The Engineering Projects

Introduction to NE556

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fie and having fun. Today, I will elaborate you about Introductio to NE556 timer IC. NE-556 is a lot stable monolithic device. We can use precise delays and oscillation by using this device. NE 556 is bsically an dual version of NE 555 timer IC. Timing is provided for each function using an external capacitor and resistor. There are two internal timers which operates independently. They just share common power supply and ground. For the falling or rising wave forms we can trigger or reset the entire circuit. The trigger level and the threshold levels are usually one third and two third respectively. We can alter both of these level by using control pin of NE-556. If the input at trigger falls below the level of the trigger, flipflop is adjusted and the output becomes higher. Similarly, if the input at trigger is above the level of the trigger and flipflop is in reset mode then the output will be low. To start the completely new timing cycle, we can override all the inputs using NE-556's reset pin. NE-556 has different important features which are necessary to be discussed. These features may include active pull down, active pull up, two precise timing circuits in a single package, a-stable or mono-stable operation etc. Moreover, NE-556 can be used in application timers, pulse position modulators, pulse generator, missing pulse detectors, industrial control etc. The further detail about NE-556 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to NE556

NE556 is basically a high speed monolithic device or a timer IC. It is the dual version of NE 555, which is itself a timer IC. It has two internal builtin timer. These timers works without even depending on each other even for a single task. These timer share common voltage and ground terminal. NE-556 can be operated i two types of mode i.e. in a-stable mode as well in mono-stable mode. Moreover, NE 556 timer IC has a lot of applications including pulse generator, missing pulse detector, industrial control, applications timers etc. NE-556 timer IC is shown in the figure given below.

1. NE556 Pins

• This device has total 14 pins, seven on right and seven on the left side of the base.
• NE-556 all pins are provided in the table given below.

2. NE556 Pins Descriptions

• The function of each pins must be known before using any device.
• NE-556 pin functions are listed in the table given below.

3. NE556 Pinout

• Pinout diagram provides the description about pin configuration of a device.
• NE-556 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. NE556 Packages

• The different models of the same device are identified by its packages.
• NE-556 packages are listed in the table shown in the figure shown below.

5. NE556 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic diagram shows the internal structure of an equipment.
• NE 556 symbolic form is given the figure shown below.

6. NE556 Block Diagram

• In order to understand the working principle of an electronic equipment we must have a look at its block diagram.
• NE 556 block diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. NE556 Ratings

• Ratings show the requirement of power and voltage for a specific device.
• NE-556 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure below.

8. NE556 Features

• The features associated with the timer IC NE 556 is shown in the table given below.

9. NE556 Applications

• Applications play a vital role in the importance of a device.
• NE-556 applications are shown in the figure below.

The tutorial Introduction to NE556 has discussed in detail about the basic use of the timer IC named as NE-556. The purpose of the whole discussion was to give you detailed explanation about its pins, pin configuration, features, applications and a lot more. If I have missed something, please tell me, so that I can update this tutorial in order to avoid any kind of future inconvenience for the readers. I will share information about the other several different integrated circuit in my upcoming tutorials. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to MMBD914

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to MMBD914. MMBD 914 is basically a switching diode. A switching diode has the functionality similar to the switch. Like an open switch, MMBD 914 has a high resistance for the particular applied voltage. Switching diodes are usually used in different device e.g. ring modulation. The right switching diode can be chosen keeping in mind our requirements e.g. reverse recovery time, power dissipation and maximum peak current etc. I have also written an article on another switching diode, Introduction to 1N4148, and this my second article on switching diodes. MMBD-914 has a vey wide range of applications including high speed switching, high speed rectification purposes, reverse polarity protection, general purpose switching etc. The further detail about MMBD 914 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to MMBD914

MMBD914 is a switching diode.It has three pins in total. Its maximum reverse voltage is around 100V and forward current is 0.2A. It has different features e.g. quick switching speed, general purpose switching applications, lead (Pb) free and RoHS compliant, halogen and antimony free. It has different applications like reverse polarity protection, general purpose switching, high speed rectification, high speed switching etc. MMBD-914 is shown in the figure below.

1. MMBD914 Pinout

• A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
• I have made a completely labeled diagram of MMBD 914 diode along with its animation.
• The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of MMBD-914 is shown in the figure below.

2. MMBD914 Symbolic Representation

• The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
• A diode is connected between its 1st and the 3rd pin as show in the figure below.
• I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of MMBD 914 as shown in the figure below.

3. MMBD914 Packages

• MMBD-914 has two different type of packages 3000/Tape and reel and 10000/Tape and reel.
• Both of the packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.

4. MMBD914 Ratings

• The  voltage, current and power ratings of a device displays its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is required for its operation.
• I have given MMBD-914 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.

5. MMBD914 Thermal Characteristics

• Thermal characteristics usually include thermal resistance, power dissipation, operating and storage temperature.
• All of these parameters along with their typical values are given in the table below.

6. MMBD914 Features

• There are several different features associated with MMBD 914. A few of the major features are given in the table shown below.

7. MMBD914 Applications

MMBD-914 has different real life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Fast switching.
• General purpose switching.
• High speed rectification.
• Reverse polarity protection.

So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to MMBD914. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any sort of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to L298

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to elaborate you  about Introduction to L298. L-298 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) available in two type of packages now a days which will be given later. L 298 is a dual full bridge driver that has a capability to bear high voltage as well as high current. It receives basic TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) logic levels and is able to operate the different loads such as DC motors, stepper motors, relays etc. You should also have a look at Introduction to L23D. L-298 has two enable input to control any device by enabling or disabling it. L 298 IC is most commonly used to make motor drivers or motor controllers. These motor controllers can be controlled by any micro controller e.g Arduino, PIC, Raspberry Pi etc. They receives input from micro controllers and operate the load attached to their output terminals correspondingly. L-298 motor driver (H-Bridge) is able to control two different DC motors simultaneously. While it can control a single stepper motor as well. L 298 has two Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) pins. PWM pins are used to control the speed of the motor. By changing the voltage signal's polarity at its input we can rotate the motor in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. It has a lot of real life applications e.g robotics, doors lock systems, CNC machines etc. You should also have a look at L298D Motor Driver Library for Proteus.

Introduction to L298

L298 is a high current and high voltage IC. Its receives TTL logic signals and operates different loads like motors, solenoid, relays etc. It is mostly used in motor driver's designing. It has two specific pins for enabling or disabling the particular device attached at its output. Its features include low saturation voltage, over temperature protection etc. Its has a lot applications including robotics, automated door lock systems, CNC machines etc. The further detail about L-298 will be given later in this tutorial. You can download L298 Datasheet by clicking below button: Download L298 Datasheet

1. L298 Pinout

• L 298 IC has 15 pins in total, each having different functions associated with them.
• The animated image of L-298 IC is shown in the figure given below.

2. L298 Features

• L-298 has a lot of amazing features including low saturation voltage, over current protection etc.
• Some of the major features are given in the table shown below.

3. L298 Ratings

• The rating of a device displays basically its power requirement for the normal operation of that device under normal circumstances.
• The current, voltage and power ratings of L 298 IC are shown in the table given below.

4. L298 Motor Controller/Driver

• L-298 IC is most commonly used to design motor driver/controller.
• So, now I am going to discuss about L298 motor controller/driver.
• L-298 motor driver or motor controller's image is shown in the figure below.

5. L298 Motor Controller Pinout

• The pinout diagram usually consists of complete pin configuration of a device.
• L-298 motor controller's pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

6. L298 Motor Controller Pins

• L 298 motor controller has fourteen (14) pins in total, each having different individual function.
• All of the 14 pins along with the pin number are given in the table shown below.

7. L298 Motor Controller Pin Functions

• L 298 motor controller's each pin has different functions.
• The function associated with each of the pin are given in the table shown below.

8. L298 Motor Controller Schematic Diagram

• The schematic diagram of an equipment shows its internal structure and working flow.
• L-298 motor controller schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.

9. L298 Motor Controller Interfacing with Arduino & DC Motor

• In order to control the DC motor using Arduino UNO and H-Bridge (L 298 motor controller) first we have to build a proper circuit diagram.
• The complete circuit diagram is shown in the figure given below.

10. DC Motor Control Arduino Source Code

• I have written a simple DC motor direction control source code in Arduino software as shown below.

int dir1PinA = 6;
int dir2PinA = 7;
void setup() { 
 
Serial.begin(9600); // baud rate

lcd.begin(20, 4);

pinMode(dir1PinA,OUTPUT);
pinMode(dir2PinA,OUTPUT); 

}
void loop() {
if (Serial.available() > 0) {
int inByte = Serial.read();

switch (inByte) {

case 'C': // Clockwise rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, LOW);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, HIGH);
Serial.println("Clockwise rotation"); 
Serial.println("   "); 
break;

case 'S': // No rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, LOW);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, LOW);
Serial.println("No rotation");
Serial.println("   ");
break;

case 'A': // Clockwise rotation
digitalWrite(dir1PinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(dir2PinA, LOW);
Serial.println("Anti Clockwise rotation"); 
Serial.println("   "); 
break;
}

• You need to just copy and paste the source code in your Arduino software.
• After uploading it to the Arduino board, you will be able to control the direction of DC motor.
• You can download the circuit diagram and source code here by clicking on the button below.

Download Arduino Source Code

• Download .rar file, extract it and enjoy the package.

11. L298 Motor Controller Applications

L-298 motor controller/driver has several different real life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Robotics.
• Weight lifters.
• CNC machines.
• Automatic door control systems.

12. L298 Motor Driver Simulation in Proteus

• I have also designed a new L298D Motor Driver Library for Proteus. Using this Library you can easily simulate L298 Motor driver in Proteus.
• You can download this driver library by clicking above link.
• Here's a screenshot of how it looks in Proteus:

• You can have a look at How to use L298 in Proteus in below video:

That was the detailed discussion about Introduction to L298. I have shared almost all the important details regarding L 298 IC and motor driver/controller. If you have problem, you can ask us freely anytime you want. Our team is always here to entertain you. I will share a lot of informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So till then take care :)

Introduction to LT1054

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. I am going to elaborate you on Introduction to LT1054. It is a monolithic device. LT-1054 is also known as voltage regulator and bipolar capacitive voltage converter. Its mean feature is that it provides very low voltage losses as compared to the other common converters. LT 1054 also provides large output currents in comparison to general converters. It provides a voltage drop of around 1.1V while operating at 100mA. LT 1054 provides us with a feature of regulation. This feature was not available in earlier voltage converters. We can get a regulated output just by inserting an external resistance. We can shut down LT-1054, if we ground its feedback terminal. Its internal oscillator works at 25kHz frequency. Switching frequency can be adjusted using oscillator terminal. LM-1054 operates on a temperature ranging from 0 degree Celsius to 70 degree Celsius. LM 1054 has several exciting features including external shut down, external oscillator synchronization, low losses, reference & error amplifier for regulation etc. The further detail about LT-1054 will be given later in this article.

Introduction to LT1054

LT1054 is a bipolar, switched capacitor voltage converter or voltage regulator. It is most common in the market now a days due to its amazing features like it provides low voltage losses in comparison to the standard normal converters and also provides higher output current as compared to the earlier voltage converters. LT 1054 provides oscillator synchronization, reference amplifier for regulation. It can be used in voltage regulators, voltage inverters, data acquisition supply etc. LT-1054 is shown in the figure below.

1. LT1054 Pins

• LT 1054 has eight (8) pins in total with a different individual feature.
• All of the 8 pins are listed in the table given below.

2. LT1054 Pin Description

• We can not use any device without even knowing the features associated with its each pin.
• LT-1054 pins function description is given in the table shown below.

3. LT1054 Pinout

• Before using a device we must know its pins configuration, pinoutout diagram helps us in this purpose.
• LT 1054 pinout diagram is shown in the figure below.

4. LT1054 Packages

• Packages just show the earlier and latest model of any device.
• LT-1054 has two types of packages i.e. PDIP (8) and SOIC (16).
• Both of the packages are listed in the table shown below.

5. LT1054 Packages Dimensions

• LT-1054 has two packages, each has different size.
• Both of these packages are shown with their dimension and SI units in the table given below.

6. LT1054 Block Diagram

• Block diagram presents the internal flow of the logic followed by any device.
• LT 1054 block diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. LT1054 Ratings

• The rating of a device or equipment show the how much power is needed to operate this device.
• LT-1054 power, current and voltage, all of these ratings are listed in the table given below.

8. LT1054 Features

• For a special purpose, a device can be identified from its features whether they are suitable for the required task or not.
• LT-1054 has a lot of features, some of them are given in the table shown below.

9. LT1054 Applications

• While purchasing any device we have to mention its application that why we are purchasing this device.
• They play a vital role in the popularity and availability of a device.
• Some of the applications associated with LT-1054 are given in the table shown below.

  The tutorial Introduction to LT1054 has provided the detailed discussion on the use of LT 1054 voltage regulator. I hope you will appreciate my effort. The whole discussion consist of IC's pin, pin functions and description, pin configurations, block diagram, features and applications. If there something missing please let me know so that I could update this article in order to avoid the future inconvenience. In my upcoming tutorials, I will share other informative articles. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to 74HC245

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to 74HC245. 74HC 245 is a eight (8) bit transceiver. It has three (3) output states. 74HC-245 is designed for a-synchronous transfer of data between different data buses. The external timing requirement can be reduced by the implementation of control function. You should also have a look at Introduction to 74HC595. There are two internal amplifiers in 74HS 245. They are named as A and B. Data is transferred from A amplifier to B amplifier and vice versa. Hence two way communication is done in 74HC-245. This communication depends upon the logic level on the direction control input (DIR). Out enable pin (OE) is used to enable and disable the device depending upon the requirements of the task. 74HC-245 has several amazing features e.g. low input current, large input voltage ranges, low power consumption etc. A lot of real life applications are associated with 74HC-245, a few of which are servers, electronic points of sale, telecom infrastructures, network switches, personal computers, notebooks, wearable health devices etc. The further detail about 74HC-245 will be given later in this article.

Introduction to 74HC245

74HC245 is basically and 8-bit transceiver. It has 3 output states. The data can be transferred in both directions depending upon the logic level at direction control (DIR). You can enable and disable the device from the output enable (OE) pin. low power consumption, wide voltage range, low input current are the major features associated with 74HC-245. 74HC 245 is mostly used in personal computers, servers, wearable health devices, fitness devices, network switches, electronic points of sale etc. 74HC 245 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 74HC245 Pins

• There are total twenty (20) pins in 74HC 245 having different and unique functions.
• All the 20 pins are given in the table shown below.

2. 74HC245 Pin Description

• Each pin of 74HC 245 performs different function.
• The description of each function is given in the table shown below.

3. 74HC245 Pinout

• With the help of pinout diagram, we can get familiar with the configuration of the pins of the particular device.
• 74HC-245 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

 

4. 74HC245 Functional Diagram

• Functional diagram presents the internal functionality of a device.
• 74HC-245 functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.

5. 74HC245 Ratings

• To understand the power requirements of a device me must need to know its rating information.
• 74HC 245 power, voltage and current ratings are given in the table shown below.

6. 74HC245 Features

• Features of anything play a vital role to differentiate this thing from all the other things.
• They may be good or bad, in terms of electronics features deal with the benefits of that device in real life.
• 74HC-245 has a lot of features, a few of the major features are listed in the table given below.

In the tutorial, Introduction to 74HC245, I have tried my best to cover and share all the necessary information about this particular Integrated Circuit (IC). This information include pins info, pins description, pinout diagram, functional diagram, features, ratings etc. These all are very important to know before using this device for any of the purpose. If you find that there is something missing in it. Please let me know about that. I will update this article correspondingly for the better understanding of the reader. And if you have any sort of problem you can freely ask us in comments anytime you want to. Our team is always available and will try our best to solve your issues. I will share further informative articles about different such IC's later. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to L293D

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today I am going to given elaboration on Introduction to L293D. L 293D is basically a high current dual motor driver/controller Integrated Circuit (IC). It is able to drive load having current up to 1A at the voltage ranging from 4.5V to 36V. Motor driver usually act as current amplifier because they receive a low current signal as an input and provides high current signal at the output. Motors usually operates on this higher current. L-293D has to builtin H-Bridge driver circuits and is able to control two DC motors at a time in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It has two enable pins and they should be kept high in order to control the motor. By changing the polarity of applied signal motor can be rotated in either clockwise or counter clockwise direction. If L 293D enable pin is high, its corresponding driver will provide the desired out. If the enable pin is low, there will be no output. L-293D has different features including internal ESD protection, large voltage supply range, large output current per channel, high noise immunity input etc. L 293D plays a vital role in electronics era and has several different applications e.g relay drivers, DC motor drivers, stepping motor drivers etc. The further detail about L 293D motor driver/controller will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to L293D

L293D is basically a motor driver or controller. It has two builtin H-bridge circuits which are able to control two DC motors simultaneously in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. It acts as an current high amplifier because it take low current signal at its input and provides higher current signal at the output in order to drives different load e.g stepper motor & DC motors. Its features include large inpu voltage supply range, large output current high noise immunity input signals etc. Its common real life applications include stepping motor drivers, relay drivers, DC motor drivers etc. L-293D motor driver/controller is shown in the figure given below.

1. L293D Pins

• L-293D has sixteen (16) pins, having different individual functions.
• All of these sixteen pins along with their serial no, are given in the table shown below.

2. L293D Pin Functions

• L 293D each pin has different tasks to perform when they are in working condition.
• The tasks assigned to each pin are given in the table shown below.

3. L293D Pinout

• Pinout diagram of any device presents the pins configuration through a completely labelled diagram.
• L293D pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

4. L293D Packages

• L-293D has two types of packages and both of them are PDIP (16).
• Both of these packages along with their respective part number are given in the table shown below.

5. L293D Packages Dimensions

• L 293D each package has he same dimensions.
• L-293D packages along with their typical dimensions and SI unit are given in the table shown below.

6. L293D Logic Diagram

• A logic diagram presents an internal logic followed by an equipment.
• L293D logic diagram is shown in the figure below.

7. L293D Functional Block Diagram

• Functional diagram of a device shows the steps followed by that device in order to perform some action to give output.
• L-293D functional block diagram is shown in the figure below.

8. L293D Ratings

• Before using any equipment we must know about its ratings i.e. its power requirments that how much power will it consume.
• I have provided the current, power and voltage ratings of L 293D motor controller/driver.
• All of the ratings associated with L-293D are given in the table shown below.

9. L293D Features

L-293D has several features including:

• High output current up to 1A/channel.
• Wide voltage supply range ranging from 4.5V to 36V.
• Peak output current up to 2A/channel.
• Internal Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protection.
• A separate input supply.
• Inputs having large noise immunity.

10. L293D Applications

L293D has a lot of applications including:

• DC motor drivers.
• Relay drivers.
• Stepper motor drivers.
• Two phase motor driver, block diagram of L 293D application for two phase motor is given in the figure shown below.

In the tutorial Introduction to L293D, I have shared all the necessary details about L 293D motor controller/driver which includes its pinout diagram, applications, features, functional and logic diagram, packages etc. Let me know if I have missed something. If you have any issues you can find each kind of help regarding your issues. Our team is always available here to help you. In my upcoming articles I will share other informative IC's as well. Till then take care :)

Introduction to LM1458

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to elaborate you about Introduction to LM1458. Lm 1458 is basically a general purpose dual Operational Amplifier (Op-amp) i.e. it consists of two internal amplifiers. The internal amplifiers has both common power supply as well as common biased network. This is done so that their operation remains dependent on each other. If the power supply and biasing is not common then they will be totally independent. LM 1458 is a device which is protected from short circuit and it requires no external components for the frequency compensation. LM 1458 is considered to be and ideal amplifier for voltage followers. This is due to its latch-up free operation and high common mode voltage range. LM 1458 has amazing features like short circuit protection, low power consumption etc. Lm-1458 has several different real life applications e.g. The further details about LM 1458 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to LM1458

LM1458 is a dual general purpose Operational Amplifier (Op-amp). Its has two builtin amplifiers having common power supply as well as common mode voltage. This condition is to make both of the amplifiers dependent on each other. LM 1458 has several amazing features. For example, low power consumption, lath-up free operation, short circuit protection etc. LM-1458 is shown in the figure given below.

1. LM1458 Pins

• LM 1458 has eight (8) pins total, having separate individual function.
• All of the eight pins are given in the table shown below in a periodic manner.

2. LM1458 Pinout

• Pinout representation displays the configuration of all the pins, moreover it helps users for their better understanding.
• LM-1458 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

3. LM1458 Packages

• LM 1458 has two different types of packages e.g. PDIP and SOIC.
• I have provided both of these packages in the table shown below.

4. LM1458 Symbolic Representation

• The symbol or a symbolic representation of a device shows the internal structure of that device.
• LM 1458 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.

• You can see from the above figure that LM 1458 has two builtin amplifiers named as A and B in the figure.
• The inputs of the A amplifier are connected to pin no. 2 & 3 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.
• The inputs of the B amplifier are connected to pin no. 5 & 6 and its output is connected to pin no. 8.

5. LM1458 Schematic Diagram

• This diagram presents internal logic followed by a particular device.
• LM-1458 schematic diagram is shown in the figure given below.

6. LM1458 Ratings

• Rating is a feature of a device which tell the amount of voltage, current and power required for its normal operations under normal conditions.
• LM 1458 ratings are given in detail in the table shown below.

7. LM1458 Electrical Characteristics

• Several different electrical characteristics are associated with each of the deice which may vary from one device to another.
• LM-1458 electrical characteristics are provided in the table shown below.

8. LM1458 Features

• The basic and primary method to identify a device for a special purpose is to identify it from its features.
• Features play a vital role in  the selection and rejection of a particular device.

9. LM1458 Applications

LM 1458 has several different real life applications, some of the are given below.

• Comparator.
• Summin amplifier.
• Band pass filter.
• Multi-vibrator.
• Narrow band filter.
• DC amplifier.
• Integrator or differentiator.

The detailed discussion about Introduction to LM1458 was given in this tutorial. This section has covered all the important points regarding the basic use of LM 1458. If some information is missed let our team know to update this article. If you face any kind of problem you can ask us in comments anytime. Our team is 24/7 available here. I will share further informative tutorials later. Till then take care :)

Introduction to PC817

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to PC817. PC-817 is also known as an optocoupler / optoisolator. It consists of Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED). This IRED is coupled to a photo transistor optically and not electrically. It is closed in a four (4) pin package. This package is usually available in two different forms. The first one is wide lead (Pb) spacing option and the second one is SMT gullwing lead form option. PC 817 has an internal LED and a photo transistor. The photo transistor's base becomes activate when LED throws light on it. The output obtained can be divided into two formats either common emitter or common collector. But the configuration is mostly common emitter. If the LED does not glow, transistor remains off and hence there will b no output generated by the optocoupler i.e. PC-817. PC 817 has different feature e.g. double transfer mold package, current transfer ratio, different CTR ranks available, RoHS comliant, lead (Pb) free etc. Its real life application includes noise suppression in switching circuits, programmable controllers, signal transmission between circuits having different voltages, signal transmission between different impedance etc.  The further detail about PC817 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to PC817

• PC817 is a 4 Pin optocoupler, consists of an Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) & photo transistor, which enables it optically connected but electrically insulated.
• Inrared Emitting Diode is connected to first two Pins and if we apply power to it, then IR waves are emitted from this diode, which makes the photo transistor forward biased.
• If there's no power on the input side, diode will stop emitting IR waves and thus photo transistor will reverse biased.
• PC817 is normally used in embedded project for isolation purposes.
• In my embedded projects, I place PC817 after Microcontroller Pins to isolate back EMF, in case of motor control etc.
•  PC-817 has several applications e.g. noise suppression in switching circuits, input/output isolation for MCU (Micro Controller Unit). PC 817 is shown in the figure given below.
• You can download PC817 Datasheet by clicking below button:

Download PC817 Datasheet  

PC817 Features
No.	Parameter	Value
1	Pin Count	4
2	Manufacturer	Sharp
3	IRED	1
4	Forward Current	50mA
5	Peak Forward Current	1A
6	Reverse Voltage	6V
7	Power Dissipation	70mW
8	Collector Emitter Voltage	80V
9	Emitter Collector Voltage	6V
10	Collector Current	50mW
11	Collector Power Dissipation	150mW
12	Total Power Dissipation	200mW

 

1. PC817 Pinout

• PC817 Pinout consists of four (4) pins in total, first two are connected with the Infrared Emitting Diode (IRED) while the last two are connected with Photo Transistor.
• All of these four pins are given in the table shown below, along with their name & status.

 

PC817 Pinout
Pin No.	Pin Name	Status
Pin # 1	Anode	Input
Pin # 2	Cathode	Input
Pin # 3	Emitter	Output
Pin # 4	Collector	Output

 

• PC817 Pinout diagram is shown in the figure below:

2. PC817 Packages

• Different packages of the same device presents its models with some modifications or extra features.
• PC 817 has four packages, displayed in below table:

 

PC817 Packages
No.	Package Type	Example
1	Through-Hole	PC817X
2	SMT Gullwing Lead-Form	PC817XI
3	Wide Through-Hole Lead-Form	PC817XF
4	Wide SMT Gullwing Lead-Form	PC817XFP

 

3. PC817 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic diagram presents internal structure and functionality of any device.
• PC 817 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below:

4. PC817 Features

• The features of anything shows its ability to do something different and unique as compared to the others.
• All of the amazing features associated in the PC-817 are shown in the table given below.

5. PC817 Ratings

• Ratings of an equipment shows shows basically the operating conditions of that particular device,and they may vary from device to device.
• The power, current and voltage ratings of PC 817 are given in the table shown below.

7. PC817 Applications

• Any electronic device is usually known on the basics of its real life applications.
• Real life applications are highly related to the popularity of a device.
• some of the major real life applications of PC-817 are provided in the table shown below.

That was the detailed discussion on Introduction to PC817. This tutorial consists of all the important detail and information that a user must need to know before operating PC 817. If you have any problem regarding anything, you can ask us. We will help you to the best of our efforts. You can contact our team anytime you want to. I will share other amazing informative articles later. So, till then take care :)

Introduction to MAX232

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to MAX232. It is an Integrated Circuit(IC) embedded in a single chip and acts as a voltage-level converter. MAX 232 is capable of converting 5V TTL Logic level to TIA/EIA-232-F level and can take up to +-30V input. It is normally used for the communication between microcontroller and Laptop/PC.

We can use MAX-232 to convert Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) voltage level to RS232 and vice versa. RS232 is the method of transferring data using serial communication. MAX 232 is a dual receiver or driver having a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single supply of 5V. Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V either Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) levels. Whereas each of the drivers converts TTL or CMOS levels to RS232 levels.

RS232 receiver receives the input from the serial pins of the microcontroller. The receiver also receives the input from RS232's serial port and provides the output to the microcontroller's receiver pin. Four external capacitors are needed for MAX-232 and their values are ranging from 1uF to 22uF. MAX 232 has a lot of applications including battery-powered systems, terminals, modems, computers etc. Further details about MAX-232 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to MAX232

• MAX232 is an integrated circuit (embedded in a single chip) designed by Maxim Integrated Products and acts as a Voltage Logic Converter i.e. it is used to convert TTL Logic level (Microcontrollers' COM Port) into TIA/EIA-232-F level(Laptop Serial Port RS-232) and vice versa.
• It is used for the communication between a Microcontroller and a PC/laptop.
• 9 Pin Serial Port on our Laptop works on RS232 Voltage Logic while our Microcontroller's Serial Port i.e. Tx, RX pins works on TTL Logic.
• Suppose you are working on a PIC16F877A Microcontroller and you want to connect to the Serial Pins of your Laptop, then you have to place MAX232 in between.
• In order to use MAX232, we have to design its small basic circuit in which we have to use 4 capacitors of 1uF, as shown in the below figure.
• It has several different applications e.g. computer, modem, battery-powered systems etc.

1. MAX232 Pinout

• MAX232 Pinout consists of 16 pins in total, the first 6 Pins are used to connect capacitors while the next 8 Pins are for serial port connections and the last two Pins are Power Pins.
• All of the pins are given in chronological order in the table shown below.

MAX232 Pinout
Pin No.	Pin Name	Pin No.	Pin Name
Pin # 1	Capacitor 1+	Pin # 9	R2 Out
Pin # 2	Capacitor 3+	Pin # 10	T2 In
Pin # 3	Capacitor 1-	Pin # 11	T1 In
Pin # 4	Capacitor 2+	Pin # 12	R1 Out
Pin # 5	Capacitor 2-	Pin # 13	R1 In
Pin # 6	Capacitor 4-	Pin # 14	T1 Out
Pin # 7	T2 Out	Pin # 15	GND
Pin # 8	R2 In	Pin # 16	Vcc

• A complete pin diagram along with animation and the real image of MAX 232, is shown in the figure below:

2. MAX232 Pins Functions

• MAX 232 has 16 pins in total as I have told you earlier, some of the pins have common features and some have different ones.
• The functions associated with all of the pins are provided in the table shown below.

3. MAX232 Schematic

• The schematic diagram of a device provides help in understanding its internal functionality.
• I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of MAX 232 as shown in the figure below.

4. MAX232 Packages

• MAX-232 has three different types of packages SOIC (16), PDIP (16) and SOP (16).
• All of the four packages are given in the table shown below.

5. MAX232 Package Dimensions

• The dimensions of all of the MAX 232 packages are shown in the table given below.

 

6. MAX232 Ratings

• The voltage, current and power ratings of any device display its power requirement i.e. how much voltage and current is required for its operation.
• I have provided MAX 232's current, voltage and power ratings in the table shown below.

7. MAX232 Applications

MAX 232 has a lot of real-life applications, a few of which are given below.

• Batter-powered systems.
• Modem.
• Terminals.
• Computers.

So, that is all from the tutorial Introduction to MAX232. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in the comments any time you want to ask, without even feeling any sort of hesitation. I will try my level best to solve your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also here to help you. I will explore further ICs in my later tutorial and will surely share all of them with you as well. So, till then, Take Care :)

Introduction to 2N3906

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to share my knowledge about Introduction to 2N3906. It is most common Positive Negative Positive (PNP) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) available in the market now a days. 2N 3906 is specially designed for low power amplification purposes as well as for switching purposes. 2N 3906 is designed for low current, power and for medium voltages. It is capable of operating at moderately high speeds. The range of its collector current is form 10uA to 100mA. Further detail about 2N-3906 will be given later in this tutorial. Note:

• You should download 2n3906 Datasheet by clicking below button:

[dt_default_button link="https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Components/2N3906.pdf" button_alignment="default" animation="fadeIn" size="medium" default_btn_bg_color="" bg_hover_color="" text_color="" text_hover_color="" icon="fa fa-chevron-circle-right" icon_align="left"]Download Datasheet[/dt_default_button]

Introduction to 2N3906

2N3906 is a PNP (Positive Negative Positive) BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor). The basic purpose of its design is to use it for switching applications and for general purpose amplification. It can operate at low currents, low power and medium voltages. 2N-3906 real life applications include television, home appliances, small load switch transistor having high gain, general purpose amplifiers etc. 2N 3906 is shown in the figure below.

1. 2N3906 Pinout

• 2N-3906 has three pins in total i.e. emitter, base and collector.
• All of the three pins along with their symbol are given in the table shown below.

2. 2N3906 Pins Configuration

• A properly labeled pin diagram of any device results in better standing of the user.
• I have made a completely labeled diagram of 2N-3906 diode along with its animation.
• The complete pinout diagram along with animation, symbolic representation and the real image of 2N 3906 is shown in the figure below.

3. 2N3906 Packages

• 2N 3906 has two different type of packages 2N3906, 2N3906G, 2N3906RL1 and 2N 3906RLRAG.
• Both of theses packages along with their dimensions and part number are given in the table shown below.

4. 2N3906 Schematic

• The schematic diagram of a device helps us to understand its internal functionality.
• I have provided the labeled schematic diagram of 2N3906 as shown in the figure below.

5. 2N3906 Ratings

• The current, voltage and power ratings of any device shows its power requirement i.e. how much amount of current and voltage is sufficient for its operation.
• I have provided 2N-3906 current, power and voltage ratings in the table shown below.

6. 2N3906 Applications

• 2N3906 has a wide range of real life applications, a few of which are given below.
• Small load switch transistor with high gain and low saturation voltage.
• Suitable with television.
• Good for the home appliances.
• General purpose amplifiers.
• Switching applications.

So, thats all from the tutorial Introduction to 2N3906. I hope you enjoyed this amazing tutorial. If you have any kind of problem, you can ask me in comments, any time you want, without even feeling a bit of hesitation. I will try me level best to sort out your issues in a better way, if possible. Our team is also 24/7 available to help you out. I will explore further IC's and diodes in my upcoming tutorial and will share them with you as well for sure. So, till then, Take Care :)