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What is Current Divider? Definition, Working, Examples & Applications

Hello readers! Welcome to the easiest explanation of the current divider circuit. I hope you are doing well. In electrical and electronic circuits, the current distribution among different components and branches is the fundamental concept and it must be crystal clear in mind to understand the circuit working. One key concept that helps to understand this flow is the current divider rule, which is purely related to the parallel circuits. It is the method of determining electrical current flow into multiple paths of the parallel connection circuit.

Today, we’ll shed light on the basic introduction of the current divider and the discussion will start from scratch. You’ll see the basic concepts of the circuits, working, derivation, and applications of the current divider in the circuit. Moreover, some practical examples will be provided here for clear concepts and the learning of real-time problem solutions using current divider equations. I hope you’ll find all the required information here so let’s get started.

Current Divider Definition

The current divider circuit refers to the circuit configuration in which the current flowing through the current source is divided into multiple parallel paths and each of them has its resistance or impedance. The amount of current flowing through each branch is determined through its resistance value. The basic principle of the current divider circuit follows Kirchoff’s current law and Ohm’s law; therefore, the derivation of the current divider also follows the mathematical representation of these two.

In simple words, the current divider enables one to determine the fraction of the total current flowing through each branch of the circuit. This becomes particularly useful in parallel circuits where the paths have different resistance values so the current is not the same across each branch. 

Current Divider Basic Concepts

Before working on any circuit, one must understand the basic concept related to the topic. Here, for the current divider, it is important to understand some fundamental terms and their explanation. Even if you already know these, you have to revise them because these will be utilized in the current divider derivation. 

Parallel Circuit Definition

Parallel circuits are those where multiple components are connected by sharing the same two nodes. In this way, they all share the same current source, and the current flowing through each of them is divided among these components. Always remember that the voltage across each component in the parallel circuit is the same. 

Electric Component Resistance

The resistance of the electrical component refers to the opposition of the current flowing through the component. It varies from component to component and plays a crucial role in the current divider rule. It is indicated by the symbol “R” and is mathematically represented as:

R=1/I

Where I is the current flowing the component. 

Equivalent Resistance

The equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit is the total resistance of the circuit or a particular combination of the components. It is represented as the Req and is the sum of the resistance of every component under consideration. If a circuit has the N number of components, then the equivalent resistance of the circuit is represented as:

 Req=I/R1+1/R2+1/R3+......+1/Rn

Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law is the fundamental law in electrical engineering, and it involves the representation of the voltage, current, and resistance of the circuit. This law states that:

“The voltage across the conductor is directly proportional to the product of resistance and current of a component, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain the same.”

The mathematical expression for the above statement is given below:

V=IR …………….. (1)

Where, 

V= Voltage of the conductor

I= Current flowing through the conductor

R= Resistance offered by the conductor

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Kirchoff’s current law is another fundamental concept in the electrical circuit that states that:

"The sum of all the currents entering the particular node is equal to the sum of all the currents leaving the node."

In simple words, the algebraic sum of all the current entering the node and flowing out of it is always zero. The mathematical representation of this rule is given here:

∑Iin = ∑Iout ……….(2)

Here,

∑Iin= Sum of all the current entering the node

∑Iout= Sum of all the currents leaving the node

In other words, the total current passing through the circuit is equal to the sum of all the currents passing through each component of the circuit. 

IT=I1+I2+I3+.......+In …..(3)

Current Divider Working

The core principle of the current divider rule is based on Ohm's law and Kirchoff’s current law. These two, when combined, can be applied to solve the intricate circuit with multiple nodes and paths. Let’s rearrange Ohm’s law and derive the current divider equations. In the parallel circuits, the voltage across each component is the same. Hence, use equation 1:

V=InRn

Rearranging the above equation gives us the following:

In=V/Rn   ……….. (4)

Let's say we have a parallel circuit with the two resistors R1 and R2. Ohm’s equations in this case are:

I1=V/R1 for R1 ……….. (5)

I2=V/R2 for R2  ……….. (6)

Applying Kirchoff’s current law here, utilizing equation 4:

IT=I1+I2

IT=V/R1+V/R2

IT=V(1/R1+1/R2)

IT=V(R2+R1/R1R2) …………. (7)

For the potential difference in a circuit, the above equation becomes:

V=IT x (R1R2/R2+R1) ……….. (8)

Substituting the values of V in Equation 5

I1=IT x (R1R2/R2+R1) /R1  ………… (9)

Similarly, utilizing equation 6 for I2

I2=IT x (R1R2/R2+R1)/R2 ………. (10)

Generally, to find the current in the single node, the equation can be rearranged as:

In=Itotal(Rtotal/Rn) ……….. (11)

Where n denotes any path number.

As a result, the current divider equations can be applied to find the total current of the circuit or to calculate the individual current from any branch. 

Current Divider Examples

Let's explore some practical applications of current divider equations through a series of simple circuit examples. For this, we’ll be employing the above-derived equations. 

Current Divider Example 1

The following is a parallel circuit with three branches; each branch contains a bulb that acts as a resistor. The resistance in these bulbs is denoted as R1, R2, and R3. The resistance values are 10 ohm, 12 ohm, and 13 ohm, respectively and the voltage of the source is 12V. Apply the current divider rule and find the current flowing through each branch.

Given data:

R1​=10Ω

R2=12 Ω

R3=13 Ω

V=12 V

To find the equivalent resistance, apply the formula:

1/Req=I/R1+1/R2+1/R3

1/Req=I/20+1/12+1/13

1/Req=0.1+0.0833+0.0769=0.2602

Taking the reciprocal

Req=1/0.2602

Req≈3.844Ω

To find the total current of the circuit, apply Ohm’s law

IT=V/RT

IT=12/3.844

IT=3.14A

Now, utilizing equation 11 for individual currents 

In=Ieq(RTl/Rn) 

For I1

I1=IT(Req/R1)

I1=3.14(3.844/10)

I1≈1.2A 

For I2

I2=IT(Req/R2)

I2=3.14(3.844/12)

I2≈1.0A

For I3

I3=IT(Req/R3)

I3=3.14(3.844/13)

I3≈0.923A

To verify our results, let's sum up all the currents using equation 3 to see if these are equal to the total current or not. 

IT=I1+I2+I3

IT=1.2+1.0+0.923

IT≈3.1.4

The results are approximately identical. 

Current Divider Example 2 

The given circuit represents a parallel configuration with three resistive branches powered by a 12V source. The resistors, R = 6 k ohm, R=4k ohms, and R3 = 2 k ohm, share the same voltage. Find the tidal current flowing through the circuit and the current passing through each node separately using the current divider rule.

Given data: 

R1​=6kΩ

R2=4k Ω

R3=2k Ω

V=12 V

Let’s figure out the equivalent resistance of the circuit using the equation

1/Req=I/R1+1/R2+1/R3

1/Req=I/6000+1/4000+1/2000

1/Req=0.000167+0.00025+0.0005=0.000917

Taking the inverse of the above values

Req=1/0.000917

Req≈1091Ω

To find the total current of the circuit, apply Ohm’s law

IT=V/RT

IT=12/1091

IT≈11.00mA

Now, let’s use the equation 11

In=Ieq(RTl/Rn) 

For I1

I1=IT(Req/6000)

I1=11(1.91/6000)

I1≈2mA 

For I2

I2=IT(Req/R2)

I2=11(1.91/4000)

I2≈3mA

For I3

I3=IT(Req/R3)

I3=11(1.91/3000)

I3≈5.50mA

Let’s sum up all the currents to verify the results

IT=I1+I2+I3

IT=2mA+3mA+5.50mA

IT≈11mA

Current Divider Applications

The current divider rule has a fundamental role in the current and parallel circuit analysis in electrical and electronic circuits. The following section provides information about the basic electrical applications and the use of current divider equations to find the missing values. This not only provides the right information about the circuit but helps to maintain the component’s lives. 

Current Divider for Transistor Circuit Baising

The transistor always works on a specific range of currents and voltages; therefore, maintaining the right current values is crucial. The current divider is applied to provide the important biasing current to the base of the gate terminal of a transistor for optimal performance. This is especially critical when an application has hundreds of thousands of transistors of the same kind working together. 

Current Divider in Power Distribution Systems

In power distribution systems, optimal load sharing is important to maintain the system’s performance and the component’s integrity. This is done by carefully applying the right load to each component and the current divider rule and equations are useful to calculate the right load on multiple branches.

For instance, in the parallel battery connection, the right load must be applied to each battery according to its capacity. The current divider rule ensures that each battery shares the right load enhancing its efficiency and longevity. 

Current Divider for Component Safety

The current dividers help in the circuit to regulate the working for a specific limit. The resistance values of the component are perfectly set so no component gets more current than its tolerance values. The appropriate resistance values ensure the safety and performance of the particular component.

Current Dividers in Telecommunication

In telecommunication, a particular amount of single transmission is crucial, and one way to manage the signal distribution is to employ the current divider circuit. It helps in the right division of the signal among different pathways and to optimize the network’s performance. 

In addition to this, the current dividers are applied for the right impedance matching so all the signals can be distributed to the right component.

Current Divider in Voltage to Current Conversion

In some circuits, only a fraction of the current is converted into voltage and this calculation must be accurate. This is done using the current divider calculations by selecting the right resistance values. As a result, the exact values of the current output can be gained that are directly proportional to the input voltage values.

Current Dividers in Common Circuits

The current divider is applied to multiple types of circuits ranging from simple to complex ones. For instance, in the light connection circuits, the current dividers are used to control the bulb brightness through the current limitations. It ensures that every bulb is getting the right amount of current and it can vary according to the total current applied to the whole circuit.

Similarly, these circuits are applied to the audio system to control the volume of the speaker or other output devices.

The applications of the current divider do not end here, but now you may have an idea about its working, applications, examples, and importance through this article. It is a fundamental concept in the circuit analysis that is employed to solve the intricate circuits. I hope this was a useful study for you. If you want to lean more, you can ask in the comment section.

What is Electronic Engineering? Branches, Scope, Jobs, Salary and Courses

Hello Friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, we are going to discuss a very comprehensive branch of engineering named "Electronic Engineering". We will cover the following content: Branches' of Electronic Engineering, electronic engineering vs electrical engineering, electronic engineering jobs, electronic engineering salary, electronic engineering courses, electronic engineering degree, final year project ideas of electronic engineering and top electronic engineers & their contribution. Trust me; this is going to be very informative. So let's get started! Electronics engineering is actually a sub-field of electrical engineering, but a broad field itself and further divided into various sub-fields such as analog electronics, consumer electronics, digital electronics embedded electronic systems and power electronics. Don't worry, we will also discuss these branches of electronic engineering briefly in this article. But here, let's start from the very basic what is Electronic Engineering?

What is Electronic Engineering?

• Electronic Engineering(sub-branch of Electrical Engineering) deals with the designing & developing of electronics circuits/systems using electronics components i.e. semiconductors(transistors, diodes etc.), integrated chips(ULN2003, CD4050 etc.), logic gates etc.
• Although Electronics Engineering was initially derived from Electrical Engineering but it has quickly established itself as Major Engineering Branch.
• Now-a-days, new engineering branches are getting derived from Electronics engineering i.e. Embedded Systems.
• Electronics has revolutionized technology as electronics devices are small-sized and highly efficient.

History of Electronics Engineering

After the revolution of Electrical Engineering, world was introduced with electrical devices i.e. radio, printers, televisions etc. The manufacturing process of these electrical devices was normally divided into three sections, which were:

1. Mechanical: The designing of mechanical box to encapsulate everything.
2. Electrical: Designing of electrical power supply circuits, which normally involved transformers, capacitors, inductors etc.
3. Electronics: Designing of electronic circuits to perform smart operations i.e. turning power on/off, controlling IR remote etc.

Initially, these electronics circuit designing was the job of electrical engineers but later on, it seemed necessary to consider it as a separate branch and eventually around 1950 electronics engineering emerged as a new engineering field. Now-a-days, electronics engineering is enlisted in almost every engineering university.

Electronic engineering VS electrical engineering

As I mentioned in above section, Electrical engineering deals with the power management i.e. grid station, transmission lines, power generation, power conversions(AC to DC or vice versa) etc. So, in simple words, everything involved with electricity supply comes under electrical engineering. It could be a power supply to a simple computer or designing of a power grid itself. While Electronics engineering deals with the designing of smart circuits or kits, specifically designed for performing smart fixed operations. Let's understand the difference with the example of a simple general purpose computer/laptop, it's power supply is designed by an electrical engineer while its circuits/chips(i.e. RAM, ROM, processor etc.) are designed by electronics engineer.

Branches of Electronic Engineering

There are many branches of electronic engineering. In this section, I will discuss them briefly for your better understanding.

1. Signal processing

This branch of electronic engineering deals with the evaluation and analysis of signals. There are two kinds of signals; analog and digital. In analog signaling, the main concern is amplification of audio signals using different equipment. Whereas, digital signaling involves the checking and correction of error in the system.

2. Telecommunications engineering

It mainly focuses on the proper transmission systems of information using different communication devices (e.g. transceiver). They usually work on the strength of signals, make them strong enough to communicate well without any hindrance. This is also known as electronics and telecommunication engineering, deals with IT, computer and networking. They also find jobs in the air and space companies to get information. They are also responsible for checking aircraft communication n and navigation system proper functioning before the flight. Their works are in various firms and organization involve in air and space.

3. Electromagnetics

This branch provides insight study about the wireless and wired signals transmission channels.  Such as the key focuses are on electromagnetic waves, Transmission Lines and Waveguides, Antennas, their types and uses with microwave and radio frequency waves.

4. Control engineering

This branch of electronic engineering has broad uses in airplane companies and automation industries.

5. Instrumentation engineering

These engineers work on the designing and manufacturing of physical quantity measurement devices. Such as temperature measurement, pressure, flow, etc. They have a very deep understanding of physics principles.

6. Computer engineering

This is one of the key branch of electronic engineering, mainly working on complex computer systems. They also design novel computer software and hardware and enhance the use of computers in the industries.

Electronics engineering jobs

Today, Electronics engineering is considered one of the most rewarding career choices. Their main responsibilities are to design, develop, maintain, and properly install electrical devices in specific industries (commercial industries, medical field, or military). Further, they analyze what the customer needs, and then calculate the cost and efficiency to fulfil the plan. They are responsible for communication signals and lighting systems in businesses, homes or other firms. They gets hired from different fields for example:

• Electronics design and development.
• Telecommunications.
• Automation industries.
• Consumer products electronic engineering
• Medical electronics.
• Manufacturing engineering.
• Broadcast.
• Research & development.
• Aeronautical electronics.
• Defense electronic engineering.

Electronics engineer salary

The demand for electronic engineers holding an academic electronic engineering degree from well-known institutes has increased a lot in the market. Let’s me tell you the estimated annual salary of the most common job of electronic engineering

• The annual salary for Instruments manufacturing, navigational, electromedical, measuring and control systems electronic engineers is $114,260.
• Those electronic engineers working under federal government projects (e.g. postal service) are paying an annual salary of $112,870.
• Further, the annual salary of electronic engineers responsible for the manufacturing of semiconductors and many other electronic components is $106,240.
• Electronic engineers in telecommunication systems are earning an annual salary of about $98,600.

So this is all about the most electronic engineer’s jobs and salaries. I hope you have understood very well the branches of electronic engineers and their scope in the market. This will be going to help you in your future.

Electronics engineering courses

Now you are well aware that every university has its own curriculum, but there are some major subjects taught by every electronic engineer to get an electronic engineering degree. I have enlisted below; have a look.

Mathematics	Electronic Communication
Physics	Electronics Engineering
Electrical Engineering	Electronic Measurements
Digital Systems	Applied Communication Skills
Applied Communication Skills	Electronic Communication
Computer and Programming Skills	Design Project
EDL	Radio Engineering
Applied Calculus	Microwave Communication
Introduction to Electronics	Software Engineering
Electrical Engineering	Management
Digital Systems	Electronic Applications
Applied Communication Skills	Industrial El
Digital Communication	Power Electronics

Electronic Engineering projects

If you are a student of electronic engineering and want to get the degree, you must be thinking about your final year project ideas. Do you? A good and unique final year project can help you a lot in your future as well. So, here are some suggestions and top discussed issues in the field of electronic engineering. I really want to share these ideas with you for your help in your final year project to earn an electronic engineering degree.

• You can design a more efficient solar system for home use
• Robotic Arm for those who are interested in automation
• Developed any smart energy projects
• Digital signaling processors using python
• Novel designing of circuits or integrated circuits
• Innovation in the traffic lighting system
• Design & developed weather monitoring equipment
• The tracking system in the vehicle
• Automated home appliances
• Radar communication system
• The invention of high dimensional smart cameras.

Thus, these are the latest project ideas for you. I hope you have got an idea for your final year project for electronics engineering. Let me tell you another important thing here. What are the main steps you have to follow in developing your final year project successfully?

• First; you have to design the initial concept of what you think
• Developed this design
• Testing of this initial developed design
• If it is efficient then start developing the final design
• If not, then after trial make suitable changes in your design
• Final design testing and analysis
• Introduced it into the market and check the popularity

Top universities offer an Electronic Engineering degree

There are so many universes offering electronic engineering degrees all over the world. I am going to enlist some top universities below. Check it out!

Harvard University	Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
University of Oxford	Washington University in St Louis
Stanford University	Wuhan University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Texas A&M University
University of California, Berkeley	Macau University of Science and Technology
University of Cambridge	Politecnico di Milano
California Institute of Technology	University of Waterloo
Princeton University	Harbin Institute of Technology
ETH Zurich	Aalborg University
Peking University	National University of Singapore

Best Electronic Engineering Books of all Times

1. Next Generation HALT and HASS

HALT (highly accelerated life test) AND HASS (highly accelerated stress screen) are the novel paradigm methodology-based techniques to check the reliability of electronic devices. The author explains these equines in this book. So if you want to work on these techniques, I strongly recommend this book.

2. Integration of Renewable Sources of Energy

This is the all-time challenging task in electric engineering to develop energy from renewable sources. Now novels techniques have been using such as bounds and leaps in generating energy from fossil fuel or nuclear energy sources. This book is all about understanding with practicing techniques related to renewable energy sources.

3. Digital Electronics, Volume 3

If you are working on developing a digital electronic device for your final year project, this is a must-read book for you. It teaches you all the basic guides about electronic equipment designing and basic principles to developing them. The author provides insight into the circuit and its types such as a combinational logic circuit as well as a sequential logic circuit. So I found these books on electronic engineering most interesting. But there are so many other books I want to recommend here. These books can provide you complete guidance during your electronic engineering degree.

• Elements of Power Electronics.
• Portable Electronics Product Design & Development.
• Low-Power Electronics Design.
• Handbook for Electronics Engineering Technicians.
• Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles.
• Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors.
• Integrated Electronics.
• Electrical and Electronics Reference Manual for the Electrical and Computer PE Exam.
• Basic Electronics.
• Learning the Art of Electronics.
• Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook.
• A Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
• Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology.
• Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid.

Popular Electronic Engineers & their Contribution

To understand any branch of engineering, you must know about the popular engineers and their contribution in that field. That's why, I think its important to tell you about some top electronic engineers and their inventions here.

1	William Gilbert	He was one of the popular English scientists during the time of Queen Elizabeth. He completely changes the word electrics through his ideas. He did great work on static electricity and magnetism. He was the first who invented the term electric force and magnetic poles.
2	Benjamin Franklin	He is considered the master of electricity, has remarkable contributions to electricity. He proved that electricity and lighting are the same through experimental work on it. He also invented the lighting rod. Discovered the law of conservation and positive & negative charges identification.
3	Luigi Galvani	He has a great contribution to the field of bio electromagnetism. He did an incredible experiment with a dead frog’s leg muscles and work on signals and electrical patterns from nerves, tissues and muscles.
4	Charles-Augustin de Coulomb	He discovered two famous theories about the attractive and repulsive forces between charged bodies. He also explains the inverse square law as well as worked on conductors & dielectrics.
5	Alessandro Volta	He had great inventions in electronics engineering branch, discovered a reliable battery. Explains electromagnetism and the uses of electricity.

Some other popular electronic engineers are:

Lawrence A. Hyland	Caroline Haslett
Kees Schouhamer Immink	Oliver Heaviside
Konrad Zuse	Oskar Heil
Fleeming Jenkin	Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Kristina M. Johnson	Hertzian waves
Johann Dirry	Peter Cooper Hewitt
James Clarke Maxwell	William Hewlett
Edith Clarke	Godfrey Hounsfield
Michael Faraday	Edwin J. Houston
Steve Wozniak	John Hopkinson

I hope this article will help you to get deep understand about electronic engineering, its branches, jobs & salaries, popular electronic engineering books and famous electronic engineers of all times. Moreover, I have also shared some ideas about final year project of electronic engineering. So check it out. Good Luck!

What is Bistable Multivibrator

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Bistable Multivibrator and how it can be used in different circuits. In this type of multivibrator, the circuitry can operate in any state according to a signal provided at its input while it does not happen in a monostable multivibrator. This arrangement is also defined as a flip flop because flip flop also operates at more than one condition. It also has the ability to store a single bit of information so it is mostly used in logic circuits and in computer data storage part.

This vibrator like other vibrators is used for the production of square waves with providing some delay. These circuits are constructed with numerous kinds of semiconductor components. The most used semiconductor device circuits are operational amplifiers. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, construction, applications and different parameters related to it. So let's get started with What is Bistable Multivibrator.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

• Bistable Multivibrator has 2 operating conditions so it is called bistable, it is also known as a 2-shot multivibrator.
• Due to working at two different modes it needs 2 input signal for shifting from one operating mode to others.
• When first input signal is provided it shifts its operation to second state when second signal provided it come back to previous state.

• Its another name is flip-flop multivibrator because like flip flops its changes its operation state and regain it after some interval.
• In the given figure, its structure is shown that consists of 2 NPN transistors that is denoted as Q1 and Q2.
• At both of these transistors collector 2 loads resistors, RL1 and RL2 are attached.
• The output terminal of the first transistor is connected with the input of the second transistor through resistor R1 and output of the second transistor is provided at input of first transistor through the resistor R2.
• Both of the resistance R1 and R2 are connected with a capacitor in parallel. The purpose of these two capacitors is to enhance the switching feature of circuitry so they are also known as commutating capacitors.

Bistable Multivibrator Working

• Now we discuss the working of this vibrator, for this, we discuss the circuitry that given below figure its construction and components we already discuss so now we the working of these components.
• When input power is provided to the input terminals of first transistor-transistor starts its operation due to a difference in its feature than the other transistor.
• When it first transistor starts its operation it goes into saturation state. Due to this value of voltage decreases at the collector terminals.
• As we know the collector of Q1 is connected with the base terminal of a second transistor due to this it goes into the cutt-off region.
• Then the voltage at the collector increases to Vcc, this increment in voltage causes to further saturate the first transistor as this voltage is connected with base of Q1 through the resistance R2.

• It is the first operating condition of bistable multivibrator in which first transistor Q1 is in working state while Q2 is off.
• This first condition continuous to that point we do not provide the negative signal to first transistor Q1 and positive polarity to transistor Q2.
• Now if we provide the positive polarity signal to the second transistor Q2 by the capacitor C2 connected with it.
• This Process will change the second transistor Q2 from saturation mode to cut-off mode, and voltage will decrease at a collector of Q2.
• As the collector of transistor Q2 is attached with the base of transistor Q1 with the decrement in the voltage at the collector of causes to decrease voltage at transistor Q1 base.
• This cause to the second transistor obtain saturation state and it is the second operation mode of this module in which the first transistor is off and second is in an operating state.

Bistable Multivibrator Waveform

• The output waveform generated by the has smaller wavelength or larger according to circuit requirement in rectangle shape.
• The first end of the rectangle waveform depends on the first input signal and vary according to it and second relies on the second input signal, the resultant waveform is drawn in a given figure.
• Switching variation among these 2 modes can create bistable circuitry but in some cases it is possible.

TTL Bistable Multivibrators

• As we above constructed this circuitry by using 2 different transistors now we use integrated circuits for the production this vibrator.
• The given circuitry explains the circuitry of a bistable vibrator having two NAND gates.

• This kind of circuits arrangments is known as the Bistable Flip-Flop, in this circuitry, there is a switch that is single pole through a switch (it is such switch that takes one input and can regulate 2 different output). This switch provides logic one and zero to this circuitry.

Application of Bistable Multivibrator

• These are some applications of the bistable multivibrator.
• It used in different storage devices and for counting of binary numbers.
• For frequency division in different circuits.
• It used for the production of different clock pulses.
• It used for different relay controller.
• It used in the different circuit as a toggle switch.

That is complete post on bistable multivibrator I have mentioned each and everything related to this module in this tutorial.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Monostable Multivibrator. It is a simple electronic circuit, used to produce a pulse at its output also known as one shot. It generates output pulses according to corresponding circuitry requirements. Its main feature is that after the generation of the output pulse, it regains its stable state and does not produce any further output pulse till not triggers again.

This circuitry can be considered as a biased form of multivibrator (such circuitry that is used for implementation of 2-state modules like timers) that is (on) operating in the starting condition till the triggered point and then becomes unstable on its own. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuitry, construction, working and related parameters. So let's get started with What is Monostable Multivibrator.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

• Monostable Multivibrator is used for the generation of a square waveform in electronic circuitry.
  
• This wave generator belongs to a group of wave generators known as Relaxation Oscillators.
• It has a simple circuit where 2 switching circuits are designed using transistors(acting as a switch).
• The transistors are assembled in a way that the output of one transistor is the input of the second transistor.
• This circuitry also consists of a capacitor and resistor network to create feed-back tank circuitry.
• There are 2 different working conditions in any multivibrator circuit but monostable has only one 'on' state.
• This vibration generator comes back to its original condition after a set time of resistor-capacitor circuitry.

 

Construction of Monostable Multivibrator

• In its construction, 2 transistors are connected in such a configuration that both of these operate as input and output providers to each other.
• The collector (c) of the first transistor is linked with the base (b) of the second through a capacitor denoted as C1 and base terminal of first transistor that denoted as Q1 is attached with a collector of second transistor by the resistance R2 and capacitor.
• A direct current source is connected with base (b) point of first transistor by the resistance R3. The input pulse is provided to base (b) of first transistor with the capacitor denoted as C2.
• In figure resistance, (RL1) and resistance (RL2) is the load connected with these two transistors.
• When any transistor goes into stable state, then at input pulse is provided to vary its condition. With variation in condition, transistor stays in this condition for time interval set by the resistance-capacitor time constant then get the earlier condition.

Monostable Multivibrator Waveform

• This wave generator produces a waveform of rectangle shape having low and higher amplitude, the first end of this wave generates with the input trigger signal and the second end generates resistor-capacitor time constant.
• This resistance-capacitor time constant changes its value to generates large no of pulses that have a specific time interval between them by following the trigger signal provided at input. This assembly is shown in a given figure.
• The resistor-capacitor time of this vibrator can be change by changing the capacitance of capacitor or resistance value of both.
• The circuits also have the ability to do increment in the dimensions of a wave as the frequency of output wave remains similar to input signal the difference between them is the width of the waves.

TTL Monostable Multivibrators

• Above we discussed that this vibration generator can be constructed from individual elements like a transistor, but it can also be manufactured by different ICs.
• This given circuitry explains how the using only two NOR gates we can construct monostable vibrator.
• As we are familiar with the operation of NOR gate that its input is low than output will be high and if input is high then the output will be low (0).
• So at the start, the input is 0 then the output will be higher mean '1'.
• The resistance Rt linked with the input is also at a high level '1' it means that the quantity of charge at the plates of capacitor is similar.
• The voltage (V1)  is equivalent to this voltage so the output of NOR is at level 0.

• If the positive signal is provided to the input at a time (t=0) then the output of NOR gate will be '0' due to this the capacitor will get a discharge.
• Due to the discharging of the capacitor, the input of second NOR gate is '0'  that converts into high output '1'. This condition is called second condition of circuitry, in which output voltage is equivalent to (+Vcc).
• This condition continuous on second NOR gate until the capacitor does not get charged again.

Applications of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some important applications of Monostable Multivibrator that are described here.
• Due to time delay capability, it is mostly used in different timer circuits.
• It also used in different storage circuits.
• It also used to provide input to other pluse generator circuits.
• It also has ability to reproduce damage pulses again.

Advantage of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some benefits of this pulse generator over other pulse generation modules.
• It needs only one single pulse to start its operation there is no need of extra pulse for its operation.
• Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
• Due to simple construction its price is also less.

So, this is the complete article on  Monostable Multivibrator if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading.

What is Star Delta Transformation

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will discuss What is Star Delta Transformation. We will also have a look at its inverse i.e. Delta to Star Transformation. In electrical systems, we have to deal with resistances a lot, arranged in different patterns i.e. parallel, series, mesh etc. Simple single-phase resistive circuits, where resistances are present in parallel or series combination, can be solved by using series or parallel formulas of resistances, there are also few other techniques i.e. Kirchoff's Laws, nodal analysis etc. to solve such circuits. But in the case of complex 3-phase resistive circuits, we can't use these basic formulas & thus need better techniques. Star to delta transformation method is one of them.

The star to delta transformation can also be expressed as Y-? transformation, it is a mathematical method used to solve complex resistive circuits in 3-phase electrical systems. Its name wye-delta is given to it because of its design. As shown in the figure, Star(wye) looks like Y, while Delta looks like ?.  This transformation technique from one form to another was given by Edwin Kennelly in 1899, who was an electrical engineer who belongs to the USA. Besides using in electrical circuitries star-delta transformation can also be used in maths to solve different planer graphs. In today’s post, we will have a look at its working, formula, equation, and uses. So, let’s get started with what is star-delta transformation?

What is Star Delta Transformation?

• The Star-Delta Transformation (Y-?) is a mathematical technique given by Edwin Kennelly in 1899 and is used to solve complex 3-phase resistive electrical circuits by transforming from Star(Y) design to Delta(?) design with the help of formulas.

Before going any further, let's first understand why we need Star to Delta Transformation?

Why Star Delta Transformation?

• We use Star-Delta transformation to simplify complex 3-phase circuits.
• These simplified versions are a lot easier to solve as compared to the original complex ones.
• So, such transformations actually save us from complex calculations, thus reduce errors & save time.

Now let's have a look at Star & Delta arrangements, one by one:

What is Star(Y) Network?

• If all resistances are connected to a common point(also called Joint) from one end, while the other end(of the resistances) is open, this connection styling is termed as Star Network or Y Connection(also called wye circuitry).
• Star Connection is also referred to as open-loop as there's no loop in it.
• Below figure shows the T-Shaped Normal circuit and its equivalent Y-Shaped Connection:

• We haven't performed any transformation in the above figure, instead, we have just draw a single circuit in two different styles, one is called T-shaped, while the second one is Y-shaped.
• In both of these forms, resistances are connected at a single common point called Junction/Joint, represented by J in the above figure.

Now let's have a look at How Delta Network looks like?

What is Delta(?) Network?

• If the resistances are creating a loop i.e. each end of resistance is connected to other resistance, such circuitry is termed as Delta Circuitry, Delta Network or Delta Connection, denoted by ?.
• Delta Connection is also referred to as a closed-loop as it involves a loop.
• Below figure shows the normal loop circuit and its equivalent Delta Circuit:

• Again we are not performing any transformation, instead, we are just displaying a single circuit in its two equivalent shapes.
• In both formats, resistances have created a loop and are connected to one another.

By now, you must have understood the difference between Star & Delta Connection and if you are presented with a circuit, you can easily find whether its a Star or a Delta. Now let's have a look at How to transform from one shape to another(i.e. Star to Delta & Delta to Star).

Star to Delta Transformation

• Transforming a circuit from Star Connection to Delta Connection is called Star to Delta Transformation.
• As shown in the below figure, both connections have the same number of resistances but their values are different.
• So, if we want to convert a Star Connection into a Delta one, then we need to find the values of all Delta resistances i.e. R_A, R_B & R_C.

So, let's have a look at How to drive equations for Star Delta Transformation.

Equation of Star Delta Transformation

• As shown in the above figure, we need to find the values of Delta resistances.
• In order to do so, let's find out the resistance between nodes.

Between N1 & N2:

• In star connection, the resistance between N1 & N2 is equal to R₁ + R₂.
• In Delta connection, resistance R_A is in parallel with R_B & R_C, so the resistance between N1 and N2 will be equal to R_A(R_B + R_C)/(R_A + R_B + R_C).  (using resistance parallel formula)
• As both circuits are equivalent, so the resistance between similar nodes must be equal and will give us equation A, shown below:

Between N2 & N3:

• The resistance between nodes N2 & N3 will give us equation B:

Between N3 & N1:

• The resistance between nodes N3 & N1 will give us equation C:

• Now let's add Equations A, B & C and we will get equation D, as shown in the below figure:

• Now let's subtract equations A, B & C from equation D and we will get values of R₁, R₂ & R₃, as shown in the below figure:

• Now by using these values of R₁, R₂ & R₃, we can get the value of R_A, R_B & R_C, as shown in the below figure:

• So, using these six equations, we can easily convert Star to Delta and Delta to Star, it will get more clear when we solve examples in the next section.

Example of Star Delta Transformation

• The star-? alteration complications are the finest samples to comprehend the idea of the circuitries.
• The resistance in a star system is represented with (X, Y, Z), which can be seen in the above diagram and the values of these resistances are (X= 80?), (Y= 120?), and (Z = 40?).

A= (XY/Z) +Y+X)

X= 80 ?, Y= 120 ?, and Z = 40 ?

• By putting these parameters in the above formula we calculate the value of A.

A = (80 X 120/40) + 120 + 80 )= (240 + 120 + 80 )= (440 ?)

• As we have find value of resistance (B) which is ((ZX/Y) + X+Z).
• Now we put values in this equation to find the value of B.

B = ((40X80/120) + 80 + 40) = (27 + 120) = (147 ?).

• Now we can calculate the value of resistance C by this equation

C= ((YZ/X) +Z+Y)

• Putting value in this equation we get C.

 ((120 x 40/80) + 40 + 120) = (60 + 160) = (220 ?)

Delta To Star Transformation

• Now we see how we can converts delta circuitry back to the star connection.
• Let's solve circuitry which is connected in the delta form and has 3 points a, b, c. The value of resistance among the joints a and b is (R1), resistance among the b and c is (R2), and c and d are (R3).

• The value of resistance among the points and b is given here.

(Rab) = (R1)??(R1+R2)

= [(R1).(R2+R3)]/[(R1+R2+R3)]

• You can see there is another circuitry that is connected in the Y connection it has three branches a, a, c which has resistance (Ra, Rb, Rc).
• If we find the resistance among points a and b then we have.

(Rab) = (Ra+Rb)

• As both of these circuitries are equivalent so the value of resistance is measured among points a and b.

(Ra+Rb)=[(R1). (R2+R3)]/(R1+R2+R3)----(x)

• So the resistance values will also same in the among points b and c.

(Rb + Rc)=[(R2). (R3+R1)]/(R1+R2+R3)---(y)

• And the value of resistance among the c and a will also same.

(Rc + Ra)=[(R3) x (R1+R2)]/(R1+R2+R3)---(z)

• If we add expressions  (x),(y),(z) then we have.

(2)(R1+R2+R3)= 2[(R1.R2)+(R2.R3)+(R3.R1)]

(R1+R2+R3) =[(R1.R2)+(R2.R3)+(R3.R1)]/[(R1+R2+R3)]----(d)

• If we subtract the equation (x),(y), (z) from equation (d) then we have.

Ra =(R3.R1)/(R1+R2+R3)---(e)

Rb =(R1.R2)/(R1+R2+R3)---(f)

Rc=(R2.R3)/(R1+R2+R3)--(g)

• The expression of the Y-? transformation can be defined as.
• From equations e,f,g we can conclude that the resistance in star configuration is equivalent to the multiple of the 2 resistors joined with the identical point divided by the sum of all resistors in the ? circuitry.
• If in the delta circuitry the values of all resistors are identical then the correspondent resistance value (r) in the star circuit will be.

r = (R.R)/(R+R+R)

r= R/3

Advantage of Star Delta Conversion

• These are some advantages of this transformation which are described here.
  • Star transformation is well suitable for transport voltages to long distances and it also has a neutral point that can be used to the unbalanced transient current of the circuitry to the ground.
  • Delta transformation can transport balance three-phase voltage(V) without any neutral (n) wire which marks ? best for Transmission network.

It was a detailed article on Star Delta transformation if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Electronics Projects

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today, I am going to share a complete list of Electronics Projects which I have posted on our blog. I hope you are gonna enjoy these electronics projects. Most of these electronics projects are designed using Proteus simulation software. I have also uploaded these simulations in the respective project tutorial. So, you can download those projects and can learn from them a lot. If you ask me then I suggest that instead of downloading these electronics projects simulations, you should design them on you own so that you learn from them. I know you are gonna do mistakes but you won't learn unless you do mistakes. :)

All these projects are completely designed by our team so other bloggers are welcome to share them on their blogs to share the knowledge but do mention our blog link as a favor. Moreover, if you guys got into any trouble in any of these tutorials then ask in comments and I will try my best to resolve them as fast as I could. I will keep on updating this list. Whenever I post some new electronics project on my blog, I will share the link here. So, its like we are having all electronics projects in one place. I hope you are gonna like it. I have divided these electronics projects in sections depecding upon the microcontroller used for designing them. I have used Arduino , PIC Microcontroller and 8051 Microcontroller usually for designing electronics projects so I have divided it in the same category. Let's get started with it:

Electronics Projects

I have divided these projects in separate sections as posting them all at once will make them a mess. So, I have divided them according to their types and I think it will be easy to read them out that way. So, first of there's Arduino based Electronics Proejcts and after that I have posted electronics projects on PIC Microcontroller and finally on 8051 Microcontroller. I have also added few projects on 555 Timer at the end. So, let's start with it:

Arduino based Electronics Projects

All these below electronics projects are designed using Arduino board. If you are interested in Arduino then you should check Arduino Projects where I have posted all about Arduino and have posted many tutorials on it. Here I am posting only those Arduino links where's electronics is involved. On the Arduino main page you will also find Arduino Library for Proteus which is designed by our team and will be really helpful to you if you wanna design the simulation of Arduino based projects in Proteus.

• Circuit Designing of LCD With Arduino in Proteus.
• Interfacing of Keypad with Arduino in Proteus ISIS.
• Display ADC value on LCD using Arduino in Proteus.
• Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino Simulation in Proteus.
• Interfacing of Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino.
• Interfacing of Multiple Ultrasonic Sensors with Arduino.
• Interfacing of Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino.
• How to use Temperature Sensor 18B20 with Arduino in Proteus ISIS.
• Interfacing of Temperature Sensor LM35 with Arduino.
• Interfacing of Seven Segment With Arduino in Proteus.
• Interfacing PIR Sensor with Arduino.
• Interfacing of NRF24L01 with Arduino.
• NRF24L01+ with Arduino – Response Timed Out.
• Interfacing of RFID RC522 with Arduino.
• Control Servo Motor with Arduino in Proteus.
• Traffic Signal Control Project Using Arduino.
• Scrolling Text on LED Matrix 8×8 using Arduino in Proteus ISIS.
• Intelligent Energy Saving System.
• USB Communication between Android and Arduino.
• Send SMS with Arduino UNO and Sim900D Using AT Commands.
• Receive SMS with AT Commands Using Sim900 and Arduino.
• Voice Recognition Project Using EasyVR Shield.
• Getting Started with EasyVR Commander.
• Interfacing of EasyVR Shield with Arduino UNO.
• How to solve Training Error: Recognition Failed in EasyVR.
• Interfacing of XBee Module with Computer.
• Introduction of XBee Module.
• Interfacing of XBee Module with Arduino.
• Getting Data from Web Server Using Arduino Wifi.

PIC based Electronics Projects

Here's a list of PIC Microcontroller based electronics projects. These are not much but I am gonna add more soon. Most of these PIC Microcontroller projects are designed in Proteus software. Their simulations and programming code are also given in these projects which you can download and use. But as I always say don't just copy paste them. Instead design them on your own so that you learn from them.

• LED Blinking Project on PIC Microcontroller.
• Circuit Designing of LCD with PIC Microcontroller in Proteus.
• Control Servo Motor with PIC Microcontroller in Proteus ISIS.
• Display ADC value on LCD using PIC Microcontroller.
• Interfacing of LM35 with PIC Microcontroller.

8051 based Electronics Projects

Here's a list of 8051 Microcontroller based Electronics Projects. These are all design in Proteus software and their simulations are also given in the respective project to download. I am gonna add more soon in this section as I am working on many projects which involves 8051 Microcontroller. I will update the list soon.

• Led Blinking Project with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Serial Communication with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Interfacing of LCD with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Interfacing of Keypad with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Seven Segment Display with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Design a Simple Calculator with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Electronic Quiz Project with 8051 Microcontroller.
• Interrupt Based Digital Clock with 8051 Microcontroller.

555 Timer based Electronics Projects

These are 555 Timer based Electronics Projects. These are also designed in Proteus software. You can download the simulations as well in these links. Its kind of a bonus here :) but you 555 Timer is used quite a lot in simple projects because microcontroller become costly for simple projects and also there's no need of programming 555 Timer.

• LED Flashing Project with 555 Timer.
• Multiple LED Flashing Project with 555 Timer.
• Sequential LED Flashing Project with 555 Timer.
• LED Dimming Project with 555 Timer.
• Seven Segment Display with 555 Timer.
• Angle Control of Servo Motor with 555 Timer.
• Relay Control with 555 Timer.
• Traffic Signal Control with 555 Timer.
• Capacitive Touch Sensor with 555 Timer.
• Circuit Diagram of IR Sensor with 555 Timer.

So, that's all for today. I hope you are gonna enjoy these Electronics Projects. Actually I am compiling things on my blog and giving them a proper arrangement. :) If you have any suggestion please post in the comments. So, take care and have fun !!! :)