Introduction to TL431
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to explain you about
Introduction to TL431. TL 431 are programmable shunt regulator diodes having three terminals. Its a low temperature coefficient diode and can be programmed from reference voltage (Vref) up to 36V when it is attached to 2 external resistors.
TL 431 has an impedance of 0.22 ohms and has a current range from 1mA to 100mA. In several different applications zener diodes can be replaced with TL 431 diode due to its efficiency. These applications include power supplies, Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) circuitry and digital voltmeters. TL-431 can either be used as positive or as negative voltage reference because it operates as shunt regulator. TL-431 has low output noise voltage. It is lead (Pb) free, halogen free and RoHS compliant. Further detail about TL 431 e.g. its features, characteristics and pin configuration will be explained later in this tutorial.
Introduction to TL431
TL431 is a shunt regulator diode and hence it can be used as either positive or negative voltage reference. It has a low output noise voltage. TL-431 can be replaced with zener diodes in many applications e.g. digital voltmeters, operational amplifier circuitry, power supplies etc. TL-431 is shown in the figure below.
1. TL431 Pinout
- TL-431 has three pins in total i.e. Reference, Anode and Cathode.
- All of the three pins along with their symbol are given in the table shown below.
2. TL431 Pins Configuration
- A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
- I have made a completely labeled diagram of TL 431 diode along with its animation.
- The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of TL-431 is shown in the figure below.
3. TL431 Packages
- TL-431 has two different type of packages SOT-23(3) and SOT-23(5).
- Both of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.
4. TL431 Schematic
- The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
- I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of TL 431 as shown in the figure below.
5. TL431 Ratings
- The current, voltage and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
- I have provided TL-431 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.
6. TL431 Applications
There are a lot of applications associated with TL-431, a few of TL 431 real life applications are given below.
- Voltage monitoring.
- Comparator with integrated reference.
- Adjustable voltage referencing.
- Zener replacing.
- Adjustable current referencing.
So, thats all from the tutorial
Introduction to TL431. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)
Introduction to 1N4007
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about
Introduction to 1N4007. It is a PN junction diode. Diodes can be made by combining two different types of semiconductor e.g. P and N. PN junction is a junction formed between P and N types of semiconductors. You guys should also have a look at
Introduction to 1N4148.
1N 4007 belongs to the series of 1NXXXX devices. Its an American standard numbering system standard used for semiconductor devices. This standard has been adopted globally now. In 1N 4007 the first part
1N indicates single junction semiconductor.
1N indicates 1 junction whereas
N indicates the semiconductor diode.
4007 is the specific number to indicate the particular diode. From the electrical point of view, 1N 4007 is compatible with other rectifier diodes. The diodes belonging to 1N400X series can be replaced by this particular diode. They are normally used in
Embedded Systems Projects. So, let's get started with 1N4007:
Introduction to 1N4007
1N4007 is a PN junction rectifier diode. These types of diodes allow only the flow of electrical current in one direction only. So, it can be used for the conversion of AC power to DC. 1N 4007 is electrically compatible with other rectifier diodes and can be used instead of any of the diode belonging to 1N400X series. 1N-4007 has different real life applications e.g. free wheeling diodes applications, general purpose rectification of power supplies, inverters, converters etc. You can download 1N4007 Datasheet by clicking below button:
Download 1N4007 Datasheet
1. 1N4007 Pinout
- 1N 4007 has two (2) pins in total i.e. anode and cathode respectively.
- There are opposite charges on both of the pins, both the pins along with their name and charges are given in the table shown below.
2. 1N4007 Pins Configuration
- A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
- I have made a completely labeled diagram of 1N-4007 diode along with its animation.
- The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of 1N 4007 is shown in the figure below.
3. 1N4007 Electrical Characteristics
- The electrical characteristics may include reverse voltage, reverse current, forward voltage, forward current etc.
- The different electrical characteristics associated with 1N-4007 is shown in the table given below along with their typical values and System International (SI) units.
4. 1N4007 Thermal Characteristics
- The thermal characteristics may include power dissipation, thermal resistance etc.
- Both of the above characteristics are provided along with their maximum values and SI units, in the table shown below.
5. 1N4007 Features
- Features are basically the speciality of any device which shows that how this device is different from the other devices and how efficient is this!
- The different features associated with 1N 4007 are provided in chronological order, in the table shown below.
6. 1N4007 Applications
1N4007 has a lot of
real life applications in Embedded Systems, a few of the major application associated with the particular diode are given below:
6. 1N4007 Proteus Simulation
- I have designed a simple 1N4007 Proteus Simulation in which I have shown both of its states.
- This 1n4007 Proteus Simulation is shown in below figure:
- In the above figure, you can see both states of 1N4007 i.e. Forward Biased and Reverse Biased.
- In Forward Biased state, its allowing the current to pass through it and that's why LED is ON.
- While in the Reverse Biased state, !N4007 is in open state and that's why LED is OFF.
So that is all from the tutorial
Introduction to 1N4007. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any kind of problem you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/ available to entertain you. I will explore further IC's in my upcoming tutorials and will surely share them with you as well. So, till then take care :)
Introduction to LM358
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about
Introduction to LM358. LM-358 consists of two independent high gain frequency compensated operational amplifier. They are specially designed to operate from a single supply or split supplies over a wide range of voltages.
LM-358 have lot of amazing features associated with them. These features include wide supply ranges, low supply current drain, independent of supply voltage, wide unity gain bandwidth, ground includes I common mode input voltage range, low input bias, open loop differential voltage gain, internally frequency compensation etc. LM 358 has a lot real life applications e.g. Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) circuits, transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks etc. LM-358 is available in as small size as chip. It is most commonly used device due to its cost efficiency.
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Introduction to LM358
LM 358 consists of two independent high gain frequency compensated Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). These are designed for the operation of this device from single supply or split supplies for a wide range of voltages. LM-358 real life applications include DC gain blocks, active filters, transducer amplifier, Op-amp circuit design etc. Further detail about LM 358 will be given later in this tutorial.
1. LM358 Pinout
- LM 358 has eight (8) pins in total having different individual functions associated with each of them.
- All the pins along with their sequence number are given in the table shown below.
2. LM358 Pins Configuration
- A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
- I have made a completely labeled diagram of LM-358 diode along with its animation.
- The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of LM 358 is shown in the figure below.
3. LM358 Packages
- LM 358 has four (4) different type of packages DSBGA, PDIP, TO-CAN and SOT-23(5).
- All of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.
4. LM358 Symbolic Representation
- Symbolic for of a device shows its internal circuitry.
- LM 358 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.
5. LM358 Ratings
- The voltage, current and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
- I have provided LM-358 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.
6. LM358 Advantages
- LM-358 has several different advantages, a few of which are given below.
- There is no need of dual supply.
- Compatibility with all forms of logic.
- Two Op-amps, compensated internally.
- Power drain suitable for battery operation.
- Direct sensing near ground.
7. LM358 Applications
- LM 358 has a wide range of real life applications, few of the major applications are given below.
- DC gain blocks.
- General signal conditioning.
- Transducer amplifiers.
- General signal amplification.
- Active filters.
- Operational amplifier circuits.
- Current loop transmitters for 4 to 20mA.
7. LM358 Proteus Simulation
- I have also designed a Proteus Simulation of LM358 which will give you better idea of its working.
- In this simulation, I have designed a small automatic LED ON OFF circuit depending on LDR value.
- The image is shown in below figure:
- You can see in above figure that I have attached the LDR at input pins while the LED is attached at the output pin of LM358.
- Now when LDR is dark, then LED will remain OFF but when LDR will come in Light then LED will also turn ON.
- The variable resistor is used for sensitivity purposes.
- In the below image I have shown its ON state:
- You can see in above figure that now LED is ON because LDR is in LIGHT.
- You can download this LM358 Proteus Simulation by clicking the below button:
Download Proteus Simulation
So, that is all from the tutorial
Introduction to LM358. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try my level best to sort out your problems in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 here to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will surely share all of them with you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)
Introduction to LM339
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to LM339. LM339 belongs to the family of devices having 4 independent voltage comparators. Each comparator is designed in such a way that it is capable of operating from a single power source over a wide range of power supplies. It can also operate for split power supplies. There is a unique characteristic of comparators, Input Common-Mode Voltage Range (ICMR) includes a ground even when it is operating from a single power supply voltage.
Basically, LM339 is a comparator IC having four built-in comparators. The basic purpose of a comparator is to rotate the signal between analog and digital domains. At its input terminal, it compares the two different input voltages applied, gives digital output and indicates the larger input applied at the input terminal.
Introduction to LM339
LM 339 is a comparator IC having 4 builtin comparators. A comparator rotates a signal between digital and analog domain. First of all, it compares the 2 different inputs applied at the input terminal and then gives the output in digital form in order to indicate which of the input applied has a larger amplitude. It has a lot of real life applications e.g. basic comparator, driving CMOS, driving TTL, low frequency op-amp, Transducer amplifier etc. Further detail about the particular IC will be given later in this tutorial.
1. LM339 Pinout
- LM 339 has fourteen (14) pins in total including four inverting input pins, four non inverting pins, four output pins, voltage and ground pin.
- All of the pins along with their sequence number are shown in the table given below.
2. LM339 Pins Configuration
- The properly labeled LM 339 pin configuration diagram is shown in the figure below, for the better understanding of the reader (specially the students).
3. LM339 Packages
- LM 339 has different packages including LM-339DG, LM-339NG etc.
- A few of the packages are given in the table shown below.
4. LM339 Features
- There are several different features associated with LM 339.
- A few of the major features including low supply current, low input bias current, low input offset current, low output saturation voltage etc. are taken into account.
- The major features along with their values and System International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.
5. LM339 Ratings
- The current, voltage and power rating associated with LM 339 are given along with their typical values and SI units, in the table shown below.
LM339 Applications
There is a wide range of applications associated with LM 339 comparator IC. A few of the major applications along with their designed circuits are explained below.
Basic comparator
- The circuit designed for Basic Comparator is shown in the figure below:
You can see from the above figure that the basic comparator consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a15K resistor.
Driving CMOS
- The circuit designed for Driving CMOS is shown in the figure below.
- You can see from the above figure that the driving CMOS consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages and a 100K resistor.
Low frequency op-amp
- The circuit designed for Low Frequency Op-amp is shown in the figure below.
- You can see from the above figure that the Low Frequency Op-amp consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 15K resistor and a 100K resistor having voltage gain of around 100.
Transducer Amplifier
- The circuit designed for Transducer Amplifier is shown in the figure below.
- You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 3K resistor, a 20M resistor and two 10K resistors.
Zero crossing detector
- The circuit designed for Zero Crossing Detector is shown in the figure below.
- You can see from the above figure that the Transducer amplifier consists of LM 339 with two different reference input voltages, a 10K resistor, a 20M resistor, three 5.1K resistor, two 100K resistors and 1N4148 diode.
- There are few other applications associated with LM 339 and are given below.
- Limit comparator.
- Crystal controlled oscillator.
- Negative reference comparator.
- Driving TTL
So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to LM339. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial. If you are facing any kind of problem, you can freely ask me in comments anytime you want without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a proper way, if possible. Moreover, our team is also available 24/7 for your guidance. I will explore different IC’s and transistors in my upcoming tutorial and will surely share them with you as well. So, till then Take Care :)
Introduction to LM324
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate about the
Introduction to LM324. It is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) consists of four channels. Its a low cost device having true differential inputs.For single supply applications LM 324 are superior to the other operational amplifiers. LM-324 is capable of operating at the minimum voltage up to 3V and at the high voltage levels up to 32V.
One of the major advantage of LM-324 is that common mode input range includes negative supply which eliminates the need of external biasing. Negative power supply voltage is also included in output voltage range. This device is lead (Pb) free, halogen free and RoHS compliant. It consists of four amplifiers per package. LM 324 real life applications include conventional amplifier circuits, transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks etc. Further detail about LM324 e.g. its pins configuration, thermal and electrical characteristics, its features and applications will be explained in detail later in this tutorial.
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Introduction to LM324
LM324 is an operational amplifier consists of four channels. It is most commonly used amplifier due to its low cost factor. It consists of four amplifiers per package and is superior to other amplifiers for single supply applications. Negative power supply included in common mode input and output range eliminates the need of external biasing. It has several different applications e.g. DC gain blocks, transducer amplifiers, conventional amplifier circuits etc. LM 324 is shown in the figure given below.
1. LM324 Pinout
- We must know the description of each pin before using any of the devices for its appropriate use.
- LM-324 has fourteen (14) pins in total having different individual functions associated with them.
- All of the fourteen pins along with their names are given in chronological order in the table shown below.
2. LM324 Configurations
- Each of the pin should be clearly labeled, if someone is going to use any device for the first time or after a long time.
- Properly labeled pinout diagram of any device results in better understanding of its functionality.
- So, I have made a completely labeled diagram for LM 324 pinout, you can see it in the figure shown below.
3. LM324 Packages
- LM-324 has four different type of packages having different individual dimensions.
- The packages include TSSOP, SOIC, CDIP and PDIP.
- ALl of the above packages are given along with their dimensions, in the table shown below.
4. LM324 Ratings
- The current, power and voltage ratings of any device indicates its power requirements i.e. the amount of current and voltage at which a particular device starts its operation properly.
- The current, voltage and power ratings of LM-324 are provided in the table shown below.
5. LM324 Schematic Diagram
- The schematic diagram of a device helps to understand its internal functionality.
- I have provided a schematic diagram of LM-324 as shown in the figure below.
- From the above figure, you can see that LM 324 consists of four amplifiers per package.
- The inputs of these amplifiers are connected to the pin number 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 and 13 respectively.
- The output of these amplifiers are connected to 1, 7, 8 and 14 pins.
6. LM324 Applications
There are different LM324 real life applications, a few of which are given below.
- Conventional amplifier circuits
- Transducer amplifier.
- DC gain blocks.
6. LM324 Proteus Simulation
- You should have a look at Automatic Street Light Project in Proteus, I have used LM324 in this simulation.
- I have also designed an LM324 Proteus Simulation so that you can get better idea of its working.
- I have designed a simple circuit in which LED goes ON or OFF automatically depending on LDR value.
- It's OFF state is shown in below figure:
- You can see in above figure that I have attached LDR at inputs while the LED at its output.
- Variable resistor is used for controlling the sensitivity of LDR sensor.
- It's ON state is shown in below figure:
- You can download this LM324 Proteus Simulation by clicking the below button:
Download Proteus Simulation
So that is all from the tutorial
Introduction to LM324. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any sort of issues you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/ here to entertain you. I will explore further IC's in my upcoming tutorials and will surely shre them with you as well. So, till then take care :)
Introduction to TL494
Hello everyone I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge on
Introduction to TL494. It supports all of the functions that are necessary for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control circuits. Power supply control is the basic purpose of the TL494 device. It has an output control circuit, a flipflop, dead time comparator, two different error amplifiers, 5V reference voltage, oscillator and a PWM comparator. TL 494 operates properly between the frequency of 1kHz to 300kHz.
The Dead Time Comparator (DTC) provides around 5% of dead time. Both of the error amplifiers display a common-mode voltage from -0.3V to (Vcc-2)V. If we provide a sawtooth wave at the
CT terminal and terminate
RT to the reference output (Vref), the oscillator will be bypassed. The internal circuit of TL 494 resists the double pulse at the output. TL494 has a wide range of applications e.g. microwave ovens, PCs, washing machines, Solar power inverters, solar microinverters, smoke detectors etc. Further detail about this device will be given later in this tutorial.
Introduction to TL494
TL 494 is a chip that deals with all of the functions required for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control circuits. It consists of two error amplifiers, oscillator, flipflop, 5V reference voltage, dead time comparator, PWM comparator etc. The range of the operating frequency for this device is from 1kHz to 300kHz. TL 494 can be used in washing machines, microwave ovens, solar power inverters, solar microinverters, smoke detectors etc.
1. TL494 Pinout
- TL494 has 16 pins in total, all of the pins are provided along with their names in the table shown below:
- Pin # 1: Non-Inverting Input.
- Pin # 2: Inverting Input.
- Pin # 3: Feedback.
- Pin # 4: Dead Time Control.
- Pin # 5: CT.
- Pin # 6: RT.
- Pin # 7: Ground (GND).
- Pin # 8: C1.
- Pin # 9: E1.
- Pin # 10: E2.
- Pin # 11: C2.
- Pin # 12: Voltage (Vcc).
- Pin # 13: Output Control.
- Pin # 14: Reference Voltage.
- Pin # 15: Inverting Input.
- Pin # 16: Non Inverting Input.
2. TL494 Pin Configuration
- The properly labeled diagram for the TL 494 pins is shown in the figure below.
Modified Sine Wave using TL494
- Here's a circuit where TL494 is used as a standalone IC to generate modified Sine Wave:
TL494 Packages
- There are several different packages of TL 494, a few of which are given below.
TL494 Ratings
- The current and power ratings of TL494 are provided in the table shown below.
TL494 Features
- The features associated with the device TL494 are provided in the table shown below.
TL494 Internal Block Diagram
- The internal block diagram of TL 494 is shown in the figure given below.
TL494 Functional Block Diagram
- The functional block diagram of TL 494 is shown in the figure below.
TL494 Applications
TL 494 has a wide range of applications, a few of which are given below.
- AC/DC Power supply.
- E-Bikes.
- Server PSUs.
- Dual controller.
- Personal Computers.
- Smoke detectors.
- Washing machines.
- Solar power inverter.
- Microwave Ovens.
Note:
- I will upload its Proteus Simulation soon in this tutorial.
So that is all from the tutorial,
Introduction to TL494, I hope you all have enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any sort of problems you can ask me in the comments anytime you want without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 here to entertain you. I will explore different hardware and software sections in my upcoming tutorials and will surely share all of them with all of you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)
BC547: Datasheet, Pinout, Working, Applications and Simulation
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to BC547. It is an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT), mainly used for switching and current amplification.
Its maximum current gain is around 800. So, let's have a detailed overview of BC 547.
| Where To Buy? |
|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy |
| 1 | BC547 | Amazon | Buy Now |
Introduction to BC547
- BC547 is a 3-Terminal NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT), mostly used for switching purposes and current amplification.
- BC547 Pins(Terminals) from left to right are called:
- Collector.
- Base.
- Emitter.
- Depending on the voltage applied at Base Terminal, BC547 can operate in two states, named:
- Forward Biased.
- Reverse Biased.
BC547 as Reverse Biased
- If Base Terminal is connected to the Ground(0V), Collector and Emitter will act as an open switch and the transistor is said to be acting as Reverse Biased.
- In a Reverse Biased State, no current will flow through the transistor.
BC547 as Forward Biased
- If a HIGH signal(normally 5V) is provided at the Base Terminal, Collector and Emitter will start acting as a closed switch and the transistor is said to be acting as Forward Biased.
- In Forward Biased State, the current will start flowing from Collector to Emitter.
- The maximum Collector current limit of BC547 is 110mA, so the load must be lower than that.
- Now let's have a look at the datasheet of BC547:
BC547 Datasheet
- If you want to get in-depth knowledge about any electronic component, then you should read its datasheet.
- You can download BC547 Datasheet by clicking the below button:
Download BC547 Datasheet
- Now, let's have a look at the pinout of BC547:
BC547 Pinout
- BC547 Pinout consists of 3 pins in total, named: Collector(C), Base(B) and Emitter(E).
- All of these three pins along with their symbols are shown in the below table:
BC547 Pins Configuration
- The properly labeled pin configuration diagram of BC 547 along with its animation is shown in the figure given below.
- In the last section, we will design a Proteus Simulation of BC547, which will give you a better understanding of How to use these pins of BC547.
BC547 Transistor Working
- As we know BC547 is an NPN transistor, so in its design, a P-region(Base) is sandwiched between two N-type regions.
- At the border of the P and N, a depletion region is created, which blocks the flow of charge carriers from one region to another.
- When the input voltage is applied at its Base terminal, some amount of current starts to flow from the base to the emitter and controls the current at the collector.
- The voltage between the base and the emitter (VBE), is negative at the emitter and positive at the base terminal for its NPN construction.
- The polarity of voltages applied for each junction is shown in the figure below:
BC547 Ratings
- The current, power and voltage ratings of BC547 along with their values and System International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.
- Moreover, the storage temperature, as well as operating temperature for the transistor BC 547, is also given in the table shown above.
BC547 Thermal Characteristics
- The thermal characteristics associated with BC 547 are provided along with typical values, in the table shown below.
BC547 Applications
- There are a lot of applications associated with BC547, a few of the major applications are given below.
- BC547 can be used for switching purposes.
- We can also use it for amplification purposes.
BC547 Proteus Simulation
- I have made a simple Proteus ISIS simulation using BC 547 for the control of the DC motor.
- The screenshot of the simulation is shown in the figure below.
- The running form of the simulation is shown in the figure below.
- By pressing the button encircled in the figure above, you will be able to observe the working of the DC motor.
- I have made another simulation for DC motor control using Arduino UNO and BC 547.
- The simulation's screenshot is shown in the figure below.
- The source code for the above simulation is given below.
int MotorInput = 2;
int MotorOutput = 7;
void setup()
{
pinMode(MotorInput, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(MotorOutput , OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(MotorInput) == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(MotorOutput, HIGH);
}
if(digitalRead(MotorInput) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(MotorOutput, LOW);
}
}
- The running form of the simulation is shown in the figure below.
- First of all, you need to change the logic state from 0 to 1, after uploading the hex file, the motor will automatically start to rotate.
That is all from the tutorial
Introduction to BC547. I hope you enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you are facing any sort of problem regarding anything, you can ask me in the comments anytime you want, without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our entire team is also 24/7 there to entertain you. I will explore further hardware equipment in my upcoming tutorials. So till then, Take Care :)
Introduction to LM741
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an
Introduction to LM741. It belongs to the series of general purpose amplifiers. It supports larger range of input voltages. LM741 provides high gain and short circuit protection as well. Its pins configuration is very similar to UA709 and there is no need of frequency compression in LM 741.
LM741 can be used as a comparator in order to determine the levels of applied input voltages i.e. either smaller or larger input voltages are applied at its input terminal. LM741 is an op-amp IC having 8 different pins, which will be explained later in this tutorial. LM-741 has a very wide range of applications e.g. function generator, comparator, DC amplifiers, integrator, differentiator, active filters, summing amplifiers, multivibrators.
Introduction to LM741
- LM741 is an operational amplifier having eight (8) pins in total.
- It belongs to the series of general purpose operational amplifiers (op-amp).
- It is capable of providing high gain and can support higher voltages at its input.
- It has a lot of applications in real life i.e. integrator, function generators, multi-vibrators, active filters, amplifiers etc.
1. LM741 Pinout
- LM 741 has eight (8) pins in total.
- All of the pins are provided along with their name and functionalities in the table given below:
| LM741 Pinout |
| Pin No. |
Pin Name |
Pin Type |
Description |
| 1 |
Offset null |
Input |
Balance Input Voltage & Eliminate Offset Voltage |
| 2 |
Inverting Input |
Input |
Invert Input Voltage |
| 3 |
Non Inverting Input |
Input |
Non-Inverting Input Voltage |
| 4 |
-Vcc |
Input |
Negative Voltage Supply |
| 5 |
Offset null |
Input |
Balance Input Voltage & Eliminate Offset Voltage |
| 6 |
Output |
Output |
Amplified Signal Output |
| 7 |
+Vcc |
Input |
Positive Voltage Supply |
| 8 |
Not Connected (NC) |
Neither |
It's not connected. |
- From the above table we can see that the pin 1 and pin 5 has similar function.
- Whereas the pin number 4 and 7 are Vcc pins and output can be obtained from the pin number 6.
- Let's have a detailed overview of its pins in below figure:
- I have labelled all the pins of LM741 in above figure.
2. LM741 Specifications
- The voltage and power ratings of LM 741 are given in table shown below.
- Operating temperature as well as storage temperature are also provided along with their values and SI units.
| LM741 Specifications |
| No. |
Parameter |
Value |
Unit |
| 1 |
Voltage supply (V) |
+- 20 |
V |
| 2 |
Power Dissipation (Pd) |
500 |
mW |
| 3 |
Input Voltage (Iin) |
+-15 |
V |
| 4 |
Operating Temperature (To) |
-50 to +150 |
C |
| 5 |
Differential Input Voltage (Vd) |
30 |
V |
| 6 |
Storage Temperature (Tstg) |
-65 to 150 |
C |
| 7 |
Junction Temperature (Tj) |
150 |
C |
LM741 Symbolic Representation
- LM741 symbolic representation (operational amplifier) is shown in the figure below.
- You can see in below figure that the inverting terminal of op-amp is connected with Pin # 2 while the non-inverting terminal is connected with Pin # 3.
- Now we can take the output from Pin # 6 of LM741.
LM741 Applications
LM 741 has a very wide range of applications in real life, a few of which are given below.
- It can be used as different integrator.
- We can also use it as differential operational amplifiers.
- It can also be used as function generators.
- Sometimes we can use it as comparator to compare voltage levels.
- LM 741 can be used as active filters as well as summing amplifier.
- One of its major application is to use it as offset null circuit, as shown in the figure below.
LM741 Proteus Simulation
- I have made a Proteus ISIS simulation using LM 741.
- The screen shot of the Proteus simulation is shown in the figure below.
- Now let's run this LM 741 Proteus Simulation and if everything goes fine then you will get results as shown in below figure:
- As you can see in the above figure that LM 741 is amplifying the input signal.
- The input signal in above figure is of 50mV and as we change the variable resistance on inverting terminal of op-amp, the amplitude of input signal increases or decreases accordingly.
- You can download this simulation by clicking the below button:
Download Proteus Simulation
So, that is all from the tutorial the
Introduction to LM741. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial. If have any sort of problems, you can ask me in comments anytime you want, without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues. Our team is also 24/7 here to entertain you. I will explore other IC's and equipment in my upcoming tutorials. So, till then, take care :)
Introduction to IRF540
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge with all of guys about
Introduction to IRF540. It is basically an N-Channel power Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) and operates in enhancement mode.
MOSFET is a lot sensitive in comparison to an
FET (Field Effect Transistor) due to its very high input impdence. IRF540 can perform very fast switching as compared to the normal transistor. It is based on HEXFET technology and operates on the temperature ranging from -55 degrees celsius to 175 degree celsius. If we need some switching application between different signals or to perform any of amplification process, MOSFET IRF540 will be the best option in this case because it can perform very fast switching as compared to the similar general transistors. It has a very wide range of applications in real life e.g. high power switching drivers for high speed, switching regulators, relay drivers, switching converters, motor drivers.
Note:
- Here's the link to download IRF540 Datasheet and I have also shared the link to buy this MOSFET IRF540:
Download IRF540 Datasheet
Introduction to IRF540
IRF540 is an N-Channel powered MOSFET used for very fast switching operations as well as for amplification processes. It operates in enhancement mode. Its input impedance is quite high as compared to the general transistor so, its a lot sensitive in comparison to them. It has a lot of applications in daily life for example, switching regulators,
relay drivers, switching converters, motor drivers, high speed power switching drivers etc. You should also have a look at other MOSFETs and can compare their values with IRF540.
1. IRF540 Pinout
- IRF 540 has three pins in total named as:
- Drain
- Gate
- Source
- So, when we apply signal at the Gate of IRF540, then its Drain and Source got connected.
- All of the IRF540 pins along with their names and symbol are given in the table shown below.
| IRF540 Pinout |
| Pin# |
Name |
Symbol |
Type |
Function |
| 1 |
Gate |
G |
P-Type |
Controls the current between Drain & Source |
| 2 |
Drain |
D |
N-Type |
Electrons Emitter |
| 3 |
Source |
S |
N-Type |
Electrons Collector |
2. IRF540 Pin Diagram
- A properly labeled diagram helps in better standing of the user.
- So, I have provided the completely labeled diagram of IRF540 pins configuration.
- The diagram of this MOSFET is shown in the figure below.
3. IRF540 Dimension
- Three dimensions e.g. length width and height of IRF540 module is provided along with their units in the table shown below.
4. IRF540 General Specifications
- The general specifications e.g. configuration, channel type, channel mode, pin numbers, package and category are provided in the table shown below.
5. IRF540 Ratings
- The current, voltage and power ratings of IRF 540 are provided along with their values and System International (SI) units are provided in the table shown below.
6. IRF540 Working Principle
This section of the tutorial will elaborate about the basic working principle on which IRF540 works. IRF540 works on a pretty simple principle. Its has three kinds of terminals e.g.
Drain, Gate and
Source. When we apply any of the pulse at its
Gate terminal, its Gate and Drain gets short i.e. they make a common connection with each other. When the Gate and the Drain gets short, only then we will be able to obtain the desired results otherwise it will produce unnecessary or unwanted results.
7. IRF540 Applications
- The applications associated with IRF540 are given below.
- It can be used as switching converters.
- We can use it as relay drivers.
- It can also be used as high speed switching drivers.
- We can use it as motor drivers.
- It can be used for fast switching and for amplification processes.
8. IRF540 Proteus ISIS Simulation
- The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below and you can see in the below figure that as we closed the switch, motor got running.
- When you run the simulation the motor will change its color i.e. blue, as shown in the figure above.
- After running the simulation as you press the button encircled in the above figure, the motor will start to rotate.
- I have another simulation in Proteus ISIS for DC motor control using IRF540 and Arduino UNO.
- The simulation is shown in the figure below.
- If you have a look at the above simulation then you can see, we are sending signal from Arduino to Optocoupler.
- IRF-540 is connected at the output of Opto-coupler.
- Moreover, we have used 1N4148 which is a diode and is used for security reasons and is not allowing the current to flow in opposite direction.
- The source code written in Arduino software is given below.
int MotorInput = 2;
int MotorOutput = 7;
void setup()
{
pinMode(MotorInput, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(MotorOutput , OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(MotorInput) == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(MotorOutput, HIGH);
}
if(digitalRead(MotorInput) == LOW)
{
digitalWrite(MotorOutput, LOW);
}
}
- You need to just copy and paste the above code in your Arduino software and need to Get the Arduino hex file from it.
- The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below.
- You need to run the Proteus simulation after uploading .hex file in Arduino.
- Now if you change the state of the logic state from 0 to 1, the green LED will be turned ON which shows that the circuit is properly working.
- At the same time motor will start rotating in either direction.
- That was the brief discussion about IRF540 Proteus simulation.
- You can download the complete IRF540 Proteus simulation by clicking the below button:
Download IRF540 Datasheet
That is all from the tutorial
Introduction to IRF540. I hope you all have enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments anytime you want without even feeling any sort of hesitation. Our team is 24/7 here to entertain you and to solve all to solve all of your problem to best of our efforts. I will explore different IC's and transistors in my upcoming tutorials and will surely share all of them with all of you as well. So, till then, take care :)
Introduction to LM317
Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to explore my knowledge about
Introduction to LM317. It is basically a positive voltage regulator having three terminals. It can a supply a current more than 1.5A and voltage in a range of 1.25V to around 37V. You should also have a look at this
LM 317 Calculator.
For the adjustment of output voltage only two external resistors are required. It has improved standards of line regulation as well as load regulation. Full overload protection e.g. current limiting, area protection can be achieved using LM317. If its adjusting terminal is disconnected, even then all of the protection circuits will work properly. We can also use LM317 as precision current regulator by inserting a constant resistor between its adjustment terminal and output terminal. LM317 has a wide range of applications e.g. constant regulators, battery chargers, microprocessors supplies, automatic LED lightning, Ethernet switch, femto base station, hydraulic valve, IP phone, motor controllers, power bank solutions, power quality monitoring,
Embedded Systems etc.
Introduction to LM317
LM317 is a positive voltage regulator with three different terminals
Adjust, Vout and
Vin respectively. It can supply the output voltage in a range of 1.25-37V and a current more than 1.5A. It has advanced line regulation and load regulation standards as compared to the general regulators. It has a lot of applications in rela life e.g. motor controllers, power bank solutions, hydraulic valve, ethernet switch, battery chargers etc.
Download LM317 Datasheet
1. LM317 Pinout
- LM 317 has three (3) pins in total Adjust, Vout and Vin respectively.
- Each of the pins has its own functions, all the pins along with their name and numbers are shown in table given below.
2. LM317 Pins Configuration
- LM 317 pins configurations along with the properly labeled diagram is shown in the figure below.
- The animated LM317, its symbolic representation and the image of the real LM317 all are shown in the above figure.
3. LM317 Working Principle
LM 317 works on a very simple principle. It is a variable voltage regulator i.e. supports different output voltage levels for a constant applied input voltage supply. A variable resistor is connected at its
Adjustment (Adj) terminal in order to control the level of the output voltage according to the requirements of the circuit. In other words we can say that LM 317 can step down the voltage from
12V to several different lower levels.
4. LM317 Packages and Dimensions
- A lot of LM 317 packages and their dimensions are provided along with their System International (SI) units in the table shown below.
- Description of packages along with their dimensions is given in the table above.
5. LM317 Specifications
- The different specifications associated with LM 317 are provided in the table given below.
6. LM317 Applications
LM 317 has a very wide range of application, a few of which are given below.
- Washing machine.
- Waveform generator.
- Refrigerator.
- Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
- Power quality meter.
- Motor controllers.
- Finger prints.
- Ethernet switch.
- Private branch exchange.
- Constant current regulators.
- Microprocessors supplies.
- Automotive LED lightning.
- Battery chargers, the proper design of the circuit is shown in the figure below.
7. LM317 Proteus Simulation
- I have made a simulation in Proteus ISIS for voltage regulator.
- The screenshot of the simulation is shown in the figure below.
- The running form of the above simulation is shown in the figure below.
- Input, output and variable resistor are encircled in the above figure.
- Since its a variable voltage regulator so by changing the value of variable resistor you can obtained different voltage levels at the output.
- In the above figure, for the resistance of 61% the output voltage is 7.88V.
- Now, I am going to check the voltage level for the different value of variable resistor, which is 54% in this case.
- The output of the simulation is shown in the figure below.
- For the different value of variable resistor the output voltage has also changed from 7.88V to 8.27V.
- That was the detailed description of the voltage regulator simulation.
- You should also have a look at LM 317 Voltage Regulator in Proteus.
- You should also read Introduction to 7805, which is also a voltage regulator and is used to convert 12V into 5V.
- You can download this LM317 Proteus Simulation by clicking below button:
Download LM317 Datasheet
- In the below video, I have shown you how to simulate LM317 in Proteus:
So, that is all from the tutorial
Introduction to LM317. I hope you all have enjoyed this exciting tutorial. If you face any sort of problem you can ask me in comments anytime you want without even feeling any kind of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in some better way if possible. Our team is here to entertain you 24/7. I will explore further IC's and transistors in my upcoming tutorials and will surely share all of them with all of you as well. So, till then, take care :)