is a chart of high TG materials used by PCBway.
PCB manufacturing is a process that needs a lot of scrutinization, time and dedication. PCBs are often printed on a trial-and-error basis. It should be our goal to save as much money and time as possible while not compromising the PCB quality. We should correct all DRC errors before printing a PCB. We need to provide a proper thermal management system, and proper shielding for removing signal interference. We should not tend to make the design on an ad-hoc basis. Rather, we must always try to make a durable PCB. We should choose a dependable manufacturer.
Hey there, I hope you are having a good day. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a popular topic in the electronic world and we also know that PCBs have revolutionized circuits. They not only provide a solid base but the material used in the PCBs helps the circuit to function properly by protecting the circuit from factors like external radiation. These are present in different materials that divide the working, stability, and reliability of the circuit. In recent years, there has been a significant change in the types and strength of PCBs and this depends on the materials used in the manufacturing of these boards. We are interested in studying the advanced materials used in the manufacturing of PCBs and knowing the right type of material for the right circuit.
In this article, we’ll start from the basic introduction of the advanced material and will try to understand why it is better to replace the traditional material with the advanced one. After that, we’ll see some important categories of the advanced materials used in the production of PCBs that are important to meet the needs of the latest technologies.
Before going forward, let me first tell you where you manufacture your PCBs with these materials. PCBWay Manufacturing House provides almost all of these materials for PCB manufacturing. PCWay provides the best services when it comes to PCB designing. I personally use PCBWay for all my PCB orders and always get the best results.
The transformation of PCBs in recent years is because of the high quality and advanced materials used in manufacturing and this not only has improved the life span of the PCBs but also has a major impact on the circuit performance. The advanced materials are referred to as:
"The advanced materials for PCB manufacturing are the new material or the improved existing materials used in the manufacturing and design of the latest PCBs that help to meet the requirements of the advanced PCBs."
With the advancement in technologies, there is a requirement for faster, smaller, and more efficient electronics, and that in return, has enhanced the need for advanced PCBs. These requirements are fulfilled by using the advanced and more efficient material that helps to meet the need of the time. These materials are responsible for innovating the PCBs and these are not only the trend but are the essentials that are required to meet the requirements of contemporary electronic applications.
The advanced materials are better in performance and provide high-speed data transmission from one end to the other which is the main focus of the advanced digital electronic equipment.
Here is a list of almost all the important advanced materials that are extensively used in the PCBs nowadays and play a crucial role in the improvements of the PCB industry:
The traditional material is not able to overcome the advanced problems and boundaries of the bandwidth. The high-frequency circuits are introduced in the market that perform complex duties and these circuits are successful only when high-frequency PCBs are used. For this purpose, high-speed laminates are used for the manufacturing and design of the PCB. these cutting-edge laminates are the new generation of high-frequency materials for PCBs tailored for high-frequency applications.
These laminates have an exceptionally low dielectric constant (Dk) that ensures minimal signal distortion. This property makes the PCB capable of dealing with the speed of light making the circuit work faster and better to match the new trends and requirements of the technology.
The minimal signal loss helps this material to provide another feature to PCB which is the negligible dissipation factor (Df). It maintains the signal integrity and provides low heat dissipation. One must be kept in mind that it results in efficiently dealing with the heat problems of the circuit.
The thermal stability of the high-frequency laminates is a plus point that helps to achieve the advanced level outputs from the circuit. These laminates have the physical properties to bear the high temperature without causing any change in their shape.
The following are suitable examples that are widely used in PCBs:
Rogers RO4000 series
Taconic CERFREE
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
FR-4
Isola Isola-Tate FR-408
LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer)
The metal core PCBs (also known as the MCPCBs) are the specialized PCBs that has the metal base as the substrate. The most common metal-based PCB types are listed below:
Aluminum
Copper
Steel alloy
Out of these aluminium-based PCBs are the most cost-effective. One evidence of this statement is, that it has high heat resistance therefore, such PCBs have a long life. Hence, the low heat dissipation results in the better performance of the circuit for a long time.
On the other hand, if the user wants high performance then the copper-based MCPCBs are a better option than the previous one. Copper is considered one of the most reliable conductors because of the physical arrangement of its atoms therefore, using it in the PCB is the best way to get the highest performance. This is the most commonly used material for the PCBs but it is more expensive the the aluminum PCBs.
Another important metal in regard is steel which is harder than the other two options mentioned before. Because of the tightly packed structure, this type of PCB has less conductivity but the plus point is, that these have excellent heat dissipation.
As a result, the specific type of the metal core PCB is used for the specific type of the circuit by keeping the thermal and other characteristics of the PCBs. These types of materials are used in PCBs because they have features like heat dissipation, less distortion, good dimensional stability, etc.
The flexible PCBs are one of the most trending type of PCBs that have the ability to make space in any type of the circuit and does not cause any major performance change. The advanced technology has made the circuit small and more flexible, therefore, there is a need for the PCB that is flexible and can bear the load of the high calculation and processing. These are made with lightweight, thin, and flexible materials and lead to a high range of applications in all types of circuits.
These PCBs are made on different scales of size and thickness and can be bent like a rubber therefore, are considered the ideal PCBs for wearables and other such technologies. The most commonly used flexible materials for PCBs are
LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer)
PEN (Polyethylene naphthalate)
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
PI (Polyimide)
PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Flexural FR-4
Coverlay films (PI, PET, etc.)
Metal foil (copper, aluminium)
Adhesives (acrylic, epoxy)
Hence in this way, we have seen different type of advanced materials that are used in the PCBs and are making them more efficient and up to date. We started with the basic introduction of the advanced materials in the PCBs and then we understood different types of the advanced material that is revolutionising the PCB industry. The high-speed laminates, metal core PCB, and the flexible materials in the PCBs are important materials in this regard. If you know other such materials that are most common and suitable for advanced PCBs then share with us through the comment section.
Hi readers! I hope you are doing great in your fields. It’s time to learn some important points about the Roger 5880 PCB. We know that PCBs are one of the most crucial parts of the circuit at a higher level and have a major effect on the nature and performance of the circuit. We are going to delve into the details of the Roger 5880 PCB and learn from scratch why this is one of the trending options in the market. We’ll not only work on discovering the features of this PCB but will also discuss the best option for all PCB-related services.
PCBWay is one of the most popular and safe ways to design your circuit thoughts and convert them into reality. They provide the best prototyping services on one platform, and their latest technologies attract a large number of customers. This platform is not perfect for professionals, but any user who wants PCBs for a hobby, personal project, or entrepreneurship, or wants a great set of PCBs for the whole office, can get the right product from PCBWay Fabrication House.
Ordering from PCBWay.com is very easy, no matter if you have any technical skills or not. They are providing budget-friendly output without compromising on quality. Multiple options for every type of PCB with full detail and customisation options make it the best way to order and get the right product without any difficulty.
Now, let’s start learning about the Rogers 5880 PCB.
The Roger 5880 is a microwave-laminated material that is widely used in specialized PCBs. It is used as the substrate to make highly efficient microwave PCBs. We know that microwave PCBs are the most efficient type of PCB that works under hard conditions of temperature and frequency and still provides the best performance. This can be done because of the high-quality material used in these PCBs. These are considered the ideal PCBs for sensitive fields such as:
Radars
Satellite communication
5G systems
Automotive electronics
The main characteristic of this material that makes it unique is its composition. It is a ceramic-filled, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) composite substrate that offers great performance in situations where traditional PCBs are unable to work.
It offers a unique blend of a low dielectric constant (Dk) and a low loss tangent (Df) and, therefore, offers a high range of frequency tolerance.
It has a small water absorption, which makes it a good choice to be used in areas where moisture may be the killer of the circuit. Such humid areas require specialized circuits for long-term performance.
The shaping and cutting process of the PCBs created with this substrate is easy and more controllable.
This PCB substrate can bear extreme weather conditions and has a low expansion or contraction rate as compared to the other options; therefore, it is a recommended option by the experts.
The design flexibility of the Roger 5880 PCBs is another powerful reason behind their popularity. It is a readily drilled PCB that is easy to route and can be platted without making much effort; therefore, it creates a reliable and easily designed PCB.
The basic composition of this material allows it to perform the best even at extreme frequency values.
The following table will help you understand the features in detail:
Characteristic |
Value |
Test Method |
Dielectric Constant (Dk) |
2.20 ± 0.02 |
ASTM D150 |
Loss Tangent (Df) |
0.0009 |
ASTM D150 |
Dielectric Strength |
> 3.0 kV/mil (> 63 kV/mm) |
IPC-TM-650 |
Volume Resistivity |
1 x 10^14 ohm-cm |
ASTM D257 |
Surface Resistivity |
5 x 10^14 ohms |
ASTM D257 |
Water Absorption |
< 0.02% |
IPC-TM-650 |
Thermal Conductivity |
0.20 W/mK |
ASTM D843 |
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) |
31 ppm/°C (X), 48 ppm/°C (Y), 237 ppm/°C (Z) |
ASTM D696 |
Flexural Strength |
27.6 ksi |
IPC-TM-650 |
Hardness |
50 Shore D |
ASTM D2240 |
Density |
2.2 g/cm³ |
ASTM D792 |
Flammability Rating |
V-0 |
UL 94 |
Here,
"X", "Y", "Z" = principal axes of the laminate
"kV/mil","kV/mm" = equivalent units expressing dielectric strength.
"ppm/°C" = parts per million per degree Celsius.
"W/mK" = watts per meter per kelvin, a unit of thermal conductivity.
The most important and obvious fields where these PCBs are extensively used are those that require tolerance for high frequencies. There is a requirement to choose a strong substrate for the PCBs for long-term use. Some important examples in this regard are:
Radar systems
Satellite communications
Test equipment
Measurement equipment
The millimeter wave circuits require the specialized material as a substrate and Rogers 5880 stands the best among other options because of the feature to work in the high frequencies. Therefore, it is widely used in applications like:
Antennas
Filters
Mixers
Amplifiers
Imaging systems.
A wide variety of medical equipment uses Roger 5880 substrate PCBs because of their reliable results. These devices are made with the most reliable and long-life material so that medical experts can get the best results for a long time. Some important devices where Roger 5880 PCBs are used are:
MRI machines
Ultrasound equipment
X-ray machines
Hence, Roger 5880 substrates are one of the most reliable and demanding types of PCBs that are used in multiple fields because of their unique features. They are easy to design, have high moisture and corrosion resistance, and can be implemented in a wide variety of applications. We started with its introduction and worked to get information about its basic characteristics and applications. I hope most of the points are clear now, but if you want to know more about these PCBs, you can ask in the comment section.
Hello learners! Welcome to the introduction of the round PCBs, where we are going to discuss the round PCBs in detail. This is specially designed for articles for beginners as well as for intermediate skills in printed circuit boards. PCBs are the backbone of any circuit, and it is crucial to understand the type and application of the circuit and its PCB in detail before starting to work on it.
If you are going to buy crucial products like PCBs, always choose the best option that has positive reviews and a great experience. The best option for this is PCBWay.com, which has a great variety of PCBs, electronic components, equipment, and services. They have a vast variety of PCB services that range from high-speed PCBs to optical module PCBs, semiconductor tests, aerospace PCB circuit boards, and many other fields in different shapes, including round PCBs.
The best thing is that they provide the fastest services, and ordering online is easy here. Go to PCBWay.com and click on the PCB instant quote. They will ask for different parameters that you have to fill according to your circuit. Choose the build time and add it to the cart. You can find the detailed process on their website.
In this article, we’ll see the basic introduction of round PCBs. We’ll see the definition of round PCBs and understand how they are different from the other shapes. After that, we’ll see its manufacturing in detail and will see different phases of manufacturing. We’ll also have a look at their application. Let’s start learning.
The PCBs are present in different shapes and sizes and are customized by keeping different parameters in mind such as the scope, type, and working of the circuit. Usually, people have seen rectangular or square PCBs but one must know that round PCBs bring flexibility and functionality in the design and features of the circuits. To easily understand these, let's have a look at their introduction:
"Round PCBs are different from rectangular or square PCBs in terms of shape and applications and these bring factors like space utilization in circuits and provide better performance in different scenarios."
These PCBs introduce signal integrity in the high-frequency circuits because the components are tightly packed in the curved traces and as a result, better performance is gained. The difference is the presence of the curves in the round PCBs that have multiple advantages in the circuits.
Just like other PCBs, the manufacturing of the round PCBs involves different steps and special techniques are applied in these steps. Let’s have a look at these steps:
A PCB design software is used to get started with the design process of round PCBs. it creates the schematic and layout of the circuit. In the case of round PCBs, great care and attention are required because of the curves. The route tracing and component placement are different from the rectangular or square PCBs.
Once the round PCBs are designed, the process of Gerber file generation is carried out. This file has multiple instructions and information regarding the design and some of them are listed below:
The Garber file just discussed is used for the creation process of the photomasks. These are the essential photographic films that have patterns related to the different layers in the round PCBs. A large sheet of laminated material such as the FR4 is cut into the designed panel. A feature of this panel is, that it is pre-drilled with the registration hole so that it may be aligned with the design.
A photosensitive film (photoresist) is put to the copper foil in the laminate panel's inner layers.
The photomasks for these layers expose the required patterns to ultraviolet (UV) light. The exposed photoresist hardens, leaving the unexposed portions soft. The panel is then processed, eliminating any unexposed photoresist. This leaves the copper traces exposed. The visible copper is chemically etched away, leaving the inner layers with the appropriate circuit designs.
The design is now get ready with different processes such as the lamination of the surface and then drilling the holes according to the design. If the design consists of different panels then all of these are aligned together to get the best output. Once the panel is ready, the imaging and etching of the outer layer are carried out to create the final product in terms of design.
The PCBs are then passed through the process of platting. Here, a thin layer of the conducting material is applied to the required arrears to provide conductivity. Usually, this layer is copper because of its best-conducting characteristics.
Once the copper (or any other material) is traced on the round PCBs, a solder mask is applied to the PCB so that the traces may be protected against oxidation. In the end, the silkscreen is applied to the PCBs to add more details.
The applications of the round PCBs are the same as the traditional ones but they play a crucial role in improving factors such as performance and space constraints. Here are some advantages that you must know:
The consumer electrics are changing day by day. Smart technologies have made these electronics smaller and more stylish. The round PCBs help to get better performance in the smaller space. For instance, these are used in smartwatches, fitness trackers, and related wearables where the round shape fits into the device easily.
The medical devices are becoming smaller and smarter. For instance, the large X-ray machines, or blood pressure measuring devices are smaller now and are used as wearables. The round PCBs are used here because of their round curves and smart shape to fit in these devices.
The round PCBs are not only smart but are more appealing in their looks. The automotive industry requires circuits that not only provide better performance but also look more stylish. Some automotive instrument clusters and control panels always prefer round PCBs because of their look.
As a result, we have understood the round PCBs in detail in this article. We started with the introduction to the round PCBs and then saw how these PCBs are designed and ready to work. We saw why these are better in performance and in the end, we discussed how to get the best PCBs from PCBWay.com. I hope all the points are clear now and if you want to know more, you can contact us.
Hello seekers! I hope you all are doing great. Today, we are interested to learn about a basic and one of the most crucial topics in the field of electronics that is, the difference between active and passive components. Knowing the difference between these two is not only fruitful for beginners but also helps to understand the output and nature of electrical and electronic devices throughout the circuit design process.
While designing electrical or electronic circuits, it is crucial to get the best components. There are different features that affect the performance of these tiny components, including material, type, manufacturing techniques, etc. It's a good practice to get the components from a trusted source, and I suggest you buy them from PCBWay. This is one of the most trusted sources not only for buying the components, but it helps the customer from designing the PCB to prototyping as well. It is the one-stop for almost all the circuit manufacturing and assembly.
The buyer simply has to visit the website, where thousands of quality products, including active and passive components, are listed with all the details. The buyer can see and select the best match for the project. They can see the raw material, packaging, product number, description, and other details so that even a person with no technical knowledge can choose the best product. So, I recommend you visit PCBWay Fabrication House online, and you can order your components from anywhere.
These two categories are differentiated by different parameters, and we’ll discuss them in detail. We’ll start with a simple comparison between the active and passive components and after that, we’ll discuss each and every point in detail to gain a grip on the concept. We’ll study the introduction, features, and examples of these components and in the end, we’ll see where we can get the best components in the most convenient way. Let’s start with the difference:
A circuit is made of different types of components, and it is not completed unless all the necessary components are properly designed. It requires the components, the wires to create the connection between them, and the external source as well. Before designing any circuit, the most important step is to know the nature of its components. On a border scale, the electrical components are classified into two categories:
There are different ways to differentiate these two and we’ll discuss these in detail. The structure, features, material, and other basic features decide the category. At a higher level, the circuit is not complete until it uses both these types. The details of these components will be shared with you in just a bit but before this, have a look at this chart that summarizes the difference between these two types:
Feature |
Active Components |
Passive Components |
Power Source |
Require an external power source to work such as a battery, power supply, etc |
Do not require external power for their functioning the internal structure is enough for this |
Function |
|
|
Examples |
|
|
Gain |
Can provide power gain, which means they amplify signals |
Cannot provide power gain, therefore attenuating or weakening signals in the circuit |
Control |
Can actively control the flow of current and voltage |
Can passively influence the flow of current and voltage |
Complexity |
These are generally more complex because they are made from semiconductors |
Generally simpler because these are made from basic materials |
Applications |
|
|
Examples of use in a circuit |
Transistors amplify a weak signal in a microphone; ICs process data in a computer |
Resistors control the brightness of LEDs, and capacitors smooth out the voltage from a battery |
The details of this table are explained here in the form of a basic introduction of active and passive components. I’ve tried to show the introduction in such a way that you can compare it easily.
The active components provide an active influence when electricity is applied to the circuit. These are the semiconductor materials that possess features like an amplification of the output, electrical current flow, electrical signal generation, etc. In simple words, active components work with the external power source and actively contribute to signal manipulation. The following are the fundamental features that help to understand the basics of active components:
As mentioned before, these components always require an external power or electricity source to start working. Therefore, these are the semiconductor components that are useless when there is no external power source.
Active components can amplify, switch, or manipulate the electrical signals of the circuits. These are also referred to as master conductors because they direct the current with great precision.
The superpower of the active components for which these are recognized is the amplification of the signals. A weak or low-frequency signal can be amplified with these components, and these can crank into a more audible or usable form.
Another feature that is associated with the active components is the lighting speed of these components to switch the electrical signals on and off. These are considered the digital traffic signals that control the electrical flow in the circuit.
These are usually semiconductors, and the scope of these components is not just limited to simple electronic circuits; complex circuits, such as solar cells, have the implementation of active components.
Some important examples of the active components will help us understand them thoroughly.
The passive components are entitled to be the workhorses of the electric circuit world. These are the fundamental components that are essentially required in circuits. These are different from the active component because they generate their energy to work. The following features of these components will help you understand why they are called "passive" components:
The main feature of a passive component is its ability to interact with the circuit using the present electrical signal or the energy of the circuit.
The passive components have different ways in which they can affect the flow of electrical current, voltage, or the frequency of the circuit. Some of these ways are:
Controlling the electrical flow
Filter the energy
Store the power and electricity
Distribute electrical energy in the circuit
These features result in the shaping of the electrical circuit's performance according to the requirements.
These components are present in different sizes and shapes, and they are the basic building blocks when complex circuits are designed. Collectively, these components can create the circuits that perform the variations in the tasks.
The most common example of a passive component is a resistor. These regulate the flow of electricity and are considered tiny dams in the circuit. There is a large variety of resistors therefore, these are usable in almost all types of circuits and are the most crucial part of these circuits.
The capacitors are also passive components of the circuit. These can store electrical energy in the form of electrical fields because of their internal structure. These are the tiny batteries that help in the voltage regulation of the circuits. The main use of capacitors is in circuits where the direct current (DC) of the current has to be blocked and the circuit only allows the alternative current (AC).
Inductors are the passive components that deal with the magnetic field around them. These act like mini electromagnets and oppose the change in the current. As a result, these smooth the electrical fluctuations and can be used to filter unwanted signals as well.
Hence, in this way, you know the difference between the active and passive components. These are the fundamental concepts of electrical circuits, and if these are clear, the user can design, learn, and understand the complex concept in no time. We started with a chart of the differences between these components and then explained each point in detail. We saw the definitions, features, and examples of both types in the end. Moreover, we also understood the best way to easily buy any type of electrical component from PCBWay. I hope I have discussed all the things in detail, but if you want to know more, you can ask in the comment section.
Hello, peep! I hope you are doing great. Today, I’ll explain to you a very basic and interesting topic in the electrical world. We know printed circuit boards act as the backbone of complex circuits, and microwave PCBs are an important member of this family. These are the integral components of the high-frequency circuit designs. We will study microwave PCBs in detail and find out the perfect type of circuit where these are widely used.
Now, the question arises as to where the best PCBs can easily be ordered. It is crucial to get sensitive devices like printed circuit boards from the right vendor because quality is the first parameter to be considered in such shopping. One of the most reliable sources to get microwave PCBs without any difficulty is PCBWay Fabrication House. It is a popular manufacturer and seller of PCBs and their prototyping. The users can have low-volume production and a wide variety of PCB assembly services, all of which are available under one roof.
PCBWay is one of the largest manufacturers of PCBs and provides a great variety of PCBs and related components. They not only sell PCBs but also provide services such as manufacturing, designing, prototyping, and other processes. They have a large staff that helps the users to get their queries solved instantly. I suggest you visit PCBWay.com to get any services related to electronic circuit components, especially PCBs.
In this article, we’ll start learning the introduction to microwave PCBs through the basic definition. After that, we’ll understand the features in detail and see the basic applications in different sensitive domains of electronics to understand their scope. Here is the introduction of these PCBs.
Microwave printed circuit boards are a specialized category of PCBs that are designed to be operated according to the stringent requirements of high-frequency circuits. As the name suggests, the basic purpose of using these PCBs is to have the best performance at a higher level of frequency, even in microwaves where other PCBs do not provide the right performance. At such high frequencies, these PCBs show the best performance with minimal loss and distortion. This is the reason why these have applications in extraordinary fields such as aerospace, medical devices, etc.
The basic reason behind the best performance of this PCB is because of its design. From material selection to the fabrication process, these PCBs are designed to keep high frequency in mind. Hence, the nuances of the material are vital to achieving signal integrity with reliable output.
Microwave PCBs are different from traditional PCBs because they are designed for the extraordinary Understanding the features of microwave PCBs will help you a lot to know their basics and applications.
As mentioned before, the basic reason behind the robust performance of these PCBs is because of the material used in their production. These are made with specialized substrate materials that have low dielectric constants and low dissipation factors. Common materials used in their production are:
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
FR-4 with PTFE
Ceramic-filled PTFE composites
Here, the basic material is PTFE, whereas FR- and ceramic-filed PTFE are its variants.
As compared to ordinary PCBs, microwave PCBs are employed with thicker copper layers. This not only reduces conductor loss but also contributes to better thermal management. For this, more material is required, and usually, the thickness of microwave PCBs is greater than that of many other types.
One of the most critical features of microwave PCBs is their impedance maintenance. They are designed in such a way that they prevent the phenomenon of signal reflection in microwave signals. Microstrip or stripline configurations are important techniques used during its design, and this ensures efficient power transfer from one point to another in the PCB.
An important feature of this PC is that, during the design process, great care is taken to isolate the component. This includes processes such as strategic component placement and optimized routing so that the circuit has minimal crosstalk.
Another reason why these PCBs provide the best signal integrity is the via design. The following table shows the via design options in the microwave PCBs:
Feature |
Through-hole Via |
Blind Via |
Buried Via |
Connection |
Extends through the entire PCB |
Connects an outer layer to one or more inner layers |
Connects inner layers without penetrating the outer layers |
Visibility |
Visible on both the top and bottom of the PCB |
Visible on one side of the PCB (typically the top) |
Not visible on either side of the PCB |
Manufacturing method |
Drilling through the entire PCB |
Drilling partway through the PCB, then plating the remaining portion |
Laser drilling or plating through micro vias |
Cost |
Less expensive |
More expensive than through-hole vias, less expensive than buried vias |
Most expensive |
Reliability |
Highly reliable |
Less reliable than through-hole vias, more reliable than buried vias |
Least reliable |
Applications |
High-current applications, high-density designs |
Applications where vias need to be hidden on one side of the PCB, such as for cosmetic reasons or to prevent EMI |
High-density designs, applications where vias need to be hidden on both sides of the PCB |
Another way to maintain the performance of these PCBs is to set the electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance in the design. This helps a circuit to adhere to the regulation of electromagnetic standards so that every component in the circuit has the experience of the right EMI and EMC. This not only results in better circuit design but is useful in testing and validation.
As we have discussed so far in this article, microwave PCBs are a specialized type of PCB. these have applications in the areas where PCB tolerance and high sensitivity are required. Here are some major fields where these PCBs are used:
In areas like aerospace and defence, high-performance circuits are extensively used and reliability is an important factor of these circuits. Here, the microwave PCBs are considered one of the best choices. The two most critical applications are discussed below:
For military and aerospace applications, radar systems are the basic devices and these require accurate performance all the time. In these devices, microwave PCBs help to get precise and rapid signal processing.
The electronic warfare system circuity requires a base that may bear the high frequency easily. For such systems, the microwave PCBs are the best choice. As a result, these PCBs help to have the best performance.
The microwave PCBs are the integral base of the systems in the telecommunication fields. These systems are loaded with wireless communication devices and here, usually, the best frequency is in the form of microwaves. Therefore, most of the devices use microwave PCBs to get the best performance.
Communication with the satellite requires a high frequency to communicate through the distance. For this, reliable devices that can bear the high frequency without disturbing the output are required and this is possible with the microwave PCBs.
The sensitive areas like medical imaging devices where accuracy and precision are the life-saving parameters, are always the best pieces of equipment used and microspace PCBs are worth discussing as part of these devices. Here are some medical applications where these PCBs are used:
In medical imaging devices, accuracy is an important factor because of the limitations of the colours. Here, the base of these devices is the microwave PCBs, because ideally, these do not distort the output even at the high frequency. Two important applications in this regard are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanners.
These PCBs have applications in radio frequency (RF) ablation systems, where they help the expert work on medical treatment with precise control.
In laboratories and scientific research departments where heavy calculations are required and the device runs continuously for a long time, it is better to use microwave PCBs because of their feature to bear high frequencies.
The research applications get the most benefit from these PCBs and can work with the best results from their long-term calculations.
The scope of microwave PCBs is not limited to these fields but is widely used in industrial automation, consumer electronics, etc.
So, in this article, we have understood the basics of microwave PCBs. We started with the basic introduction and understood the features to clarify the concepts. After that, we saw the applications of microwave PCBs in different sensitive areas where they are used because of their features like accuracy and precision. Moreover, in the beginning, we discussed how PCBWay is the best choice to buy microwave PCBs. I hope you liked the content, and if you want to know something more, you can contact me through the comment section.