The Engineering Projects

Introduction to BF259

Hello Friends! I am back again to fill your appetite with more knowledge and skills. Today, I am going to explain the details on the Introduction to BF259. It is a bipolar NPN (negative-positive-negative) silicon transistors which comes in metal casing. It consists of one P layer that lies between the two layers of N doped semiconductor. I am going to cover all aspects related to this bipolar transistor. Let's get started and have a look, how it works and what are the applications it finds useful.

Introduction to BF259

• BF259 is a bipolar silicon transistor which is made up of two N doped layer and one P doped layer.
• It is mainly a three terminal device which consists of emitter base and collector.
• P terminal of the transistor acts like a base while other two sides of P layers act as emitter and collector respectively.
• Small current at the base is used to control a large amount of current at the collector and emitter side.
• The power it can dissipate is 1 W, while transition frequency is about 75 MHZ.
• DC collector current is 100mA.
• Maximum power dissipation across collector is 0.5 W.
• BF259 is also considered as a current operated device.

• Maximum collector base voltage is 300 V and is denoted by Vcb.
• Maximum collector emitter voltage is 300 V and is denoted by Vce.
• It comes with lots of major applications but mainly it is used for switching and amplification purpose.

1. BF259 Pinout

BF259 NPN silicon transistor consists of three terminals. 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector Actual pinout of this NPN transistor is given in the figure below

• The base current is used to control the large amount of current on the collector and emitter side.
• The way the base current impact the emitter and collector current is used for the amplification applications.
• This bipolar transistor will turn ON when current flows from emitter and collector.

2. Mechanical Outline of BF259

The mechanical outline of bipolar silicon transistor BF259 is shown in the figure below:

• All the dimension are given in mm.
• You must take these dimension into consideration before you plan to make a circuit so these dimension properly fit in the circuit.

3. Circuit Diagram of BF259

The circuit symbol of BF259 is shown in the figure below:

• This NPN silicon transistor comes with a positive base side and negative emitter side.
• Emitter current is the sum of base and collector current.
• Small amount of current at the base side is used to handle the large amount of current at the emitter and collector side.
• Main difference between NPN and PNP transistor is, Current will sink into the base side in case of PNP transistor while current from the base side will source to the transistor in case of NPN transistor.
• Transistor current can be found by dividing the collector current to the base current. It is also called beta current and is denoted by ß. Beta has no units as it is a ratio between two currents.
• Value of beta is used for the amplification purpose. Beta value ranges between 20 to 1000, however, its standard value is 200.
• The ratio between collector current to the emitter current is called current gain of the transistor and is denoted by alpha a.
• The value of alpha ranges between 0.95 to 0.99, however, in most of the cases it is considered as 1.

4. Absolute Maximum Rating BF259

The maximum absolute rating of BF259 is shown in the figure below.

• Units of current and voltage are mA and V receptively.
• These rating are important for many engineering projects.

5. Applications

• BF259 is also called high voltage video amplifier and is mostly used for high voltage video output.
• It is also used for the audio output stages.
• These transistors are the main drivers for horizontal deflection circuits.

That's all for today. If you have any question you can easily ask in the comment section below. I'll try my best to help you solve your queries. Your suggestion and feedback will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned for next article.

Introduction to 2n4402

Hey guys! I aspire you a prosperous life filled with joy and happiness. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 2n4402. It is basically a PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) silicon transistor where N doped layer lies between the two P doped layer. It consists of three terminals i.e. emitter, base, collector. Here N represents the base of the transistor and two P layers represents the emitter and collector respectively. I'm going to cover all aspects related to this transistor. Let's hop on the board and dive in the details of this silicon transistor.

Introduction to 2n4402

• 2n4402 is a bipolar silicon transistor, where one layer of N doped semiconductor is sand-witched between the two layers of P doped semiconductor.
• It works in a way, the small current at the end of the base is used to control a large amount of current at the end of collector and emitter.

• PNP transistor works in a similar way to NPN transistor with the exception of current carriers. In case of NPN transistors, current carriers are electron while current carriers in the case of PNP transistors are holes and direction of current and polarities of voltage will be reversed in this case.
• In PNP transistor, P letter represents the polarity of voltage applied to the emitter which is positive and N letter shows the polarity of voltage applied to the base which is negative. In order to conduct in PNP transistor, Emitter will always be more positive than base and collector.

2n4402 Pinout

2n4402 consists of three pins

• 1: Emitter
• 2: Base
• 3: Collector

 

• Unlike NPN transistors, here current flows from emitter to collector and current carriers are holes.

PNP Circuit Symbol

• Following is the circuit symbol of PNP transistor. It consists of two P layers and one N layer.

 

• The polarity at the emitter side is positive with respect to both base and collector.
• The base of this transistor is negative with respect to emitter.
• Current flowing through the emitter side is the sum of current flowing through collector and base.
• Small amount of current at the base side is used to control the large amount of current at the collector and emitter side.
• PNP and NPN works in similar way with the exception of current direction and medium used for the flow of current.
• In PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector and current carriers in this case are holes which are collected by the collector.

PNP Transistor Configuration

• Transistor configuration of PNP 2n4402 transistor is shown in the figure below:

• Emitter is positive with respect to collector and base
• Small amount of base current is used to control the large current at the collector and emitter side.
• Current carriers are holes which are collected by the collector.

Transistors as a Matched Switch

• In most of the cases, PNP transistors replace the NPN transistor with the only exception in the direction of current and polarities of voltages.
• Like NPN transistor, PNP transistor can also be used as a switching device.
• You might think what is the point of using PNP transistor while there are lots of NPN transistors out there that can be used as a switch or for amplification purpose. However, taking two types of transistors come with a lot of advantage in designing the power amplifier circuit.
• Class B-amplifiers come with a two pair of NPN and PNP transistor, where both transistors are used to control the current flowing in both directions at any instant of time. Transistors are called "Complementary Transistors" which use both NPN and PNP transistor of identical characteristics.
• In Class B-amplifiers, both transistors work in a similar way i.e. NPN transistors conducts for the positive half cycle and PNP transistor conducts for the negative half cycle of the transistor. This results in flowing the power at the load out put in both directions. PNP transistors will switch on when it sinks current to its base side and it will switch off when current at the base side stops to flow.

Applications of 2n4402

• These transistors are mainly used for voltage and power amplification.
• In combination with NPN transisters, these PNP transistors form a perfect bond through which current flows alternately from both sides of NPN and PNP transistors.

That's all for today. I hope you'd enjoyed our article. If you have any query or question you can easily ask in the comment section below. I'd be glad to help you in this regard. Your suggestion and feedback will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned for next article.

Introduction to Resistors

Hey guys! I hope you are doing good and having fun. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to Resistors. Resistor is a two terminal component that is used to restrict the flow of current. Resistors are widely used in electrical circuits. They come in different forms ranging from variable resistors to fixed resistors. Depending on the feature of resistors, both are used in many applications. I am going to cover all aspects relating to resistors. Let's get started.

Introduction to Resistors

• A resistor is a two-terminal device that is used to resist the flow of current. It is one of the most commonly used components in electrical circuits.
• Resistance of any resister is described in ohms. Ohm is denoted by the Greek letter omega. Each resister has a different value of resistance which tells us how strongly it resists the flow of current. More the value of resistance more is the capability of resisting the current.
• Resistance will be considered as one ohm if the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor is 1 V and a current flowing through it is 1 Ampere.
• Resistance can be derived from Ohm's law which indicates voltage is directly proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.

V= I * R

• Each resistor comes with two wires, also called as leads. Between these two leads there lies a ceramic part which actually resists the flow of current. Resistor consists of three colored strips that indicate the value of resistance.
• Some resistors come with four colored strips. In such case, fourth strip indicates the value of tolerance. Tolerance is the value of the deviation of resistance from its given value on the resistor. Gold color of forth strip indicates tolerance is 5% and silver color indicates tolerance is 10%. Where there is no forth strip, tolerance is considered as 20%. Suppose, if resistance has 50-ohm resistance with no forth strip. Then tolerance of such resistor can be 50 ±20%.
• Resistance of any resistor also depends on its resistivity, its length and cross-sectional area.

• Resistors also indicate temperature coefficient. Temperature coefficient is known as a resistance due to the change in temperature. There are two types of temperature coefficients. Positive temperature coefficient and negative temperature coefficient. If resistance increases with the increase in temperature then it is called positive temperature coefficient and if resistance decreases with the decrease in temperature then it is called negative temperature coefficient.

How to Limit Current using Resistance

• Main purpose of resistance is to limit the current flowing through the component.
• Suppose, if we want to connect the LED with the direct DC source i.e. Battery, then it will burn out right away the moment you connect the LED with the battery.
• Because battery will allow a large amount of current to flow through the LED which will burn it out.
• LED can be avoided from any severe damage if we put the resistor between the battery and LED. It will control the amount of current flowing through the LED.
• Value of resistance you use depends on the current rating of the battery. You need to use the resistor with high resistance if current rating of a battery is high.
• We can calculate the resistance by using Ohm's Law. Suppose we have LED that comes with voltage rating of 12 voltage and current rating of 100mA or 0.1 A. From Ohm's Law

V=IR

R= V/I

R=12/0.1= 120 O

• In order to avoid LED from damaging we need resistor with resistance of 120 O

 

Combination of Resistors

Resistors can also be used in combination. There are classified into two types according to their combination.

Resistors in Parallel

• If resistors are connected parallel to each other, then total resistance will be equal to the sum of reciprocal of all resistance.

1/R= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3............1/Rn

Resistors in Series

• If resistors are connected in series, the total resistance will be equal to the sum of all resistance.

R= R1+R2+R3+R4..........Rn

Power Dissipation

• The power consumed by any resistor at any moment is defined as
• P= VI= V(V/R)= V²/R
• Most of the resistors are classified on their ability of power dissipation. Resistors who dissipate a large amount of energy are called as power resistors and are mostly used in power supplies, power amplifiers, and power conversion circuits.
• Power resistors are physically larger than normal resistors and their value cannot be directly identified by the reading color strip method.
• Resistors pertain to severe damage if their average power dissipation is greater than thier power rating. It results in permanently alternating the resistance.
• Excessive power dissipation can also damage the whole circuit. In order to avoid burning of the circuit, flameproof resistors are used that suddenly open the circuit before power dissipation gets too high.

How to Calculate Resistance of any Resistor

There are two different ways to calculate the resistance:

Reading the Color Bands

• First method to calculate the resistance is by reading the color bands of the resistor.
• Each strip of color on the resistor represents a specific digit.
• Different colors corresponding to their digit values are given below.

• In the above figure, the first strip is brown and corresponding digit to brown is 1.
• The second strip is black, and the corresponding digit to black is 0.
• The third strip is orange and the corresponding digit to orange is three which actually shows the number of zeros.
• Forth strip is made of gold which indicates tolerance is ±5%.
• So overall resistance of this resistor is 10,000±5 % ohm.

Using a Multimeter

• Second method to measure the resistance is by using the multimeter as an ohmmeter. Mainly multimeter performs three functions. It is used to measure current voltage and resistance.
• Put the black probe on the COM port of multimeter. And put the red probe into the VOmA.
• You can measure the resistance of any resistor by holding the resistor with the two separate probes of the multimeter. Before calculating the resistance, you need to set the dial to ohm which is denoted on the multimeter by the symbol O.

 

Types of Resistors

Resistors come in different forms, sizes, and shapes. Resistors are used in different applications depending on the current rating voltage and resistance. Let's discuss resistor types and their applications. Resistors are mainly classified into two types:

1. Linear Resistors
2. Non-Linear Resistors

1. Linear Resistors

• Resistors are termed as linear resistors where current is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
• Resistance of these resistors changes with the change in temperature and voltage.
• In order words, resistors which follow Ohm's law are linear resistors.
• Linear resistors are further classified into two types
  • Fixed Resistors
  • Variable Resistors

1.1 Fixed Resistors 1.1.1 Carbon Composition Resistor

• Carbon composition resistors comprise of rigid resisting element incorporated with lead wire. The resistor body is covered with plastic or paint.
• The resistive element at the mid of the lead wires contains fine carbon and insulating material which is usually ceramic. The resistance of such resistors is measured as the ratio of ceramic to carbon.
• Resistance value widely depends on the concentration of carbon value. More is the concentration of carbon, lesser will be the resistance.
• Carbon composition resisters come with poor stability and 5% tolerance.
• These resistors are become obsolete because of their high price but still they are used in wielding controls and power supplies.
• Resistance of such resistors varies from few ohms to 22 mega-ohms.

1.1.2 Carbon Pile Resistor

• A carbon pile resistor consists of layers of carbon discs that are placed between two metal plates.
• Resistance between the plates can be changed by changing the clamping pressure.
• These resistors are widely used in radio transmitters.
• A carbon pile resistor can also be used in generators, where it adjusts the current to keep the voltage in certain state.

1.1.3 Carbon Film Resistor

• A carbon film resistor consists of amorphous carbon which provides relatively large resistance.
• These resistors encompass low noise as compared to carbon composition resistor.
• A carbon film resistor comes with a power rating that ranges between 0.125 to 5 W with resistance 1 ohm to 10 mega-ohm. These resistors are used in areas where high stability is required.

1.1.4 Thick Film Resistor

• Thick film resistors come in the shape of SMD(Surface mount device).
• Both, think and thin film resistors are manufactured in a same way but main difference is the resistive element that is used in thick film resisters is relatively very large than used in thin films.

1.1.5 Thin Film Resistor

• Thin film resistor consists of ceramic rod and resistive material.
• A very thin layer of conducting material is being placed on the insulating rod that is made of glass or ceramic material. This method of making thin film is called vacuum deposition.
• When thin film resistor is manufactured, it doesn't give an accurate value of resistance.
• Resistance value can be made accurate by the process called laser trimming.
• These resistors come in the tolerance range that lies between 1% to 5% and encompass much less noise level than thick film resistors.
• Compared to thick film resistors, thin film resistors are highly expensive.

1.1.6 Wire Wound Resistors

• Wire wound resistors are widely used in many electrical applications. They are manufactured by winding a metal wire around fibreglass core or ceramic material. Whole assembly is being formed where two ends of wire are welded with rings and are covered with high layer of molded plastic or paint.
• These resistors have capability to bear high temperature upto 450 ºC.
• As wire wound resistors are same like coil so they inherit high value of inductance as compared to other resistors.
• Both, carbon composition resistors and wire wound resistors are used in same application except where high frequency is required. High frequency response of carbon composition resistors is better than wire wound resistors.

1.2 Variable Resistors

• Resistors are termed as variable resistors whose values can be adjusted manually by screw, knob, or dial.
• These resistors come with sliding arm that is attached to the shaft.
• Resistance value can be changed by rotating the sliding arm.
• They are mainly divided into two types:
  • Rheostats
  • Potentiometer

1.2.1 Rheostats

• Rheostat resistors are also known as variable wound resistors or tapped resistors.
• Rheostat is a manual operated three terminal device which is mainly used to restrict the current value.
• In order to make rheostat, Nichrome resistance is being wound around a ceramic core, then they are placed in a covered shell.

  1.2.2 Potentiometer

• A potentiometer is a three terminal device that consists of tapping points that are adjusted by a rotation of shaft.
• It can be used to provide a potential difference between the two terminal connected to the tapping points.
• They are widely used for volume control in many radio receivers.
• Potentially there is no difference between rheostat and potentiometer, however, both are used for difference purpose.
• Rheostat is used for controlling the level of current in the circuit while potentiometer is used for controlling the voltage in the circuit.

 

2. Non-Linear Resistors

• Resistors are termed as non-linear resistors where they do not pertain to follow ohm's law but their value of resistances changes with the slight change in temperature or current.
• Non-linear resistors are further divided into two types:
  • Thermisters
  • Varisters

2.1 Thermisters

• Resisters are termed as thermisters, if current flowing through it changes with the change in temperature.
• Thermister is basically a two terminal device which uses variable resister and indicates even a slight change in temperature.
• In thermister, resistance and temperature are inversely proportional to each other.

2.2 Varisters

• Resisters are termed as varisters if current flowing through it changes with the change in applied voltage.
• These resistors are sensitive to voltage and avoid the circuits from getting high voltage spikes.
• They are used to maintain the voltage to a required level.

Applications of Resistors

Resisters are widely used in many electrical circuits. Following are the main applications of resistors.

• They are used to limit current in order to avoid short circuit
• They are used to control voltage in order to avoid high spikes at the end of out put voltage
• Used in many electronic industries
• Temperature can also be controlled using these resistors
• In home electronic appliances like heater and iron

That's all for today. I have tried my best to cover as many aspects as possible relating to resistors. However, if still you feel any doubt or query in understanding the concept of resistors, you can always ask me in the comment section below. I'll be glad to help you in this regard. Thanks for reading the article. Give your feedback, how do you like our articles what are the suggestions you would like to give that can help in crafting the articles in better way? Stay tuned for next article! Have a blessed day ahead!

Introduction to 2n5320

Hey Fellas! Hope you are doing great. Today I am going to give you the details on Introduction to 2n5320. It is basically a Bipolar NPN (Negative Positive Negative) Transistor (BJT), which contains two layers of N-doped semiconductor and one layer of P-doped semiconductor. P, layer lies between two N layers. Here P represents the Base of the transistor and two N layers show emitter and collector respectively. This NPN transistor has a wide range of applications. It is mainly used for power amplification and switching purpose.You should also have a look at Introduction to BC547 which is also an NPN transistor. So, let's get started with Introduction to 2n5320:

Introduction to 2n5320

• 2n5320 is a bipolar Switching Silicon transistor, which is mostly used for amplification purpose.
• 2n5360 is an NPN transistor, where P doped layer exists between two N doped layers.
• In this transistor, collector supply voltage will be positive with respect to the emitter and is denoted by Vce.
• The transistor action is triggered by the free movement of electrons from its base. Actually, these electrons work like a bridge between emitter and collector.

• The voltage between collector and emitter is 75 Volt, while the voltage between base and collector is 100 Volt.
• Voltage between emitter and base is 6 V.
• Maximum DC collector current is 700 mV.
• I have shown the 2n5320 in both of its symbolical and actual form in below figure:

1. 2n5320 Pinout

2n5320 basically consists of three pins which are as follows:

• 1: Emitter
• 2: Base
• 3: Collector

Actual pinout of 2n5320 transistor is shown in the figure below:

• The small base current is used to control a large amount of current at emitter and collector.
• The control of base current on emitter and collector is basically the backbone of transistor amplifying properties.
• The transistor is considered as fully ON when a large amount of current flows through collector and emitter.
• 2n5320 is also known as a current operated device.

2. Circuit Diagram of 2n5320

• The Circuit Diagram of 2n5320 is shown in the figure given below:

• As it is NPN transistor so voltage is negative at the emitter side and positive at the base side. The base-emitter voltage can be described as Vbe.
• One thing you must take into consideration, the base voltage will always be positive with respect to the emitter.
• The current flowing through the emitter is a combination of base and collector current.
• When we divide collector current to the base current, we get the transistor current in this switching bipolar transistor and is denoted by beta ß. As it is a ratio between two current so it encompasses no units.
• The standard value of this beta is 200. The ratio between collector current and base current is actually used for amplification purpose. The value of beta ranges from 20 to 1000. We can see the value of beta from the datasheet of different manufacturers but it generally ranges between 50 to 200.
• The current gain of this transistor is defined as the ratio between collector current to the emitter current. It is represented as alpha. The value of alpha lies between 0.95 to the 0.99 and most of the cases it is considered as unity.

3. Pin Ratings of 2n5320

• The Pin ratings of 2n5320 bipolar transistor is given below.

 

• Here voltage is represented in voltage and current is denoted by ampere.
• It is a low-frequency device that has the current rating of 2A. The semiconductor used in this bipolar transistor is made up of silicon that’s why it is mostly called Switching Silicon Bipolar Transistor.

4. Mechanical Outline of 2n5320

• Mechanical Outline of 2n5320 is shown in the below figure:

• These mechanical outlines are of quite importance especially in professional projects.
• But if you working on some student engineering project then these are not for you.

5. Applications

2n5320 Bipolar Transistor has many applications in real life. Some of them are given below.

• It is used for amplification purpose.
• Used for many switching applications.
• It also works as a low frequency device.

So, that was all about 2n5320. I hope you will get something out of it. If you wanna ask something about this NPN transistor then ask in comments adn I will try my best to resolve your issues. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Have a good day !!! :)

Introduction to 10N60

Hello everyone! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to provide you a detailed discussion on Introduction to 10N60. Before going into the details of this article you should also have a look at Introduction to 4N60, 78M05, 2N3772, 2SC3320, 20N60. It is basically a high voltage Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It is a power MOSFET and is able to control the certain level of the power. 10-N-60 is also a high current power MOSFET. This device has three terminals and is made up of silicon. It has around 10 ampere of current conduction capability i.e. this device is able to conduct 10A of current through it. 10-N-60 has a lot of amazing features. It features include low on-state resistance, break down voltage up to 600 volts, fast switching speed, threshold up to 4 volts, avalanche energy fully specified, improved capability of dv/dt. It operates on 150 degree Celsius. Moreover, 10-N-60 has a wide range of application area including DC to DC converters, switched mode power supplies, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) motor controllers, switched mode power supply, General Purpose (GP) switching appliances, bridge circuits and many more.

Introduction to 10N60

10N60 is basically a MOSFET having capability of bearing higher current and higher voltages. It is a power MOSFET i.e. it can control a power up to a specific level. It has three terminals named as gate, drain and source. It has several different features including fast switching speed, good dv/dt capability, low on state resistance, full avalanche energy specified. Its applications area include DC-DC converters, motor controllers, switched mode power supply, GP registers or appliances etc. 10-N-60 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 10N60 Pins

• It has three terminals having different individual task to perform.
• All of the three terminals are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 10N60 Pins Symbols

• In order to avoid the complexity, each terminal is assigned with an alphabetic character.
• The assigned alphabetic character assigned to each terminal are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

3. 10N60 Symbolic Representation

• The symbolic representation of an electronic device provides us a symbol that can be used in theoretical portion.
• 10-N-60 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. 10N60 Pinout

• Pinout diagram of any electronic device helps to understand the pin configuration of that device.
• 10-N-60 pinout diagram is shown in the figure given below.

 

5. 10N60 Features

• The features are the parameters that can enhance the importance of any device in the market if they are unique.
• A device with more unique features will be more popular in the market.
• 10-N-60 features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. 10N60 Pins Applications

• It has a wide range of applications area.
• A few of its applications are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

That is all from the tutorial Introduction to 10N60. I have tried my level best to cover all the necessary and basic details regarding the basic use of 10-N-60 MOSFET. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and will appreciate my effort ;) If you found something missing or wrong in this article, please do let me know as soon as possible, so that the article can be updated correspondingly in order to avoid any type of future inconvenience. I will share further interesting and informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next tutorial take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 4N60

Hello everyone! I hope you will absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed discussion on the topic Introduction to 4N60. I have shared characteristics of the different IC's in my previous tutorials in Introduction to 75N75, SG3524, 2N3772, L298, L293D, 2SC3320 and 20N60. You must need to go through all these tutorials for the better understanding of today's article. 4N-60 is a high voltage Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). It is a three pin device including drain (D), gate (G) and source (S). 4N60 is basically a power MOSFET and is able to handle the certain levels of power. It is specially designed to achieve the different characteristics e.g. high speed switching time, low charge on gate and low resistance for on state conditions. It also has highly rugged avalanche characteristics. 4N-60 has different amazing features e.g. capability of fast switching, avalanche energy specifications, higher ruggedness, improved capability for dv/dt. It has a wider range of real life applications including switching converters, switching regulators, relay drivers, solenoid, motor drivers and many more. The further detail about the basics usage of 4N-60 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to 4N60

4N60 is basically a power MOSFET. It is a device having three pins named as gate, source and drain. It is designed to achieve high speed switching time characteristics and low charge on gate. It has different features including low on state resistance, highly avalanche energy specification, high ruggedness and many more. Its real life applications include motor drivers, solenoid, relay drivers, switching converters and a lot more. 4N-60 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 4N60 Pins

• This device has three (3) pins in total having different functions associated with each pin.
• All the three pins of 4N-60 are provided in the table given in the figure shown blow.

2. 4N60 Pins Symbols

• In order too avoid the complications, each pin is assigned with the first letter of its name.
• 4N-60 pin symbols are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

3. 4N60 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation is helpful to represent a particular device theoretically.
• 4N-60 symbolic representation is shown in the figure given below.

4. 4N60 Pinout

• Pinout diagram is helpful way to understand the pin configuration of any electronic device.
• I have also shared the pinout diagrams of different MOSFET's and IC's in Introduction to 50N06, IRFZ44N, C945, MC34063, NE555 and NE556, you must have a look at all these articles for the better understanding.
• 4N-60 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 4N60 Ratings

• Ratings show the power required to operate any electronic device.
• 4N-60 ratings are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

6. 4N60 Features

• Features of a device play a vital role to make a device popular.
• 4N-60 common features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 4N60 Applications

• It has a wider range of real life applications.
• Some of the most common applications are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

That is all from the tutorial Introduction to 4N60. I have tried my level best to provide all the necessary and basic information to use 4N60 for the first time. I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and will appreciate my effort ;) If you have have any sort of problems regarding engineering issues, you can ask us in comments any without even feeling any kind of hesitation. Our team is 24/7 available for your support. I will share different interesting and informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next article take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 78M05

Hello everyone! I hope you will absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you a detailed discussion on the topic Introduction to 78M05. I have already shared information about  different IC's e.g. Introduction to UA741, MMBD914, LM224, LM386 and LM317. You must have a look at all these tutorials for the better understanding of this article. 78-M05 is basically a three (3) terminal. These terminals include input, output and the common terminal. 78-M05 is commonly available in TO-220 package having different fixed voltages at the output. Its construction process is based on planar epitaxial technology. These regulators are used for the employment of the process of internal limitation of the current. Safe area compensation as well as thermal shutdown are its more important features. 78-M05 is able provide up to 0.5A of current at the output, if the it is provided with the proper heat sinking. It is mostly known in the market on the basis of its fixed voltage regulation's applications. This shows that 78-M05 can be used with the external components in order to provide the adjustable voltage at the output. It has a lot of features. These features include thermal load internal protection, power molded packages, short circuit internal limitation of current, compatibility with Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL), Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and different digital Integrated Circuits (IC's), complete protection for short circuiting, protection for thermal overload, Safe Operating Area (SOA) protection, outstanding ripples protection capability and many more. 78-M05 has a larger area for its real life applications including on card regulation, local regulation, it can be used with the external components to provide adjustable voltages at the output. The further detail about 78-M05 and its basic usage, will be provided later in this tutorial.

Introduction to 78M05

78M05 is a voltage regulator having three terminals. These terminal are input, common and the output terminal respectively. It is constructed using planar epitaxial manufacturing process. It is usually available in TO-220 packages. It has different unique features e.g. internal short circuit and thermal overload protection. It has a wide range of real life applications including local as well as on card regulation, current limitation and a lot more. Moreover, we can use it with different external components to achieve adjustable outputs. 78M-05 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 78M05 Pins

• It consists of three different terminals, having separate individual functions.
• All the terminals are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 78M05 Pins Description

• We must know about the function of each pin/terminal before using any device.
• The functions associated with each of the pin are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

3. 78M05 Circuit for Adjustable Output  Voltage

• Adjustable output voltage circuit is shown in the figure given below.

4. 78M05 Pinout

• Before using a device, its pin configuration must be known.
• Pin configuration shows, where to supply power and from which pin we can get our desired output.
• Pinout diagram helps to understand the knowledge about pin configurations.
• I have also shared the pinout diagrams of LM339, LM393, BC547, IRF540, ULN2003 and LM117.
• 78-M05 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 78M05 Ratings

• Each device requires a certain level of power to be supplied.
• We must know about the level of power required to operate a particular device
• This power level can be estimated through the power ratings of that particular device.
• 78-M05 power ratings are provided in the  table shown in the figure given below.

6. 78M05 Features

• A device can be made more popular just by making its features unique and vast. You should also read about BC557.
• 78-M05 common features are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 78M05 Applications

• The sale of a product in the market cam be related directly to its applications.
• More applications will automatically lead to the larger sale of a product.
• Applications associated with 78-M05 are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

In the article Introduction to 78M05, I have tried my level to provide all the necessary data about the voltage regulator 78-M05. Its pin configuration, features, pinout diagram, applications and many other parameters are provided in this tutorial. I hope you have enjoyed this article. If you have any problem, you can freely ask us in comments anytime. We are 24/7 available for your support. Our team will solve your issues to the best of their efforts. If you found something missing in this tutorial, please let us know. So, thaat it can be updated immediately to avoid any sort of future inconvenience.

Introduction to 2N3772

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 2N3772. I have already shared basic knowledge about different IC's and transistors in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to IRF540, BC547, MMBD914, LM339, LM224 and LM386. You must have alook at these tutorials before going into the details of this tutorials. It will be quite helpful in the better understanding of this article. 2N-3772 is basically a type of central semiconductor. It is basically a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) semiconductor. This semiconductor is designed by the process named as epitiaxial process. The main purpose behind its designing is to provide the high power based amplification process and fast switching applications. The structure of 2N-3772 is mounted in JEDEC TO-3 metalic case. It is most suitable for inductive switching as well as linear amplifiers. 2N-3772 has a lot of amazing and unique features. These features include low saturation voltage for collector emitter junction. This voltage is around 4 volts. Capability of forward biased 2nd breakdown current is it another unique features among its competitors. 2N-3772 is also available in lead (Pb) free packages in the market these days. It has a wide range of applications in real life. Its most common real life applications include its use in linear amplifiers, fast switching devices, inductive switching, series pas regulators and many more that may be discussed later. This is the brief introduction to 2N3772. Thee further information about the basic use of 2N-3772 will be given later in this tutorial.

Introduction to 2N3772

2N3772 is an Negative Positive Negative (NPN) transistor. It belongs to the family of central semiconductors. It is enveloped in JEDEC TO-3 metalic structure. It is available at low cost while providing higher efficiency as compared to the other similar devices. It is easily available in the market and most of the time it is known on the basis of its applications. It has several different amazing features including low collector-emitter junction voltage, capable of forward biased current break-down. Its applications are include inductive switching, General Purpose (GP) linear amplifiers, series pas regulators and a lot more. "N-3772 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 2N3772 Pins

• Similar to the other transistor, it also has total three (3) pins.
• The names of all the pins are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 2N3772 Pin Symbols

• In order to avoid the complexity, each pin is simply assigned with the first letter of its name.
• The symbols assigned to each pin are provided in table given in the figure shown below.

3. 2N3772 Pin Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation of a device shows its symbol for theoretical use.
• 2N-3772 symbolic representation is shown in the figure below.

4. 2N3772 Pinout

• One must know about the pin configuration of any electronic device before using it.
• Pins configuration can be easily estimated via pinout diagram of an electronic device.
• I have also shared pinout diagram of different electronic devices in Introduction to L293D, L298, LM117, LM339, NE555, NE556, TL431 and TL072
• 2N-3772 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

• From the above figure, you can see that I have provided the pins information as well as its real image for the better understanding.

5. 2N3772 Ratings

• Power requirements of each electronic device are very important parameters to operate them appropriately.
• If we don't know about the power requirements of a particular device, then providing slight higher voltage or current, it may be damaged immediately.
• Power requirements can be estimated from the power ratings of any device.
• Power ratings of 2N-3772 are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 2N3772 Electrical Characteristics

• It shows the electrical requirements of any electronic device.
• 2N-3772 electrical characteristics are listed in the table shown in the figure below.

7. 2N3772 Features

• Features belong to such parameters which are normally considered to be the most important key to success of any device while designing it.
• Unique features can make a device more popular.
• 2N-3772 common features are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

8. 2N3772 Applications

• Applications are directly related to the popularity and sale of a product in the market.
• Larger the area of applications, higher will be chance of its sale.
• 2N-3772 application are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

• Charging test time circuit for 2N-3772 is shown in the figure given below.

The tutorial Introduction to 2N3772, has provided the platform consisting of all the necessary and important details about the basics of 2N3772, that one must know before its use. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial. If there is something missing in this article, please do let me know. I will immediately update it correspondingly so that the future convenience can be avoided. If you have any sort of issue, you can ask us inn comments anytime you want to! Our team is 24/7 available to support you. We will try our level  best to sort out your problems as soon as possible. I will share a lot of interesting as well as informative topics in my upcoming tutorials. So, till my next tutorial, take care and bye bye :)

Introduction to 2SC3320

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 2SC3320. I have shared the basic knowledge  of different electronic devices in my previous articles like Introduction to ULN2003, LM317, LM393, IRF540, BC547, UA741 and MC34063. 2SC-3320 is a Negative Positive Negative (NPN) transistor. It is made up of silicon. It is basically a power transistor. Power transistor is an electronic device which is able to handle certain level of power. 2SC-3320 has three terminals whose detail will be given later. Its an efficient device with higher efficiency available at at lower cost in the market these days. Due to cost efficiency and its unique features it is more popular device among the similar transistors. It is available in TO-3PN packages. It has different features due to which it is famous in the market. These features include its capability of handling high voltages, capability of high speed/fast switching. Moreover, higher reliability is its major and the most common feature that makes it different from the standard transistors. It has a wider range of its application area which include General Purpose (GP) power amplifiers, high frequency inverters, switching regulators, ultrasonic generators and many more. This was thr brief introduction to 2SC-3320. The further deatil about the basic use of this device will be given later in this section.

  Introduction to 2SC3320

2SC3320 is an NPN transistors i.e. its emitter arrow, in its symbolic representation, will be directed towards outside of the structure. Its symbolic representation is given below. It is a power amplifier, capable of handling a particular power level. It is a silicon transistor available at low cost in the market these days. It is having three terminals as explained below. It features include high reliability, high voltage, fast speed switching and a lot more. It real life application are switching regulators, general purpose amplifiers, inverters with higher frequencies, ultra sonic generators etc. 2SC-3320 is shown in the figure given below.

1. 2SC3320 Pins

• Like the other transistors, it has total three (3) terminals.
• All of its pins are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

2. 2SC3320 Pins Symbols

• Each terminals is assigned with the first letter of its name in order to avoid complication.
• Symbol associated with each pin is given in the table shown in the figure below.

3. 2SC3320 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation helps us to represent a particular device in theoretical use.
• 2SC-3320 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below.

4. 2SC3320 Pinout

• Pin configuration of any device must be known before its usage.
• If we do not know the pin configuration, we will not be able to use that device.
• Pinout diagram helps us to provide the information about pins configuration.
• I have also shared the pinout diagrams of different devices in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to LM317, BC547, IRF540, ULN2003, MMBD914 and L298.
• 2SC-3320 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 2SC3320 Ratings

• Power requirements of any device must be known for its proper operation.
• Ratings list provides the information about the power requirements of a particular device.
• 2SC-3320 ratings is provided in the table shown in the figure below.

6. 2SC3320 Features

• Features of a device are the most important parameters that play a vital role in its popularity.
• 2SC-3320 major features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

 

7. 2SC3320 Applications

• Many electronic devices are usually known on the basis of their applications.
• Application area and the sale of a product are directly related to each other.
• Larger the application area larger will be chances of its sale.
• 2SC-3320 major applications are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

The tutorial Introduction to 2SC3320, has elaborated the all the necessary information about the basic use of NPN silicon power transistor named as 2SC-3320. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial hoping for your appreciation as well ;) If something is missing in this article, please let me know as soon as possible so that I can immediately update it correspondingly. If you are feeling any sort of problem, you can ask us anytime in comments. Our team is always available for your support. We will try our level best to solve your issues. I will share different interesting topics in my upcoming tutorials. Take care and bye bye till my nest tutorial :)

Introduction to 20N60

Hello friends! I hope you all will be absolutely fine and having fun. Today, I am going to give you an elaboration on Introduction to 20N60. 20-N-60 is basically a power Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). Power MOSFET is a device that can handle a specific level of power. I have already shared information about MOSFET in my previous tutorials e.g. Introduction to 75N75, SG3524, 50N06, IRFZ44N, C945 and TL072. Before going into the details of this article you must have a look at these articles. They will result in the better understanding of this article. MOSFET family is divided into two categories. P-channel MOSFET and N-channel MOSFET. 20-N-60 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET. It is based on United Technologies Corporation (UTC) technology. This technology is used in order to provide minimum on state resistance. It also provides the fast switching applications at different places. 20-N-60 has a lot of amazing features. These features include capability of handling higher currents, higher switching speed, low on state resistance and many more. It has a wider range of real life applications associated with it. Its applications area include DC chopper, servo motor drivers, AC motor control speed, Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), switch mode power supply, resonant mode power supply etc. The further detail about the basics of MOSFET 20-N-60 will be given later in this tutorial.

 Introduction to 20N60

20N60 belongs to the family of N-channel MOSFET. Its basically a power MOSFET that means it can handle certain levels of power. Its working principle is based on UTC technology. It provides the fast switching application and the minimum on state resistance as well. handling of high current, high speed of switching and low on sate resistance are its major features. Its real life applications include servo motor drivers, UPS, speed control of AC motor and many more. 20-N-60 is given in the figure shown below.

1. 20N60 Pins

• Similar to the other MOSFET's it also has three (3) pins in total.
• All of these three pins along with their names are provided in the table given in the figure shown below.

2. 20N60 Pins Symbol

• In order minimize the complications, each pins is assigned the first letter of its name, as a symbol.
• All the pins with corresponding symbols are listed in the table shown in the figure given below.

3. 20N60 Symbolic Representation

• Symbolic representation of an electronic device helps us to understand the internal structure with the help of a symbol and its theoretical use.
• 20N60 symbolic representation is given in the figure shown below.

4. 20N60 Pinout

• Before using any electronic device we must know about its pins configuration.
• Pinout diagram of an electronic device helps us to better understand the pin configurations of the particular device.
• I have already shred pinout diagrams of many IC's in Introduction to TL081, TL431, TL494, UA741, UC3843 and ULN2003, you ust have a look at these tutorials.
• 20-N-60 pinout diagram is given in the figure shown below.

5. 20N60 Ratings

• Ratings of a device tells us about the estimation of its power requirements.
• 20-N-60 ratings are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

6. 20N60 Features

• The features of a device are such parameters that can make it popular on the basis of their uniqueness.
• 20-N-60 some of the most common features are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

7. 20N60 Advantages

• Advantages play vital role in the device's importance.
• Advances basically help us to do our real life problems using a particular device.
• Advantages associated with 20-N-60 are listed in the table given in the figure shown below.

8. 20N60 Applications

• Applications area is very important for the importance of a product in today's market.
• Most of the devices are available on the basis of their applications, in the market these days.
• The common real life applications of 20-N-60 are provided in the table shown in the figure given below.

In the tutorial Introduction to 20N60, I have provided all the basic knowledge about the use of 20N60 power MOSFET. The discussion includes the pins related information, its features, application area, symbolic representation and pinout diagram. I hope you have enjoyed the tutorial and hoping for your appreciation ;) If you have any problem regarding any engineering related topic, you can ask us in comments anytime, Our team is always available for you to provide you with the better support. If you found something missing in this article, please let me know immediately. So that, I can update it correspondingly to avoid any kind of future inconvenience. I will share different interesting and informative topic in my upcoming tutorials. Till my next article take care and bye bye :)