The Engineering Projects

Top IoT Starter Kits for the Beginners to Learn Programming

A starter kit is a pack of components. It provides everything needed to learn a particular activity. A starter kit is for helping beginners. It makes the initial steps simple. It provides the necessary tools, materials, or information for students. There are various types of starter kits. Kits are available for teaching electronics, hobbies, crafts, sports, and technology. They often include essential instructions. Sometimes starter kits come with educational resources. Their purpose is to make learning quick and easy. For DIY projects, a starter kit serves as a convenient entry point. They offer the necessary foundation and guidance to explore and engage in a new interest.

Why we need starter kits:

Starter kits make learning easy. Beginners cannot make a good parts list for learning. They can’t decide what to buy and what not. They often waste money on unnecessary goods. But they forget to buy the important parts. A complete starter kit makes this task easy. Lots of components come together in a starter kit. So, we need not roam here and there to buy them.

Starter kits come with user manuals. Some may include video tutorial DVDs. This helps learners a lot. They can learn a new topic with or  without any trainer.

Starter kits not only help beginners. Experts too can use these kits to complete their projects.

What is IoT?

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It's a network of devices, objects and systems. The 'things' of IoT can exchange data using the internet. In IoT, a 'thing' can even be a human being. Yes, you read it right. Let me tell you how:

Imagine, you're wearing a heart-rate sensor at home. IoT makes it possible for your doctor to monitor your heart rate from their chamber. Are you using a GPS tracker watch to track your kids? Yes, that's an example of IoT too.

IoT has brought a new revolution in technology. It's making life easier. Life has become more secure with IoT. You can live a tension-free life to some extent.

Suppose, you're on holiday. You have a garden. You need to water your plants. Who's gonna do that when you're not home? With IoT, you need not worry. You can make an IoT plant watering system. You need a controller. For example, an ESP8266. You need to connect it to the internet. You will also need a soil moisture sensor. The ESP8266 will read the sensor. Thus it will detect if the soil is dry or wet. The ESP8266 will control a water pump according to the sensor data. You'll need an IoT mobile app. You can receive the soil sensor data in your mobile app. You can also turn on the motor from your mobile phone.

Thus, you can control an IoT system from anywhere in the world. You can go to the US, still, you can switch off a motor, light or fan at your home in Berlin!

What are IoT kits?

An IoT kit is an electronics kit. It is a package of electronic components used for IoT projects. The heart of such a kit is a microcontroller board. Sensors, motors, LEDs etc. are also there. With these kits, you can do lots of IoT projects.

Where to buy?

You can buy IoT kits online. These are available at online electronics stores. SunFounder IoT kits has extended components as compared to other embedded starter kits. They have a large variety of easy to use IoT kits and their prices are also reasonable.

About SunFounder:

SunFounder is your one-stop solution for electronic projects. They sell Arduino and Raspberry pi boards and accessories.

Some Raspberry Pi products at Sunfounder

The company also offers Arduino and Raspberry Pi courses. The course instructors are very high-profile. You can find the details about the syllabus and instructors from their website as shown in the following image:

So, you can buy kits from them and also learn how to use them.

TOP IoT starter kits:

Here is a list of top IoT kits from Sunfounder:

1) SunFounder 3 in-1 IoT Starter Kit

SunFounder 3-in-1 IoT Starter Kit is a Versatile kit. This kit has 192 components. It includes an Arduino and an ESP8266. You can do lots of projects using the powers of these boards. It has all components to build a robotic car. Here are some significant projects that you can do with this kit:

• Door detection

• Window Detection

• Plant irrigation system.

You can build a smart car with this kit. The features of the car can be:

• Line tracking

• Obstacle avoidance

• Hand following

• Speed control and many more.

This kit provides 87 online tutorials for IoT and smart car related projects. Beginners and experts both can use this kit.

Features of SunFounder 3 in-1 IoT Starter Kit:

2) SunFounder Raspberry Pi Ultimate

SunFounder Raspberry Pi Ultimate kit comes with many Raspberry Pi accessories. The kit is versatile. It is suitable for both students and professionals. It has all the necessary software and hardware for a beginner. This kit gives access to 60+ video tutorials.

Features of SunFounder Raspberry Pi Ultimate :

3) SunFounder Raspberry Pi Pico W Starter Kit

This kit features a Raspberry Pi Pico W. The whole package is full of useful sensors. It is suitable for developing IoT devices.

Features of SunFounder Raspberry Pi Pico W Starter Kit :

4) Robotistan NodeMCU ESP8266 Kit

This is a NodeMCU-based kit. This is an ideal kit for understanding the fundamentals of IoT. It has 16 components. Those are LEDS, motors and various detection sensors. The kit gives a quick start to your IoT project. The NodeMCU is open-source. So, there is no need to use any extra board to use this kit. There is a manual with this kit. It discusses about all components in detail. You'll get a visual guide for circuit-building steps. Coding guideline is also there. An e-book is also available  for this kit users. That can help you further to made the project more advanced.

Features of  Robotistan NodeMCU ESP8266 Kit

5) OSOYOO ESP8266 NodeMCU IoT Starter Kit

This kit will teach you IoT in a fun and interactive way. It is suitable for making IoT-based school projects. Do you want to make a project for a science fair? You can depend on this kit. This kit is wifi supported. It uses the MQTT protocol. MQTT is a user-friendly protocol. The kit comes with a variety of open-source coding resources and mobile apps. It comes with a tutorial DVD. There are 17 video tutorials on that DVD. The tutorials consist of step-by-step guidelines. The codes are also tested. Detailed circuit diagrams help you do your project in the right way.

Features of  OSOYOO ESP8266 NodeMCU IoT Starter Kit:

6) ThingPulse #1 NodeMCU ESP8266 Starter Kit

ThingPulse #1 NodeMCU ESP8266 Starter Kit gives users a solid start to their IoT projects. It's a 4-in-1 wireless IoT development kit. It is a small kit. It is based on ESP8266. The kit has an OLED display. A DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor is there too. It also comes with a Data cable and some jumper wires. You can do the following projects with this kit:

• World clock

• Weather station

• Plane spotter

• Climate node

The kit comes with a 60-page guide. You will get premier customer support from the company for this kit.

Features of ThingPulse #1 NodeMCU ESP8266 Starter Kit:

7) KEYESTUDIO Smart Home Starter Kit

This is a very special kit. We often make IoT projects but we don't know how to apply them in our daily life. KEYESTUDIO Smart Home Starter Kit gives us the chance to apply our knowledge. With this kit, you can build a model smart home. The kit has laser-cut wood board for this task. The smart home consists of a control board, some sensors and actuators. The home is portable. You can power it up with 6 AA batteries. You can control your home with a mobile app.

Here are some of the projects possible with this kit:

• Door open-close

• Window open-close.

• Play music.

• Steam sensor on-off.

• Gas sensor on-off.

• Control switch and brightness of a light.

• Control switch and speed of the fan.

• Light on-off.

• Relay on-off.

Features of KEYESTUDIO Smart Home Starter Kit:

8) GAR Micro Starter Kit

This kit has Arduino UNO,an ESP8266 and an ESP32. ESP32 is a Wifi module. It also supports Bluetooth. So, it is a very powerful kit. This is suitable if you are looking for a micro starter kit. You can not only create wireless projects with this. ESP32, HC-05 allows you to experiment with various IoT concepts. This kit gives complimentary access to PDF guides and tutorial links. Those resources are available at the GAR Dropbox Cloud. The components come in a sturdy toolbox. It adds extra protection.

This kit needs no soldering. Total 18 sensors are there. Some of those are:

• Sound Sensor 

• PIR Motion Sensor 

• Impact Switch Sensor 

• IR Flame Sensor 

• Hall Effect Sensor 

• DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor 

• MQ3 Alcohol Sensor 

• Soil Moisture Sensor 

• Rain Level Sensor

Features of GAR Micro Starter Kit:

9) Arduino MKR IoT Bundle:

Do you have this kit? You're only 5 steps away from building your smart home. Arduino MKR IoT Bundle is an exceptional IoT kit. It features an Arduino MKR board. You can control this board over the Internet. The kit has some sensors, ICs motors and LEDs. It helps users to make automation models. With this, you can learn the basics of IoT. This kit can connect online to the Arduino IoT cloud. Users gain access to the following services-

• Device programming.

• Data analytics.

• Control management.

• Automation triggering.

You can log, graph and analyze sensor data.

It comes with all the helpful parts. Such as data cable, LCD, battery connector etc.

Features of Arduino MKR IoT Bundle:

10) Arduino OPLA IoT Kit:

Are you a beginner or a professional? Well, it does not matter if you use Arduino OPLA IoT Kit. This kit is for all. It offers a user-friendly platform for IoT projects. You can make fully customized smart devices. Thanks to the open system. The following are the main components of this package:

• Arduino MKR Wi-Fi board.

• Arduino MKR IoT Carrier with an OLED display.

• 24 V relays.

• moisture sensors

• capacitive touch buttons

• SD card holder

• onboard sensors for light, temperature, and humidity.

This kit will also bring you 12 months of free access to the Arduino Cloud maker plan.

Features of Arduino OPLA IoT Kit:

Conclusion:

Sunfounder IoT kits are easy to use. These multipurpose kits give you the facility to learn IoT from scratch. You may have zero knowledge about IoT. Still, you are welcome to use these kits. We have discussed only 10 IoT kits in this article. The company manufactures many more exciting starter kits and robot kits.

Sunfounder has a forum too. In SunFounder Forum, you can share knowledge with others like you and can get help from their engineers.

So, why the delay? Check out these top-notch kits and start your journey to IoT. Wish you all the best.

Real Time Embedded Systems: Definition, Types, Examples and Applications

Hello friends, I hope you are happy, healthy and content. We have been discussing embedded systems lately and this discussion would be incomplete without an in-depth discussion on Real time embedded systems. You might have observed their utility and their absolute need in our constantly changing external and internal environment, the ease of managing the room temperature with a single tap, generating several results with a single click and streaming videos and playing games anytime and anywhere are the blessings of real time embedded systems.

Definition of Real Time Embedded Systems

Real time embedded systems can be defined as;

• "The embedded systems which respond to real time situation with the help of its embedded software and hardware, within the specified time constraints are called real time embedded systems."

Characteristics of a Real-Time Embedded System

Real time embedded systems must have the following characteristics;

1. Constant Response:

• A real-time embedded system always responds in the same manner to a certain situation, it is not allowed to deviate from its normal designated output. An air-conditioner is not allowed to throw hot air in summers.

2. Deadline:

• A deadline is crucial to the working of an embedded system, a missed deadline can cost lives and finances.

3. Accuracy:

• In case of any malfunctioning, the system failure can cause havoc, what would happen if the pacemaker can't maintain the heartbeat, patient would eventually die!

4. Quick Response:

• It is the most important characteristic of all, the real-time embedded system must be swift enough to respond to the changing external environment with immediate effect.

Components of Real Time Embedded Systems

We have already discussed the embedded system components in detail within our previous article, for a quick overview , let's revise the basic things;

1. Hardware

• The hardware parts include a microcontroller or a microprocessor, Input and Output ports, sensors , actuators , relays, power supply or batteries and several other peripheral parts according to the design and function of the embedded system.

2. Software

• Real time embedded systems have embedded software which directs the system for performing designated tasks.
• For a real time embedded system, embedded operating systems software must have the critical feature of task scheduling, because we need a system which sticks to the deadline and performs the task within that limited time range. Let's have a look, how task scheduling is done;

Task Scheduling

To understand task scheduling you must understand pre-emptive and non-preemptive scheduling.

Preemptive scheduling

IT refers to the scheduling of tasks based on priority, it is a flexible process and interruption between the tasks doesn't upset the whole system. It's same as you are washing dishes and someone ask for a clean dish at immediate basis, you leave the thing in your hands and start washing that dish which is needed immediately!

Non- preemptive scheduling

it is a rigid process, the other task at hand has to wait until the first one has been completed. Now, you are well aware of the types of approaches used in task scheduling, its time for a detailed outlook on the basic types of Task Scheduling done in the real time embedded systems.

First Come First Served Task Scheduling

• As the name clearly indicates, the task that is assigned first is completed first.
• This is a non-preemptive scheduling approach.
• The system is highly efficient and tries to complete the task real quick and responds quickly.

Round Robin Task Scheduling

• In this task scheduling technique the preemptive approach is applied, but there is a difference, it doesn't priorities a task, instead it allocates the time for each task.
• Its same as, you have an exam tomorrow morning and you allocate 2 hours to each chapter for revision!

Shortest Job First Task Scheduling

• All of us have done this at some point of our lives, if you aren't a very diligent student, you choose the shortest paragraph to read first. Isn't it?
• Same is done by the preemptive scheduling system in this case, the task which can be performed quickly , is chosen and performed first.
• If a new task is assigned which can be performed earlier than the one being performed at hand, the system starts performing the shorter one which has just arrived, unfair! Isn't it?

Priority Scheduling

• Let's suppose its your best friends birthday and you are in charge of all the celebrations or we can say a surprise birthday party, what would you arrange first? snacks?, decorations? or a birthday cake? The answer is clear , it would be a birthday cake winning the priority list.
• Same is the case with priority scheduling, the system prioritizes all the tasks at hand, but the one with utmost urgency and priority is performed first.
• This system can be designed using both the preemptive and non-preemptive approaches.

Real time operating system

• Real time embedded systems are everywhere around us and have real time operating system as their basic component, they are almost similar to embedded operating systems , only having a few particular features different from the typical embedded operating systems due to the task specifications.
• RTOS are implied in the embedded systems which are time sensitive.
• Time constraints are the key, a task completed after due time or deadline would be rendered useless or would have a negative impact on the users. You can't enter your lecture hall after the starting time of your lecture without feeling guilty of being late!
• Time maintenance component is crucial to the real time operating system, tasks are specified and given preference according to the time constraints of each task.

You can refer to the diagram for the components of a real time embedded system.

Types of Real Time Embedded Systems

As we are done with the definition and components of a real time embedded system, being made up of real time operating system, embedded software and hardware.It would be easier to learn their types. Real Time embedded systems have the following three types, we would discuss each of them in detail.

1. Soft Real Time Embedded Systems

Following are the characteristics of soft real time embedded systems;

• In soft real time embedded systems, timeliness of a task poses a positive impact on the system, but it is not crucial for the performance of the system.
• Missing a deadline would not degrade the performance of the whole embedded system.

Example of Soft Real Time Embedded System

A data acquisition system can tolerate delays and hence its a soft real time embedded system. Other examples include, websites, computer games, cellular networks, online database and multimedia transmission and reception.

2. Hard Real Time Embedded Systems

Following are the characteristics of hard real time embedded systems;

• For a hard real time embedded system, time is crucial.
• The output must be completely on time, the prescribed deadline can not be missed in any case. You can't submit your exam paper after the time is over, or can you?
• In case a deadline is missed, it would be regarded as a system failure.

Following table shows the brief account of characteristic features for both soft and hard real time embedded systems.

Example of Hard Real Time Embedded System

The missile launch system is one of the most suitable examples in such systems, if the missile is not launched in time, it would miss the target claiming a huge environmental, economic and human loss. Other examples include medical equipment and handheld devices, avionics, industrial control systems, and transportation control.

3. Firm Real Time Embedded Systems

Following are the characteristics of firm real time embedded systems;

• Timelines of a task are crucial but the missed deadline can be compensated as it occurs rarely.
• Missed deadline doesn't degrade the system performance.
• In case of the missed deadline, The system continues to perform and discard the delayed response.

Example of Firm Real Time Embedded Systems

A fully automated assembly line doesn't crash when a task isn't performed in time, it rather ignores that missed part and continues to complete the rest.

Examples of Real Time Embedded System

• Real time embedded systems examples are being listed below, we will only discuss the few basic ones in detail out of an endless list.

Cardiac Pacemaker - A Real Time Embedded System

• First one on the list is a pacemaker, let's have a brief idea about the function of pacemakers first, a pacemaker maintains the heart beat, so is crucial to human life. A pacemaker is a real time embedded system.

• The sensors present in the pacemaker detect the intensity of the beat and send an electrical signal, if its too low to maintain normal function of the heart, in response to this signal an electrical impulse is generated to maintain the already diminishing heartbeat, your heart can't skip a beat, otherwise you'd die of heart attack! It only happens in movies.

Airbags- A real Time Embedded System

• Who is not aware of the importance of air bags in this era of modern vehicles! Airbags are indeed one of the most celebrated safety inventions of modern age.
• Air bags are necessary for human survival in case of a road accident which is obviously a life threatening condition.
• The airbags are inflated on the detection of collision or crash by the sensors, upon detection certain chemical react instantly to inflate the bags, providing cushion to the passengers to land on, saving passengers from serious injuries.
• Hence, airbag system of a car is a real time embedded system which works within strict time constraints, otherwise it would be useless for an airbag to inflate after the passenger has already got a whiplash injury during collision, ending up in a hospital bed or a deathbed.

Manufacturing Assembly Line

• The above mentioned examples were the life threatening ones, the one we are about to discuss is light and crispy!
• Now consider a manufacturing assembly line for production of Lays, the one you have seen in your childhood on national geographic, or maybe you were lucky enough to see it in real!
• What would happen if the automated system fails to fill in the chips in designed time? It doesn't happen that much, but just imagine for an instance!
• That one delayed step would disturb all the preceding steps in line, such as sealing and flavouring the packets.
• This is not life threatening situation , but a delay that would cost millions or much more. Packaging is just the terminal step, you can yourself imagine the importance of timelines in the whole manufacturing process.
• Or in another instance the missed step would be ignored if it is not on a large scale and the process would continue, the same thing that happens in firm real time embedded systems. It all about programming the system according to your personal preference and available resources.
• Thus a manufacturing assembly line is a real time embedded system, which needs to be in time.

Crusie Control of a Car

• Cruise control which once seemed a crazy concept a while ago is now a new normal for longer trips.
• It's a real-time embedded system that controls the speed of a car.
• The real-time embedded software algorithm has basic features of keeping the car at a preset speed as indicated by the driver, maintaining a safe measurable distance from a preceding vehicle, and lastly it is designed to switch between the two discussed modes according to the real-time situation on road.
• A minor miscalculation of the speed and distance would cause havoc on the road, thus real time embedded systems need to be accurate and on time during their performance.

Safety critical systems

• We have discussed safety critical systems in one of our previous articles as well, but a discussion on real time embedded system without an example of a safety critical system is incomplete.
• First things first, Safety Critical Systems are real time embedded systems.
• You might have got a slight idea about the safety critical systems from their name, The systems which can't afford delay are called safety critical systems, their output delay can claim a human life, can pose serious financial and environmental crisis.
• One the most common example is a missile launching system.
• Missile launching system is a real time embedded system, imagine the destruction with one single delay or miscalculated response. Another example include shuttle launch in space which is also a safety critical system.

Applications of Real Time Embedded Systems

  Real time embedded system applications are countless, a few popular ones are being discussed below;

Medical Industry

• Real time embedded systems are deeply rooted into the healthcare sector either in the form of handheld devices such as insulin pump, BP apparatus, pulse oximeter or large devices such ECG machines, and industrial scanners, real time embedded systems are everywhere.
• These embedded systems have made diagnosis , treatment and prognosis much easier than before. Diagnosis and treatment would be a difficult thing to do without the real time embedded systems, how would you identify a tumor without a scan? How insulin levels would be checked? Nobody can deny the importance of real time embedded systems in the medical field.

Manufacturing and Assembly Lines

• Real time embedded systems have revolutionized the automation of production lines, you might see the fully automated processes of biscuits, chips and soda in documentaries or maybe in real. Have you ever thought how it is done? The mechanism and machinery behind the fully automated processes? These are large robots with real time embedded systems, performing their designated tasks in a real time environment.
• Control of internal environment according to the manufacturing process, for humidity , air pressure and temperature is also done by real time embedded systems. Would you ever like soggy lays? Or a soda without gas? A cookie without crunch? No! Nobody does! All these factors are controlled by real time embedded systems through predictive maintenance.

Military Operations

• Either it is a preventive or defensive approach, real time embedded systems are an essential part of a bigger picture in military armaments.
• You might have heard of guided missiles, detection systems and much more intelligent weapons, all these systems are real time embedded systems.
• In military SWaP size, weight and power is a decisive factor of winning and losing for the soldiers in the battlefield, real time embedded systems, reduce size and weight of the power gear and provides quicker and better turnover during a strike.
• Microcontroller technology has led to the reduction of production costs along with the manufacturing of lightweight power gear.

Home Automation

• You might have seen the central cooling and heating systems, smart lighting system, security system, fire alarm, security surveillance system and many other systems that are controlled by the sensors by collecting data from external environment, these are real time embedded systems which have added to the ease of human beings.
• All the above mentioned systems are controlled through internet but they can be regulated manually as well.
• We have already discussed in detail the concept of a Smart home, in which several electronic devices are connected to a central hub through internet. Real time embedded systems have helped a lot in turning this unpopular concept into reality. To say the least, it is indeed an expensive concept.

Automotive industry

• Automotive industry has reaped the benefits of the real time embedded systems to full extent.
• Can you imagine a car without a GPS system these days? No , its an absolute necessity now!
• Crusie control, smart parking, car tracking, traction control system, and a lot more which are a part of another bigger picture have real time embedded systems in them.
• Hybrid vehicles which consume less fuel and save environment are a gift of real time embedded systems as well.

Multimedia Systems

• Multimedia systems which provide the audio and video interface to their users, have real time embedded systems as their integral part.
• The gaming world would be incomplete if real time embedded systems are not implied, many of the modern games are also networked and played live among the users from all over the world at the same time.

So, friends, that's all about the Real Time Embedded Systems, I have tried to cover everything regarding this topic. I hope you have learned something new from this article. In case you want to add something new to the list of applications or examples of embedded systems, you can mention in the comment section below. See you soon with another topic. Have a good day ahead!

Real Life Applications of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy, and content. Today we are going to discuss a very interesting and versatile topic, "Real Life Applications of embedded systems". Embedded systems are everywhere around us, they have countless applications from the medical field to electronic circuits and mechanical automotive parts. There is an endless list of their applications, we will only be discussing some of the mainstream applications today.

Applications of Embedded Systems in The Medical Field

• Embedded systems are used widely in the medical field, from manufacturing an artificial robotic limb to large-scale imaging techniques that are non-invasive in nature, embedded systems cover everything!
• Some of the imaging techniques involving embedded systems include MRI, PET scan, CT scan, SPECT scan, which are powered by industrial computers.

• Modern embedded electronic stethoscopes are also being used by high-budgeted hospitals in the developed countries.
• Embedded medical devices match the symptoms of patients with already existing files on the system to determine the disease, hence decreasing the workload of the physicians.
• Vital sign monitors and insulin pumps used in hospitals also imply embedded systems.

Application of embedded systems in the Automotive Industry

• The automotive industry has revolutionized itself by using embedded systems for introducing new concepts in the market.
• Modern-day cars use cruise control, airbags, emission control system, and navigation systems among many other functions, all having an embedded system which works synchronously with each other.
• Hybrid vehicles with higher efficiency and lesser pollution are a result of modern embedded systems otherwise the older versions were contributing to the world pollution on a large scale.

• Embedded systems have led to better engine control, the concepts such as brake-by-wire and drive-by-wire are the products of embedded systems.
• New safety systems such as Electronic Stability Control ESP, Traction control system TCS, Anti-lock Braking System ABS have been developed by using embedded systems.

Application of Embedded Systems in Telecommunications

• Whenever Apple launches a new iPhone, the world goes crazy over it and they are sold out completely in weeks and days, have you ever thought why? All thanks to the sophisticated embedded systems they keep on improving every year, providing higher speed, efficiency, and sleek design to their customers.
• Mobile embedded systems and network embedded systems are an ever-growing category of the embedded systems, all thanks to their sophisticated functionality and compact design manufacturing.

 

• There are endless examples of embedded systems in the telecommunication sector, web cameras, networked security systems, modern-day air conditioners using Wi-Fi to function, and many other similar appliances that use embedded systems.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Motes

• Let me ask you guys first, have you got any idea about motes? Here is a simple answer to this question, motes are also called sensor nodes, and can gather and process sensory information, communicating that sensory information to the other parts or nodes of a Wireless Sensor Network.
• A Wireless Sensor Network is a dedicated system of sensors that detect and record changes in the environment, the data collected by these motes are sent to a central location via GPS.
• These motes help in detecting the changes in air pollution, humidity, air pressure, noise pollution, and other environmental conditions using the embedded system.
• Motes like many other embedded systems are battery operated and run on power-saving mode, their batteries can last for years before they are needed to be replaced by new ones.
• A lot of real-time actions and decisions are based on the data collected by these motes!

Applications of Embedded Systems in Consumer Electronics

• In our previous article about the types of embedded systems, we briefly discussed the example of washing machines and air conditioners being manufactured using the embedded systems and how they work.
• There are countless examples like the one stated above such as printers, dishwashers, water dispensers, central cooling, and heating system, and whatnot! All of them are highly efficient and advanced, you only need to enter the instructions and the automated system takes care of the rest!
• Look around and observe, can you identify any other? You can!
• Home automation which is also known as Domotics, the process of building a smart home is carried out by embedded systems, all the automated devices and systems such as lighting, temperature control, and security systems are connected to a central hub which is controlled by the internet connectivity. This is indeed a costly pursuit, mainly used by elites in developed countries, you might have seen such a system in movies revolving around the drug cartel's owners and their lavish lifestyle.

 Applications of Embedded Systems in Avionics

• Embedded systems didn't spare avionics at all, modern-day airplanes use modern navigation devices such as the inertial navigation system INS, which helps in calculating the orientation and velocity of a moving object without any external reference.
• Modern-day GPS systems have led to better air traffic and navigation control leading to greater security and satisfaction of the passengers. It has provided more safety and efficiency in flights, all thanks to embedded systems!

Applications of Embedded Systems in Safety-Critical Systems

Embedded systems have made their way to safety-critical systems as well, I have a question here, do you know, what a safety-critical system is? Let me tell you about safety-critical systems first, a safety-critical system can be defined as, "A system whose failure can result in death or serious injury of the people involved, posing severe damage to the equipment and lastly it can result in an environmental hazard as well". Following are some of the example of safety-critical systems,

• Pacemaker, failure of a pacemaker can lead to the death of a person.
• Space shuttle, a space shuttle launch failure can cost hefty amounts and can result in environmental hazards as well.
• The nuclear power plant, we all know the sensitivity of the matter, a missile launch involves a lot of financial risks, along with that human lives and environment is also tied to it.

These systems involve the use of embedded systems for higher efficiency, sophisticated functionality, and security purposes.

Application of Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

• Every other person who works today has a smart card, they are the new wallets and need of the hour as everyone cannot carry a hefty amount of cash in a wallet or a purse. A smart card is the ultimate source of convenience in many ways and has become the utmost necessity of everyone.
• Smart cards have several types based on their purpose of use, but the manufacturing and design are relatively similar in all of them.
• Smart cards are available in many forms nowadays and surprisingly they make use of embedded system technology as well.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Robotics

• Robots have replaced humans in many aspects with the entry of Artificial intelligence in the field, which has served as the cherry on top.

• Humans are slow and inefficient in some heavy tasks, but a robot has everything preset to perform a task such as time, manner, and pace, which has helped robots to take over many jobs which were previously done by humans.

 

• Robotics involves embedded systems that are sophisticated enough to carry out complex tasks efficiently and precisely which cannot be carried out by humans in such a manner.

Applications of Embedded Systems in Banking

• The banking sector has also reaped many benefits of the technology involving the embedded systems.
• ATM, automated teller machine, security systems used in banks, online transaction systems have embedded systems as their core elements.
• A detailed account of the working of an ATM has been explained in one of my previous articles on the real-life examples of the embedded systems.

Applications of Embedded systems in Security systems

• From the most primitive times human beings have been most concerned with their security, as time passed, Intruders found new ways of theft and robbery, this problem was solved by security systems including cameras and alarms which involve embedded systems.
• Security cameras and large-scale security systems are designed using embedded systems, they are commonly used these days for protecting offices, homes, and banks as well.
• Nowadays, Embedded System Security is another growing field, which is involved in the protection of embedded systems from cyber-attacks.
• Several technical parameters are followed to protect the system from any malicious behavior.

• Techniques as SSL Secure Socket layer and SSH Secure Shell are used for encryption, but with modernization came modern problems, these protocols can be hijacked as well!

So, it was all about the applications of embedded systems, there are countless other applications as well, I have tried to cover the ones you must know! I hope you enjoyed reading the article, if you know any of the applications that have not been mentioned in the article you can tell us in the comment section below. Have a good day ahead!

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing well. Today we are going to have an in-depth discussion on the Characteristics of Embedded Systems. We have discussed What is Embedded Systems? & Types of Embedded Systems in detail, in our previous tutorial. So, I am hoping that you have a clear idea of Embedded Systems. Today, we will discuss different characteristics which are found in almost every Embedded system. So, let's get started:

Definition of Embedded Systems

We already know that an embedded system can be defined as,

• "A dedicated system specially designed to perform a designated function, with a microcontroller or a microprocessor as its chief component, along with a software embedded in computer hardware, is called an embedded system."

Components of Embedded Systems

Let's have a brief overview of the components of an embedded system, which would later help us determine its characteristics.

• A microcontroller or a microprocessor is the heart of the embedded system.
• Embedded software keeps the embedded system on its feet.
• Embedded Hardware, mechanical parts which serve to perform the designated function.
• I/O ports acting as a connecting link between the peripheral parts and the microcontroller or the microprocessor whichever is serving as the core of the system.
• And lastly, a timer to carry out the tasks timely!

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Without any further delay, we will now discuss some of the general characteristics of an embedded system;

1. Specificity

• Embedded systems can either be domain-specific or task-specific.
• An embedded system is designated to perform the dedicated task only, it cannot be made to perform several automated functions from different inputs.
• Let me give you a basic example, you can only wash clothes in a washing machine, it cannot cook food so this is a task-specific embedded system.

• Meanwhile, domain-specific embedded systems fall under certain domains or categories such as a mobile embedded system is a domain-specific embedded system.

2. Strict Design Parameters

• The design metrics are pre-defined for every system but they are configurable to a great extent, or we can say there is room for additions and extensions in systems other than embedded systems.
• But there is very little room for extensions and additions in an embedded because we have to fix everything on a single chip, that can perform its designated function independently, as we have already discussed the components of an embedded system you can understand this very well by now!

3. Efficiency

• An embedded system must be efficient enough to react and respond to the real-time environment.
• In certain real-time embedded systems, a system has to react according to the real-time situation and adjust accordingly such as the air conditioner works on the same principle.
• The cruise control of a car also works in a real-time response manner by reacting to the real-time situation hence managing the speed and brakes.

4. Microprocessor or Microcontroller based

• The Embedded system must have a microcontroller or microprocessor.

Features of A Microcontroller A microcontroller is different from a microprocessor, and a microcontroller has the following features being listed below;

• Most of the time a microcontroller is used according to the system requirements, which comes in different sizes such as 6 bit, 8 bit, 16 bit and 32 bit.
• The microcontroller is composed of an external processor and internal memory along with I/O components.
• It consumes less power because everything is present internally on the chip. A lot of microcontrollers have a power-saving mode as well.
• It is easier to write a program on the microcontroller.
• Some of the most commonly used microcontrollers are Arduino, 8051 Microcontroller and PIC Microcontroller.

5. Exclusive Memory

• Embedded systems don't have a secondary memory, their memory is present in embedded software in the form of ROM.
• Embedded systems can't have their memories extended or configured, have you thought why? Let me tell you because they are not general-purpose computers we use normally! They are dedicated systems for special tasks!

6. Multi-Rate Operational System

• Some of the large-scale embedded systems are multi-rate operational systems i.e a large number of embedded systems are performing their dedicated functions independently to run a system.
• All the multi-rate operational, embedded systems are well articulated to work synchronously with each other.
• A car is such an example, many embedded systems work independently to keep a car on road. Yo.com.derstanding of this concept, there is an in-depth explanation of embedded systems working in a car along with many others examples!

7. Compact Design

• An embedded system is designed to compact and lightweight as everything is to be placed on a single chip to perform a task including the microcontroller, timer, I/O parts, and the embedded software as well.

8. Minimal Power Dissipation

• Embedded systems are designed in such a way to dissipate power at its minimal.
• The goal is to conserve power and prevent overheating of the system by adding in heat sinks and cooling fans, and sometimes a larger battery is used to run the system.

9. Sophisticated Functionality

• Embedded systems are highly advanced and developed these days, which are not aware of the sophisticated functionalities of mobile phones and tablets.
• They are designed to perfection keeping in view the needs and demands of the consumer market!
• Every other person wants to own an Apple iPhone, isn't it? Just because of their sophisticated functionality!

10. Minimal User Interface

• Have a brief look at your air conditioner, your oven, or your washing machine, you might have noticed one thing in common, a minimal user interface.
• Embedded systems are designed with minimal user interface because users have almost nothing to do by themselves, you only have to provide the input or we can say instructions, the system is already fully automated to perform the designated task accordingly!

11. Safety factor

• A safety analysis is always necessarily carried out for the embedded systems to ensure the safety of the operator and the environment in case of any material damage or hazardous emissions from the system.

12. Cost-Effective

• An embedded system is designed in such a way to make it cost-effective, overall the circuit is small since everything is present on a single chip.
• A compact design and designated functionality make an embedded system less costly and high speed.

So, that was all about the characteristics of embedded systems, I have tried to cover almost every aspect, or maybe I have missed one or two, if you know any of the additional characteristics that I have missed, you can let me know in the comment section below! Have a good day!

Types of Embedded Systems

Hello friends, I hope you all are happy, healthy and content! Today, we will be discussing the types of embedded systems. But, Before jumping to the types of embedded systems, let's first revise what is an Embedded System? I hope you have a clear idea about the embedded systems, if not, there is always a solution!

Definition of an embedded system

"An embedded system is a unique combination of computer hardware and a software designed for performing a specific function or set of functions from a certain input" For a detailed overview of the embedded system and its components, you can refer to the complete article on our website about embedded systems.

Types of Embedded Systems

Presuming that you are well aware of the embedded systems and its components, we will be discussing types of embedded systems in detail in this section. Embedded systems can be classified on two bases;

1. Performance and functional requirements of the system.
2. Performance of the Microcontroller used in the embedded system.

Types of embedded systems based on performance

As the name suggests these type of embedded systems comprise of a specific type of embedded system, aptly named after their functionalities and performance;

• Stand-Alone Embedded System.
• Real-Time Embedded System.
• Networked Embedded System.
• Mobile Embedded System.

1. Stand-Alone Embedded System

You might have made a rough sketch of a stand-alone embedded system by now after seeing the heading, let me explain it first so you may decide later if it was a right guess or not!

• A stand-alone embedded system is an isolated system that operates on its own.
• It converts digital or analog signals based on its input method, into the output in form of a task or a response.

Example of Stand-alone Embedded System

• I have a simple example for you to understand these stand-alone embedded systems, if you have a fully automatic washing machine or a dishwasher at your home, it makes use of such an embedded system.
• In the case of a washing machine, you start the process by feeding in the digital command for the task by setting water level, wash time, rinse time, spin time, and type of wash cycle.
• The digital input is then processed by the embedded system through its various components into the output, which you receive in the form of task performed that is the fully washed, rinsed and spun clothes which are ready to be ironed without any hassle!
• Many appliances such as sound systems, convection ovens, dishwashers have stand-alone embedded systems inside them.

2. Real-time embedded systems

• Real-time embedded systems are required to perform their assigned function or furnish the output under strict time constraints.
• Exact timing is crucial to the working of a real-time embedded system as the name suggests!

They can be further classified as;

1. Hard real-time embedded systems.
2. Soft real-time embedded systems.

Hard real-time embedded system

• Hard-real Time embedded systems imply strict time control, otherwise, there would be a critical system failure.
• There is lesser interaction of physical hardware with the embedded software in hard real-time embedded systems.
• Missing a deadline for output generation is considered as the complete system failure in the case of a hard real-time embedded system.
• In case of a delay at the system's end, it could only be up to a few microseconds, any value greater than this would pose serious problems.

Example:

• Heart pacemaker; pacemakers initiate normal heartbeat for people with heart pathologies, your heart can't skip a beat! It only happens in movies!
• Missile launch, what's the purpose of launching a missile if it isn't able to hit the target at the desired time? Wouldn't it be a waste of time any resources?
• Air traffic control, timing is crucial as there are many lives at stake in this case.

Soft real-time embedded systems

• Soft real-time embedded systems can tolerate delays in task or output execution by providing low service quality.
• Soft real-time embedded systems aim at prioritizing a task when a certain subset of commands is given to the system for generating output.
• The efficiency of the system degrades as deadlines are missed, this happens due to burnout and overload of the system with already existing commands.

Example:

• Online database.
• Live audio or video systems.

3. Networked Embedded Systems

In this modern era with the advancement of technology, networked embedded systems are being widely used. Before explaining network embedded systems, i want you to understand a networked system, Do you know what is a networked system? Let me explain; a networked system is a group of computers or devices connected through a network either through WAN, LAN or internet! So, a Networked embedded system can be defined as;

• "The embedded system which requires a network to approach the resources for performing a given task is called a networked embedded system."

The network can be wireless or a wired connection in form of WAN, LAN or internet.

Example of Networked System

 

• In this highly advanced era of WIFI, we'll be discussing the example of a networked embedded system using a WIFI to operate!
• You might have seen advertisements of air conditioners and refrigerators using WiFi in their operation.
• It’s a simple process, you start by installing an app already present at the play store, connect that app with your appliance and operate your appliance with the help of this app! Refer to the diagram below for a better understanding;
• You can manage everything related to your appliance, from temperature regulation to self-cleaning, from your phone with internet connectivity! Isn't it revolutionary? Yes, it is, all thanks to a networked embedded system using an internet connection to operate an appliance for performing the desired tasks!

4. Mobile embedded system

• As technology advanced and revolutionized, mobile embedded systems never stopped amazing the consumers with their growth and advancement in every era.
• Mobile embedded systems are used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, modern-day PRISM cameras, DSLR and whatnot, they are everywhere, every small handheld electronic device makes use of them!

So it was all about embedded systems based on performance and function. We will be moving on to our next section, discussing the type of embedded systems based on the type of Microcontroller. Let's first discuss, what is a microcontroller?

What is a microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a small chip having CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on it; it is simply a pizza with its toppings!

Features of a Microcontroller

Here are some of the features of a microcontroller:

• You can have your cheese burst pizza but your microcontroller can only bear a limited amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports, extra topping isn't even allowed in the form of additional memory!
• There are certain alternatives to the microcontrollers, but the latter suits well with the embedded systems, so why not use the one which suits the best?
• Microcontrollers are available in different bit sizes from 4 bit, 8bit, 16bit to 32 bit,64 bit you can use the one required for your task.
• They are cost-effective, minimize power consumption, control-oriented and highly reliable.

Now you are well aware of the microcontroller and its feature, we will be discussing the types of embedded systems based on the performance of microcontrollers!

Types of Embedded System Based on the Performance of Microcontroller

Following are the three types of embedded systems based on the performance of the microcontroller;

• Small Scale Embedded System.
• Medium Scale Embedded System.
• Sophisticated Embedded System.

1. Small Scale Embedded System

• As the name suggests a small scale embedded system makes use of a small sized microcontroller, ranging from 8 bit to 16 bit.
• They are less complex in terms of hardware and software and can be operated with batteries as well because of their smaller size.
• Mostly the C programing language is used in such embedded systems.

Examples of Small Scale Embedded System

• Bluetooth headphones.
• Digital pedometer.

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

• Medium-scale embedded systems are more complex in terms of their hardware and software than the small-scale embedded systems discussed above.
• They make use of microcontrollers that are larger in bit size i.e numerous 16-bit size microcontrollers or a 32-bit microcontroller is used in making the embedded system.
• Programming languages like Java, C, C++ are used to develop software for medium-scale embedded systems.

Example of Medium Scale Embedded System ATM, which is widely used by us nowadays has a medium-scale embedded system in it. You can read a detailed account of its working in my previous tutorial about practical applications of embedded systems available on the website!

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

• Sophisticated embedded systems, as the name suggests are highly advanced and developed in terms of hardware and software.
• They make use of numerous 32 bit or 64-bit microcontrollers along with multiple programmable logic arrays PLA and configurable processors.
• They are highly complex and are designed for performing complex tasks and functions.

Examples of Sophisticated Embedded System Here are some of the examples using sophisticated embedded systems;

• Modern-day air conditioners
• Medical imaging systems
• Industrial-scale ovens
• Hybrid vehicles

Sophisticated embedded systems mark an end to our discussion about the types of embedded systems, I presume, you are now fully aware of the topic we have discussed in depth today, I have tried my level best to cover all the aspects related to this topic in an easy way, without any doubt it is an easy one to grasp, for better understanding and developing a clearer perspective you can revise the concerned section, a second read never hurt anyone! Have a good day!

Components of Embedded Systems

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll discuss the components of embedded systems.

An embedded system is a custom-built special purpose computer used for a specific purpose. It is a system that combines both hardware and software to perform a certain task.

It can be used as an individual system or a part of another large system. You will find embedded systems incorporated in a range of applications including consumer electronics, industrial machinery, automobiles, agriculture, processing industrial devices, airplanes, digital watches, vending machines, air-conditioners, mobile devices, and much more.

To understand the embedded system, we need to understand the difference between a special-purpose computer and a general-purpose computer. General-purpose computers are those that we use every day like our desktops, laptops, and Macs. Even our smartphones stand in the general-purpose end of the spectrum which means they have more than one specific task to perform. Special purpose computers are very specific to serve a particular function. A calculator is a special-purpose computer as compared to a laptop that is a general-purpose computer. The only job of a calculator is to do calculations. You cannot use it for more than one purpose like general-purpose computers.

An automated system that doesn’t involve human interference is also an example of an embedded system. For example, you can interface the conveyer belt with the sensor to count the number of filled bottles. Once you install a combination of both hardware and software embedded programming, you can watch the number of filled bottles on the computer screen without any human interference. The devices that perform certain tasks where no user is involved are termed as the no user interface (UI) embedded systems and where user interference is involved are termed as graphical user interface (GUI) embedded systems.

Read this post all the way through as we’ll discuss the basic components of embedded systems in detail.

Let’s get started.

Components of Embedded Systems

This section is dedicated to the hardware components of embedded systems. In the following section, we’ll cover the software components used for the embedded systems.

1. Power Supply

• A power supply is a crucial component of the embedded system design.
• It is an electrical device mainly used to power up the electrical load.
• Normally, a 5V power supply is required for the system, however, it can also range from 1.8 to 3.3V.
• You can pick either one based on your requirements and application.

To work the embedded system properly, a smooth and efficient power supply is needed. Both wall adopter and battery can be used as a power supply. Some power supplies work as independent equipment while others are incorporated into the embedded technology they power.

2. Microcontroller

• An embedded system is either a microcontroller-based or microprocessor-based system. They give a system computing power and are called integrated circuits.
• The embedded hardware performance is mainly dependent on the processor which is normally called the brain of the embedded system.
• Pick from a range of processors including 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit processors.
• They are different in terms of processing speed. For example, a 32-bit processor comes with more processing speed and can manipulate 32-bits at a time while an 8-bit processor comes with less processing speed and can manipulate 8-bits at a time.

For simple applications, an 8-bit processor would suffice while for complex and advanced applications, processors with more bits are used. The 8-bit processor is normally clocked to 8MHz while the 32-bit processor can run up to hundreds of MHz.

3. ROM/RAM

• Memory is essential to store important information in the embedded computer system.
• Memory is integrated into a microcontroller or microprocessor.

There are two types of memories including ROM (read-only-memory) and RAM (random access memory). The former is called the code memory that stores the program code and is non-volatile which means it stays stored in the system when the power supply is removed. While latter is called the data memory and is a volatile memory which means it is used for temporally storing the information and is removed from the system when the power supply is turned off.

4. Timers / Counters

Sometimes you need to create a delay before a specific function. Timers are used in such cases. While at times you want to count the number of times a particular event occurs. Counters are used in such cases. If an up counter is used in the system, it will count up from the initial value to 0xFF and if it is down counter, it will count down to 0x00.  The counters are integrated using register-type circuits like a flip-flop.

5. Communication Ports

Communication ports are used in embedded systems to establish communication with other embedded systems. There are several communication ports including USB, UART, USB, I2C, SPI, and RS-485. For simple applications, communications ports are utilized from the microcontroller, and for complex and advanced applications these ports are externally installed inside the embedded systems.

6. Output and Input

Input is required to interact with the embedded system. A sensor can be used to provide input to the system. The microcontroller used in the system can be configured as an input or output port. In the microcontroller, there are a fixed number of input and output ports that you can utilize as per your requirement.

7. Electrical Circuit

You need to design an electrical circuit based on your application. The following are the basic circuit components that can be used in an electrical circuit.

a. PCB (printed circuit board)

A PCB is an essential part of the electrical circuit. It is a mechanical circuit board that electrically connects the electronic components with conductive copper traces. Before making the electrical design on the PCB, you need to design the electrical circuit on the PCB simulation software to test if the required design will work in reality. Making electronic circuits with PCB is cheaper and more efficient than point-to-point and wire wrap construction.

b. Resistors

A resistor is an electrical component mainly used to produce resistance in the current flow. It is mainly employed to reduce the flow of current, for adjusting the signal levels. In power distribution systems and motor controls, resistors with high power are used that can dissipate more heat in the form of energy. Resistors are further divided into two types i.e fixed resistors and variable resistors.

The resistance of fixed resistors changes with temperature and variable resistors can be utilized as sensing devices for humidity, light, force, and heat. The resistor’s electrical function is dependent on its resistance. The more the resistance, the more it will create resistance in the current flow.

c. Capacitors

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device mainly employed to store energy. The capacitance of the capacitor is commonly known as the effect of a capacitor. Capacitors are available in various forms though, most capacitors come with two electrical conductors which are separated by a dielectric material. Capacitors are widely used in many applications for various purposes including smoothing, bypassing, and filtering the electrical signal. Capacitors store energy and release it when it is required by the circuit.

d. Transistors

Transistors are used in the electrical circuit for amplification and switching purposes. They are divided into two main types i.e. bipolar junction transistors and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The former is the current-controlled device and comes with terminals like base, collector, and emitter.

The latter is the voltage-controlled devices and comes with terminals like a drain, source, and gate. They are used in a range of applications including computers, stoves, pacemakers, aircraft, motor control, and much more. Their working principle is simple and straightforward. The small current at one terminal is used to produce a large current at the remaining terminals. This phenomenon is used for amplification purposes.

e. Diodes

A diode is an electrical component that uses PN-junction and allows the current to flow in one direction only. Mostly didoes are made of semiconductor material like silicon but some diodes are also composed of germanium. Diodes are used in a range of applications including signal mixers, switches, voltage regulators, logic gates, clippers, limiters, clampers, and gain control circuits.

f. Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit is a chip that combines various electrical components into a single chip. An IC is a ready-made chip that you incorporate into your electrical project without having to include lots of capacitors and resistors. A small integrated chip can work as an oscillator, amplifier, microprocessor, timer, and computer memory. If you open the CPU of your computer, you will find scores of ICs integrated into the motherboard of the computer. A single IC can hold hundreds of thousands of resistors, transistors, and capacitors inside.

g. LED

LED (light-emitting diode) is widely used in electronic circuits. LEDs are included in circuits for some indication to check if the circuit is working properly. This electrical component is so reliable and can last decades without decaying. Using LEDs you can identify the state of current in an electrical circuit. For example, you can integrate LED into your circuit where the blinking of LED will indicate the circuit is working properly.

h. Inductors

An inductor is an electrical component used to store energy in an electric field in the presence of an electrical current. The inductors come with an insulated wire that circles the coil. These electrical components work on Faraday’s law of induction where the electric motive force is induced in the conductor by varying magnetic fields in the presence of current passing through the coil. Inductors are employed to block AC while permitting the DC to flow. Inductors utilized for this purpose are named… chokes.

Embedded System Software Components

Recall, an embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software modules. We have briefly explained above the hardware embedded system components. This portion is dedicated to software components of embedded systems. Both computer software and embedded system software are different in terms of their purposes. The computer software can be installed on many devices to achieve the required goals while embedded system software, on the other hand, is specifically written for a certain device to meet a certain goal.

The following are the software components of embedded system.

a. Editor

• The editor is the first tool you required for embedded system software.
• The code you write in C and C++ programming languages will be saved in a text file in the editor.

• Geany editor is a great example of a text editor.
• This editor supports scores of languages including Java, C, HTML, Python, PHP, Pascal, and Pearl.

b. Compiler

• The code is written in a text editor. But how does a machine understand this code?
• A compiler is used to turn this written code into low-level machine language that the machine can comprehend.
• The main purpose of this tool is to develop an executable program.

• The name ‘compiler’ is mainly used for the written programs that convert high-level programming language source code into a low-level programming language.

c. Assembler

• The assembler tool converts the written code into a machine language. It is slightly different than a compiler.
• The compiler directly converts the written code into machine language while the assembler, on the other hand, first converts source code to object code and then to the language that the machine can understand.

d. Emulator

• The main task of the emulator is to make the embedded system act like a real system in a simulation environment.
• Using an emulator, you’ll get an idea of how the code will function in real-time. It is used to simulate software performance, and it helps in achieving the ideal performance of the written code.
• With an emulator, you can run one operating system into another device. For example, using an emulator you can run Mac operating system into your windows operating system.

e. Linker

• Typically, software code is written in small modules and pieces.
• A linker, also called a link editor, is a tool that takes one or more object files and combines them to develop a single executable code.

f. Debugger

• A debugger is a tool used for testing and debugging purposes. It scans the code thoroughly and removes the errors and bugs, and identifies the places where they occur.
• Programmers can quickly address the errors and fix them.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

Why you should select JLCPCB - An Outstanding PCB Fabrication House

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am back to give you the daily dose of useful information that helps solve your problems, allowing you to make a better decision. Today, I am going to give you a quick review about one of the best PCB fabrication houses called JLCPCB. If you are hobbyists or a student, you need to connect a number of electronic components together to streamline your project every now and then. Breadboards are ideal for this purpose if you need a temporary solution. When things go complex and you need a permanent solution, breadboards fail to meet your needs and demands. This is where PCB comes into play. The function of PCB board is same as a breadboard i.e. connecting number of components together but it gives a permanent solution to your problems. Instead of fabricating board own their own, some people prefer ordering PCB online. Why? Because it saves their time and helps them focus other important features of a project. There are a lot of PCB fabrication companies out there and most of them come with identical prices in one way or the other. The difference occurs when it comes to quality. Providing quality product while maintaining the prices intact is a real deal where most of the companies lack. They either provide a competitive price or quality product, not both of them together. Forgive me if I'm exaggerating, but that's reality in most of the cases. When quality increases, companies tend to demand more price that is not suitable for most of the people especially when you are a student. Don't worry I've got you covered. You don't need to wrestle your thoughts to find the suitable manufacturer for your PCB fabrication.

JLCPCB - PCB Fabrication House

JLCPCB is a fabrication house that aligns with your need and requirements and delivers exactly what it promises. It comes with every type of PCB solution from single layer to multilayer to complex rigid-flex PCBs. You can pick any board based on your needs and requirements. You can manufacture PCB on your own if you don't get intimidated by playing with chemicals or you need only one or two boards for your projects. Things don't work the same way when you need a lot of boards required to get your project done in less time. You have to rely on other companies that provide a quick solution to your needs. We have personal experience working with this company couple of times. The boards they delivered were perfect where traces were smoothly aligned on the board. It was a while ago when we got our boards and they are still working fine. You can get your Quote here. 

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Most of the customers are concerned about the nature of traces and materials used for boards, as they have to work on the projects that involve high temperature and pressure where a quality board is needed that can resist high temperature. JLCPCB always takes such things into account and produces boards with thick traces that prove to be ideal for high temperature and pressure. These boards come with a quality of dissipating energy outside the board, helping in retaining the quality of the project they are used in.

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Gerber File

No need to worry and anticipate what the actual product looks like. They come with an option to upload Gerber file where you can check the board and calculate the number of traces on it. Gerber file truly highlights the features of the board what it actually looks like, minimizing the risk of getting a wrong product that would get you in trouble in future.

Economical Price

Economical price is one of the reasons why you should prefer working with this fabrication house. Some people become skeptical about quality on seeing very low prices on their sites. You don't need to worry about that, this fabrication house is located in China, where labor cost is too low. If you order same product from different countries like UK or US, this would almost double the cost.

Customer Satisfaction

They know very well how to grow and retain the customers. They have 10 years experience in their field and come up with a professional staff that not only provides you quality product but also helps in making the final decision for selecting the ideal board that aligns with your project, so you don't need to come back over and over again.

AOI Ensured

In order to make sure all traces and pads are connected and aligned together, all boards pass through AOI (automated optical inspection). The flying probe test is applied to check the vias of the board, provided boards are two layers or multilayers as single layer boards don't require this test. They have advanced systems covered with quality control where they keep a proper check on the machines and do regular maintenance in order to provide a quality product.

Forum

If you have any question related to your project you can ask in the forum available on their site. The forum is their online community where they keep together people of same interest who take an active part in discussions and provide valuable solutions to your problems. Their professional team is also very active on the forum, and they make sure you don't feel left out in PCB manufacturing process.

Fast Delivery

No need to worry about the delivery time of the board. They take a deep interest when it comes to the quick delivery of the product. However, delivery time is different for different boards, depending on the complexity and nature of the board. Prices are given on their site and you can order as low as $2/10pcs. Yes, you heard me right. And each piece comes with solder mask and silkscreen in order to increase the strength of the board that provides the insulation between the copper layers in case any conductive material touches the board. I'm trying to add one or two negative opinions to make this review unbiased, but the reality is there is not any. You might be thinking I am sugar coating them based on the number of good things about them. I bet you'd be writing same when you get hands-on experience working with them. This is all about JLCPCB - PCB Fabrication House, a quick solution to your problem. If you are unsure or have any question, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise and skills. Feel free to inform us about your opinion about them. Thanks for reading the article.

WellPCB Prototypes Promotion - Get Discounted PCB

Hi Guys! We always keep on working to find useful ways that give you quick and economical solutions to your needs. Today, I am going to give a quick review about WellPCB and why you prefer them if you intend to making high quality PCBs with reasonable price. Where there is a need of electronic devices, there is a need of PCB. Joining number of components on board using old conventional with end to wiring is becoming obsolete that happened to cover more space, carry heavy weight and turned out to be expensive with the ability to performing less number of functions. This led to the introduction to printed circuit board.

WellPCB Prototype Promotions

PCB is an integral part of most of the electronic devices, specially when you are looking to make some smart and compact projects with the intention of joining number of components on the board. You may feel skeptical while picking suitable fabrication house for the fabrication of your PCB that keeps your needs and demands on the top without compromising the quality. There are number of fabrication houses around the world. Some are better than others. Reason is quite clear. The fabrication houses that are successful in the field of fabricating quality PCB, follow some protocols and take strict measures when it comes to creating a quality product. WellPCB is one of them. Their main aim is to keep the standard high without compromising the quality. Also, they believe, nothing is better than giving quality product while keeping the price intact.

Promotions

First thing first. They are running two promotions recently. First promotion you can get benefit of, will expire on 30 June. Come first to get advantage of this promotion. Based on this promotion, you can get 10 pcs prototypes with size SIZE =10cm*10cm and 1-2 layers in just $3.99. Also, it is valid for 100 customers. Times is precious, don't waste it, make your order quickly to fall under the category of early birds in order to save your money. Second promotion is also mouth watering, if not for all, but saving $100 are enough to arrange your next meal. You can get $100 coupon by registering directly on their page. You can use it freely when you reach a specific amount.

Ordering Process

Ordering process is very easy and hassle free. They don't have any hidden charges. Feel free to order online without fear of paying any extra hidden charges. Check following image to get the idea of ordering process. Don't you worry if you are unable to order online by following above steps. They have video on their front page, you can watch that video where they guide you thoroughly how you can order online. You can quote from here PCB Online Quote

Types of Files They Accept

They make everything easy for you right from taking the order to the manufacturing of the whole product. They accept four types of files for the PCB prototype manufacturing including gerber, pcb, pcbdoc, and cam file. They keep strict eye on the whole manufacturing process and maintain quick follow up with all of the customers and inform them immediately if they find any difficulty in the manufacturing process. It may happen, the files you send may not resonate to fulfill the technical requirement of the board, so they don't feel hesitation to have a proper word with you in order to make you satisfied with the manufacturing process, so final product resonates with your demands and needs without compromising the quality.

What they can Deliver

They have the capability to make PCB incorporated with up to 32 layers. Still, if you think, your requirements are slightly different than available layers specification, you can contact them. They will try to incorporate all of their expertise and knowledge into meeting your requirements and making the product fit for your project.

Material Used

Substrate material they use range from FR4 to Rogers to High TG FR4 and Halogen free material. These are the basic material used for the making of substrate. However, this is not the only solution they provide, you can choose and pick any substrate material that resonates with your demands.

Advanced Technology

Advanced technology they use helps them stand out from other with the intention of providing accurate and precise results. They have a team of experts who are proficient in their craft and know very well which measures and protocols need to be followed for providing quality product. They are capable of producing on-across blindried vias on multiple boards ranging from rigid, flex to rigid-flex board. You can pick any solder mask color from number of different colors available like green,blue, black, white, yellow. Surface treatment includes HAL, Lead Free HAL, Immersion gold, OSP, Immersion tin, Immersion silver, etc.

Accurate Copper Traces

Not everyone is expert when it comes to making copper traces on the board that have low resistance. They have a technical team who are expert in making copper traces that are equally distributed on the board and come with the ability of controlled impedance. High current that flows through the board can cause high temperature that can ultimately damage the project and effect the overall performance of the board. The board they create come with a high copper thickness that helps in avoiding the high temperature as a result of high current flowing through the boards, specially that are made from multilayer.

Quick Delivery

Some customers are highly concerned with the delivery time because of the sensitivity and requirements of the projects they get from their clients. Quick and fast delivery is another aspect where they stand out from others. Lead time is as quick as 1 to 2 days, but it can stretch to 5 to 6 days, based on the requirements and complexity of the order. Quotation will be provided in 8 working hours. Rest assured, you will get the order within due date. That's all for today, I hope you have found this article useful. We always keep your demands and requirements on the top and provide you most suitable solutions. WellPCB is one of them, specially when you are concerned with high quality product. However, if still you feel skeptical or have any question you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my knowledge and expertise. Feel free to keep us updated with your suggestions, they help us provide you quality work so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article. Stay Tuned!

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Online PCB Supplier - JLCPCB

Hi Guys! We welcome you on board. We always strive to come up with useful information that adheres to your needs and requirements. Today, I am going to review about one of the best Online PCB supplier named as JLCPCB. As we are stepping forward in the world of smart technology, electronics is evolving and becoming innovative where devices are becoming tiny and compact, cover less space, carry less weight and capable of performing more tasks than their predecessors. PCB plays a vital role in the development and designing of any project. And if you really want your project gets off the ground in the early stage of development process, you need to pay extra heed in the development different types of PCB boards, specially when PCB board is an integral part of your project. Choosing and picking quality online PCB supplier service for the manufacturing of PCB is little bit tricky and you may feel exhausted and overwhelmed while searching for the best fabrication company that truly resonates with your needs and expectations and sets you free from the hassle of making quality board so you can pay more attention to other design and development process in order to complete your project well and on time.

Online PCB Supplier - JLCPCB

I have a wealth of experience working with multiple PCB board fabrication houses but there are only few companies who provide quality service when it comes to the development of precise and accurate product. JLCPCB is one of them, which is an online PCB supplier company. There are number of reasons why we prefer them over others and most important one is the quality assurance. They always strive to give you quality product that resonates with your demands. No matter if you are interested in the manufacturing of most basic design or multilayer complex PCB, they are expert in all of them, making sure to implement your ideas and requirements into all of their work so you don't need to keep coming back in order to fix your problems related to your board. Still, if you feel the product you ordered and anticipated doesn't meet your needs and unable to fulfill your requirements, you can send back the order immediately and they will fix it according to your needs and will keep following up with you until you are completely satisfied with your product. JLCPCB supplier comes with a team of experts who help you right from the start of the process i.e. from making to layout design, to the manufacturing of complete product and keep you updated with regular intervals so you don't feel you are left out in the process. Customer support is quick and responsive, that you don't need to wait too long to get your questions answered. Not everyone is expert when it comes to making perfect PCB layout design. If you feel you're one of them, you can get immediate help from their staff. They have a professional team of engineers who not only incorporate your idea into the product design, but also give you valuable suggestions that can make your design an ideal choice for your project.

What They can Deliver

PCB comes in number of forms ranging from single layer to double layer to multiple PCBs. Also, in terms of substrate used, many PCB boards are available including Flex board, Rigid board, Rigid-Flex board, Aluminum board, High Frequency board. JLCPCB supplier is proficient in making all of the above design with high precision and accuracy. PCB can be manufactured using SMD ( Surface Mount Technology) or Through Hole Technology, you can pick any of those based on your needs and demands of the project. You must be sure which type you want to pick, because it will help you the installation of PCB board  on your electronic project as some project are well suitable and prefer SMD while other are ideal for Through Hole mounting. Price of different PCB boards is as follows:

• 2 layer board incorporated with FR4 substrate material, green solder mask and white silkscreen - $2/10 PCS
• 4 layer board with same specs as above - $16/10 PCS
• 6 layer board with same specs as above - $80/10 PCS
• Similarly, SMT Stencil (190mm x 290mm) Frameless - $9/1 PCS

Keep one thing in mind - Lead time is different for different orders and it depends on the nature of the item you select, however, it ranges from 2 business days to 1-2 weeks. Rest assured, whenever they promise to deliver, they deliver within due date.

Why Choose Them

There are number of reasons, that we prefer JLCPCB over others. 1. They don't compromise on quality. They are highly concerned when it comes to maintaining the high quality throughout the whole fabrication process. If you want basics design to be manufactured or you are interested in the most complex design, they are there to help you. 2. They have recently installed advanced production lines that are properly maintained and supported by the technical team. They keep on checking every machine with regular intervals every now and then, in order to make sure the quality of product doesn't effect at any cost. 3. What makes them cost effective? Labor cost is very low in China that makes them stand out from others when it comes to producing high quality product with low cost. Labor cost  in China is almost half what is required in other countries like USA and UK, which makes it first preference for the manufacturing of economical product. No need to worry about if you intend to order fewer number of products, you can order as low as 5 number of PCBs. However, ordering in bulk quality gives you edge in terms of pricing. 4. On time delivery is another factor that puts them ahead form their competitors. Making quality product will of no use until you deliver on time. Because delaying in the orders can put your project at risk and effect number of factors that can alter the overall quality of the project. They are equipped with highly skilled supply chain team who keeps a close eye on the processing of your order and make sure your order is delivered on time. 5. Some people don't trust the PCB supplier company unless assurance and confidence given by the satisfied customers. JLCPCB has been serving their customers quite a while now with the intention of retaining them with flawless and impeccable service. Almost 200,000 customers around the world are using their service with complete satisfaction. What makes customers keep coming back and again for more orders is that JLCPCB keep updating their customers throughout the process with the complete revision of product until they are satisfied. That's all for today. I hope you have got enough information why you choose this online PCB supplier? Specially, when you want your presence and idea must be valued and respected. If you still feel skeptical or have any question related to this PCB supplier, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, so we keep providing your quality work that matches with your requirements. Stay Tuned!

A Tour to JLCPCB - Fabrication House

Demand of PCB is on the rise in recent electronics where devices are becoming more compact and composed. PCB came into spotlight a while ago and made a renowned name in the development of advance technology within few years. Recent PCBs used in many electronics allow you to get rid of most conventional ways of connecting different components on the boards. Poor fabrication and board design can scare the hell out of your customers and severely effect your overall reputation in the market. Taking proper measurements and following ideal protocols can help you save bunch of time in the early stages of a project. What company you choose for fabricating your PCB widely impacts the overall nature and quality of your project. These are many fabrications houses out there but only few actually deliver what they truly promise, JLCPCB is one of them.

A Quick Review about JLCPCB

JLCPCB turns out to be an ideal choice for meeting  your needs and expectations when it comes to providing quality product. They don't brag about their skills and ability to fabricate an accurate PCB, but their excellence does. Customer satisfaction is their first priority rather than achieving financial goals Getting new customers is not a big deal unless you have an ability to retain your previous customers which JLCPCB truly understands and provides flawless customer service, allowing customers keep coming back for what they have to offer. There are many reasons you must prefer JLCPCB but I can cover few of them including flawless customer service, quality product, delivery assurance, and affordable price. Every company comes with drawbacks and limitations but what matter is how nicely they handle the problems and queries of the customers and provide a definite solution that resonates with customer's needs and expectations. JLCPCB comes with skilled professionals who exactly know what they do and are proficient in their craft. This is the reason almost 200,000 customers around the world prefer them over others. Your brand is all about trust and reputation that you get from the regular customers by meeting their demands and pushing the limits of the work place that provides flawless service. Whatever company you pick for PCB fabrication, just go through a quick review about the company that makes your decision process easy and helps you avoid the remaking of PCB  in the later stages of your project. Every kind of PCB can be fabricated in their house ranging from single layer to double layer to multilayer to aluminum backed to high frequency PCBs. You can see above diagram in which number of layer, material used, delivery time, everything is mentioned with price.

How PCBs are Fabricated?

Some terms are essential to know for your better understanding JLCPCB uses for fabricating a simple board. A simple PCB is composed of different layers and each layer comes with its own specific function. These layers are joined together with the help of adhesive and heat which incorporate a single board capable of connecting different components electrically. The base material is composed of fiber glass and FR4 is the most common fiber glass used in recent times. However, phenolics and epoxies are also used but they are not as durable as FR4. There resides a copper layer on the substrate. Heat and adhesives are used to laminate copper layer on the substrate. Some boards come with copper layers on both side of the board, however, it depends which type of board you intend to fabricate. Single layer PCB have copper tracks on one side of the board while double layer PCB comes with tracks on both side of the board. Multilayer PCB comes with a combination of single sided and double sided PCB, where multiple layers are joined together to connect components on the board. Soldermask layer resides over a copper layer which is used to insulate copper tracks in order to avoid any conduction in case any direct contact happens with some metal. Silkscreen layer exists on the top of all layers which is used to print symbols or numbers on the board that give better understanding of the board.

Through Hole and Surface Mount Technology

PCBs are fabricated using two technologies i.e Through Hole Technology and Surface Mount Technology. Using through hole technology they fabricate a PCB that comes with accurate hole, you can see from the diagram below, where vias are accurate and precise. Leads are used to pass through the holes which are then soldered on the other side of the board. In the Surface Mount Technology, PCB is fabricated in such a way where components are directly placed on the surface of the board. You can make use of any technology based on your needs and requirements.

Quality Assurance

What I like most about JLCPCB, they don't compromise on quality no matter how many PCB pieces you intend to fabricate. Advanced production lines are installed in their fabricating house that results in precise and an accurate board. PCBs are 100% AOI tested and fabricated using A level boards material.

Advanced Tracking System

Getting a quote is very easy and hassle free, you just need to upload gerber file in order to get instant quote. You don't need to worry about the status of your order, as they come with advanced ERP system that allows you to keep the track record of order processing status, setting you free from the fabricating process and allows you to keep focus on more preferable tasks like designing or other processes that make the PCB suitable for installing in the electronic project.

Quick Follow Up

Managing 8000 online orders daily seems like a hectic task but they come with a skilled staff that handles these orders very beautifully and keeps customers engage with regular follow up in the whole process of fabricating PCB.

Economical Price

JLCPCB keeps an eye on the fabricating cost and provides an effective solution to your needs in an affordable price. Based on my personal experience, I'd highly recommend JLCPCB house for fabricating your PCB. They will provide best experience as they believe in maintaining a long lasting relationship with the customers by providing flawless service. That's all about review. I hope you have got a clear idea about this company and why you should prefer them over others. However, if still you feel skeptical or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below, I'd love to guide you according to best of my expertise. Thanks for reading the article. Stay Tuned!