The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 6n137

Hello Friends! I hope you are enjoying your life and having fun. Today, I am going to give you brief details on the Introduction to 6n137. It is a photocoupler that is used to transfer electrical signal with the help of light between two separated circuits. It consists of one chip photo IC and high emitting diode. It is a 8 pin device which comes in DIP package. I'll try to cover as many aspects as possible related to this photocoupler. Let's get started.

Introduction to 6n137

• 6n137 is a photocoupler also known as optocoupler that is used to connects the two electrically isolated circuits with the help of light.
• It consists of 8 pins where inputs and outputs terminals are electrically isolated which help in controlling the large power, current and AC voltages with small digital signal.
• It is great electronic device with is used for both AC and DC signals and allows low voltage signals, digital switch or PC's output port to control the devices like triacs and power transistors.
• 6n137 is widely used in energy generation and energy distribution.

• It is a main source of producing uninterruptible power supply and is incorporated with LED and photo-detector logic gate that features strobable output.
• Main purpose of this output is to exhibit an open collector which allows wired OR-outputs.
• The incorporated parameters operate with the temp range from -40 to 85 ºC.
• The 6n137 is best choice for input-output buffering and high speed logic interfacing.

6n137 Pin Configuration

6n137 consists of 8 pins where input and output terminals are electrically isolated. Function of each pin is described as follows 1: N.C                           5: GND 2: Anode                       6: Output 3: Cathode                    7: Enable 4: N.C                            8: Vcc

• A capacitor of 0.1uF should be connected between the pins 5 and 8.
• 6n137 is desgined in a perfect way to achieve TTL compatibility and exhibits maximum dc and ac circuit isolation.

Working of 6n137

• 6n137 consists of LED that converts electrical signal into light.
• It features closed optical channel which is also referred as dielectric channel and photosensor which helps in detecting the light and produces electric energy.
• The sensor can be triac, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), phototransistor, photodiode, or photoresistor.
• Because, LED not only helps in sensing light but also emits it.
• A sudden increase in voltage can be applied to power transmission lines and other electronic equipment. The main function of optocoupler is to block the sudden in voltage, so that latest surge in the voltage can not effect the other part of the circuit.
• This process was mainly used in the early isolation transformers, where inductive coupling was used between input and output that are electrically isolated.
• Both, optocouplers and transformers encompass reinforce protection i.e. they protect, both, the equipment and the user who is operating the equipment.
• Both come with a physical isolation barrier, but feature protection that is equivalent  to double isolation.

Truth Table

Truth table of 6n137 is shown in the figure below

• It is clear from picture when input and enable is high then output will be low.
• When input is low and enable is high then output will be high.
• Similarly when input is high and enable is low then output is high.
• When both, input and enable are low then output will be high.
• Basically 6n137 interconnects the input and output sides with the help of light.

Features

6n137 encompasses following features.

• Strobable output
• Logic gate output
• Wired OR-open collector
• U.L recongnized
• Fan-out of 8 over -40 to 85 ºC
• Double working voltage -480 V
• Superior CMR – 10 kV/µs
• Very high speed – 10 MBit/s

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of 6n137.

• It is important to note that if stresses are exceeded from absolute maximum rating, they can damage the device at large.
• Also, if stresses are applied for extended period of time above the recommended operating conditions, they can effect the device reliability.

Applications

• Ground loop elimination
• Data multiplexing
• LSTTL to TTL, LSTTL or 5-volt CMOS
• Computer-peripheral interface
• Switching power supplies
• Pulse transformer replacement
• Line receiver and data transmission

This is all about the optocoupler 6n137. I hope you have got the clear idea about this optocoupler i.e. what it does and what are its main application? However, if still you feel and doubt or question you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll try my best to resolve your query according to best of my expertise. Stay tuned!

Introduction to 2n6027

Hey Fellas! Hope you are doing great! I try my best to give you information that can help you excel in your field and put you ahead from others. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n6027. It is a uni-junction transistor that comes with UTC's advanced technology and provides high peak output voltage, low offset voltage, low gate to anode leakage current and forward voltage. I'll give a brief introduction about this transistor so you don't need to go anywhere for searching information regarding this transistor.

Introduction to 2n6027

• 2n6027 is a programmable uni-junction transistor (PUT) that is widely used in pulse and timing circuits, oscillator, and thyristor-trigger.
• Anode gate availability with this transistor makes it useful for special thyristor applications.
• It is referred as programmable because values like peak voltage Vp and intrinsic standoff ration ? can be programmed using two external transistor.

• 2n6027 comes in four layer construction and contains three junction and three terminals called anode, gate, cathode.
• Current won't be flowing as we bias the PUT properly because gate is positive with respect to cathode. However, PUT will turn ON when we increase the anode voltage and it will allow the PN junction to get forward biased.
• PUT will turn OFF as we decrease the value of anode voltage below cut off.

2n6027 Pinout

2n6027 is a unijunction programmable transistor that consists of three terminals 1: Anode 2: Gate 3: Cathode

• It is valuable for high volume requirements and comes in sophisticated inexpensive T-92 plastic package.
• It belongs to thyristor family and comes in four layer construction.

2n6027 Internal Block Diagram

Following figure shows the internal block diagram of 2n6027.

• It is clear from the figure that 2n6027 comes in four layered construction where first layer is P-layer that represents anode.
• The next layer is N-layer which is a gate.
• Third layer is left alone while fourth layer is again P-layer that represents the cathode.
• For external connection, ohmic connections are made on the cathode, gate and anode.

Features

• It encompasses following features
• Low Forward Voltage
• Low Offset Voltage
• Low Gate to Anode Leakage Current
• High Peak Output voltage

PUT Characteristics

Programmable uni-junction transistor characteristics represents the graph between anode current Ia and anode voltage Va.

• It is clear from the figure that positive voltage is applied to the anode and cathode is set to ground.
• The junction of two external resistor is connected to gate which constructs a voltage divider circuit.
• Values of two resisters help in determining the peak voltage and intrinsic standoff voltage.
• Anode to cathode voltage is directly proportional to the anode current i.e. when we increase voltage, current will increase and junction acts like a PN junction.
• The point at which anode to cathode Va voltage cannot be increased in called the saturation region. In this region maximum number of charges will be injected in the junction.
• Beyond this point anode voltage decreases and anode current increases. This also represents the negative resistance region and this characteristic can be used in the Oscillators.
• The point at which anode voltage cannot be reduced below minimum value, is called valley point.
• At this point, device will be fully saturated and junction will act like a saturated P-N junction.
• The point at which anode to cathode voltage enters the negative resistance region is called peak voltage. Peak voltage can be represented in the following equation.

Vp = 0.7V + Vg = 0.7V + VR1 = 0.7V + ?Vbb

• Here ? represents the intrinsic standoff ratio. and Vbb represents the total voltage houses in external resistor network.
• Intrinsic standoff ration is the ration between R1 and the sum of R1 and R2. It will determine how much voltage will drop across cathode and gate terminal of PUT.
• ? = R1/R1+R2

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of uni-junction programmable transistor

• Absolute maximum rating are also known as stress ratings.
• It is important to note that values given above are standard values.
• If values are exceeded from given value it can damage the device at large.
• If stresses are extended from the given operations conditions, they can harm the device reliability.
• Duty Cycle = 1%
• Anode positive, RGA=1000 ohms
• Anode negative, RGA=Open

Applications

• 2n6027 is widely used in oscillator circuits.
• It is used in pulse and timing circuit.
• It can be used as a thyristor-trigger.

That's all for today. I try my best to give you information in the slotted form so you can digest the information easily. I can understand when people feel overwhelmed and exhaused when they are bombarded with lots of ramdon information that is not fully organised. However, if still you feel any doubt or query in understanding the concept of PUT, I am there for you. Just ask me any question in the comment section below. I'll try my best to solve your query according to best of my expertise. Stay Tuned!

Introduction to 2n1711

Hey Everyone! I hope you are doing great. We always come with some awesome topics related to engineering so you can excel and progress in your relevant field. Today, I am going to give you a brief details on the Introduction to 2n1711. It is an NPN (Negative-positive-Negative) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which is mainly used for amplification and switching purpose. It encompasses low leakage current, high break down voltage, and low capacity which makes it useful over widely current range. I'll try to touch every aspect related to this transistor so you can get an idea what it does and what are its main applications? Let's get started.

Introduction to 2n1711

• 2n1711 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor which is mainly used for switching and amplification applications.
• It consists of three terminals called emitter base collector and comes in TO-39 case style.
• It is a current controlled device where small current at the base side is used to control large current at the emitter and collector side.
• 2n1711 is a bipolar device where conduction is carried out by movement of both charge carriers holes and electrons.
• When we apply positive voltage at the base side, it gets biased and allows to control large current at the emitter and collector side.

• Base is actually acts like a handle which actually controls the flow of electrons emitted by emitter.
• These electron are then collected by collector. So base is actually controlling the conduction from emitter to collector terminals.
• In this NPN transistor, emitter is heavily doped while base side is lightly doped.
• Base side is positive with respect to emitter and P layer of this transistor lies between the two N-doped layers.

2n1711 Pinout

2n1711 mainly consists of three terminals which are described below. 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector 

• Small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the emitter and collector side.
• This process of controlling large current with the help of small current is used for amplification purpose.
• This transistor is mainly composed of silicon.

Circuit Diagram of 2n1711

Circuit symbol of 2n1711 is shown in the figure below.

• This NPN transistor can be configured into three main configuration i.e common base configuration, common emitter configuration and common collector configuration.
• Common emitter configuration is widely used for amplification purpose because it features the required voltage and power gain for amplification purpose.
• This configuration allows the input to increase by 20dB which is nearly 100 times more than input signal.
• It is important to note that collector voltage is higher than the base voltage.
• Current at the emitter side is the combination of both base current and collector current.
• Main difference between emitter and collector is their size and doping concentration. Collector is lightly doped while emitter is highly doped.
• In this transistor, base current is always the smallest current while emitter current is always the largest current.
• Forward current gain of the transistor is represented by beta ß. It is actually an amplification factor, the value at which current is being amplified. It is the ratio between collector current to the base current. As it is a ratio between two currents so it features no unit.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Absolute maximum rating of 2n1711 is shown in the figure given below.

• These are the stress ratings of 2n1711. If values are exceeded from given values, it can harm the device at large.
• Collect base voltage is 75 V while collector emitter voltage is 50 V
• Maximum power it can dissipate is 3 W.

Mechanical Outline of 2n1711

Mechanical outline of 2n1711 is shown in the figure below.

• All dimensions are in mm.
• You must take these dimension into consideration before you intend  to make a circuit so these dimensions can properly fit into the circuits.

Applications

• 2n1711 is mainly used for amplification purpose.
• In most of the circuits it is also used as a simple switch. When base is biased with the help of voltage, it allows the current to flow from emitter to collector. And in this state transistor remains in ON mode and acts as an ON switch. When there is no bias involved at the base side, the switch will be OFF.

This is all about the 2n1711 BJT. I hope you have enjoyed the article. I try my best to give you information divided in small step so you can digest the information without much effort. If still you feel any doubt or question, you can ask me in the comment section below. Your suggestions and feedback will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned for next article!

Introduction to 2sc4793

Hey Guys! I aspire you a very happy and promising life. My job is to give you daily dose of information so you can stand out of the party. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 2sc4793. It is an NPN (Negative-positive-negative) bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which is mainly used for amplification and switching purpose. I'll give you a brief details about this transistor and try to cover as many aspects as possible related to this transistor. Let's hop on the board and explore what kind of transistor is this and what are its main applications? Let's get started.

Introduction to 2sc4793

• 2sc4793 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor where P-doped layer is sandwiched between the two N-doped layer.
• It is mainly three terminal device which comes in TO-220F package and exhibits high transition frequency.
• Three terminals are called emitter base and collector.
• P layer of this transistor is behaved like a base while other two N layers represent collector and emitter receptively.
• As it is an NPN transistor, so base is positive with respect to emitter.
• It is a current controlled device where small current at the base side is used to control the large amount of current at the emitter and collector side.

• Unlike FETs(Field effect transistors), it is a bipolar device, where conduction is carried by the movement of both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes.
• Sometimes you can see these transistor separated but most of the time they are incorporated in tiny integrated circuit.
• This transistor is widely used in many electronic application but mostly it is used for amplification and switching purpose.

2sc4793 Pinout

2sc4793 bipolar junction transistor mainly consists of three terminals. 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter

• The small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the collector and emitter side.
• The ability of base current to control emitter and collector current is used for amplification purpose.
• This silicon transistor is mainly remained in ON state when current flows from emitter to collector.

Circuit Diagram of 2sc4793

Following figure shows the circuit symbol of 2sc4793.  

• As it is an NPN transistor, so base is positive as compared to emitter.
• In most NPN transistors, emitter side is heavily doped because its job is to emit number of electrons while base side is lightly doped because its job is to control the number of electrons emitted from the emitter side.
• These injected electrons are then collected by the collector. Hence, base controls the overall conductivity of the path between emitter and collector.
• Forward current gain of this transistor can be represented as Beta ß.
• It is a ratio between collector current and base current and it exhibits no units.
• Sometimes it is referred as a amplification factor because small change in base current causes a large change in collector current.
• Beta value ranges between 20 to 1000. Standard value in most of the cases is 200.
• The current gain of the transistor is represented by alpha a and it is a ratio between collector current and emitter current.
• Alpha value of transistor ranges between 0.95 to 0.99, however in most of the cases alpha value is considered as one.
• When voltage is applied at the base side, it gets biased and allows the current to flow from emitter to collector.
• When there in no voltage at the base side, transistor will be OFF, in case of positive voltage at the base, transistor is considered as ON.

Absolute Maximum Rating of 2sc4793

Absolute maximum rating of 2sc4793 is shown in the figure below.

• Both, collector-base and collector-emitter voltage are 230 V. Collector current is 1 A and base current is 0.1 A. Maximum power it can dissipate is about 20 W.
• These are the standard stress rating. Values above these standard operating conditions can damage the device and can effect device reliability.

Applications

• 2sc4793 is widely used in many electronic circuits as a voltage and power amplifiers.
• It is also used as switch in most circuits, because it exhibits high transition frequency.

That's all for today. Hope you have enjoyed the article and got a clear idea about this BJT. However, if still you feel any doubt or have any query, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll try my best to resolve your query according to best of my expertise. Your feedback and suggestion will be highly appreciated. It will allow us to give you quality work that resonates with your needs and expectations. Stay tuned!

Introduction to Lm324n

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing great and having fun. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to Lm324n. It is a seven pin operational amplifier that comes in discrete and compact single package. It is a high gain voltage amplifier, where output voltage signal is much higher than the input voltage signal. I'll try my best to cover as many aspects as possible related to this operational amplifier so you don't need to go any where and you find all information at one place. Let's get started. [otw_is sidebar=otw-sidebar-7]

Introduction to Lm324n

• Lm324n is a high gain voltage amplifier that comes with differential input and single ended output.
• It is designed in such a way, that the voltage difference between input terminals creates an output signal of much larger magnitude.

 

• It consists of four independent op-amp that are incorporated in a single 14 pin DIP package.
• Operational amplifiers are the initial devices that were used in analog computer to perform many mathematical operations in many nonlinear and linear circuits.
• Lm324n mostly operates on a single power supply and with wide range of voltages.
• We can also operate this device on a split power supply however, supply current drain doesn't depend on the strength of supply voltage.
• The characteristic of this circuit, its band width, impedance, and input don't effect manufacturing variations and temperature coefficient because this op-amp exhibits negative feedback.
• Op-amp are widely used in many electronic applications as oscillator, rectifier and comparators  and are most common scientific devices these days.
• Output voltage of this amplifier goes to ground and it also allows direct sensing ground. Lm324n is compatible with all forms of logic circuits.
• Power drain incorporated in this amplifier is suitable for battery operation.
• In the linear mode of operation, voltage ranges between ground and out put voltage.
• The unity gain cross frequency and input bias current of this amplifier is temperature compensated.

• Normally operational amplifiers amplifies the difference between the input voltage which is normally called the differential input voltage.
• The differential inputs of this amplifier consists of inverting input voltage with V_ and non-inverting input voltage with V+. The output of the this op-amp is given by

V(out)= AoL(V+ _ V_)

• Here AoL represents the open loop gain of the amplifier. As it is an open loop gain so it doesn't contain feedback from output to the input.
• The magnitude of AoL is very high sometimes goes to 100,000, so small difference between non-inverting and inverting voltages magnifies the output voltage to nearly supply voltage.
• A state in which output voltage is equal or greater than input supply voltage is called saturation state of the amplifier.
• It is important to note magnitude of open loop gain of the amplifier can not be controlled by the manufacturing process, so open loop amplifier can not be used as a standalone differential amplifier.
• Op-amp is behaved like a comparator in the absence of negative feedback.
• If positive voltage is applied at the non-inverting terminal and inverting terminal is set to ground with the help of resister, then the output will turn out to be maximum positive and if negative voltage is applied on the non-inverting terminal the output voltage will be maximum negative.

Lm324n Pinout

Pinout of Lm324n is shown in the figure below.

• It mainly consists of 14 pins. Function of each pin is shown in the figure below.

• Lm324n operates on a single power supply and contains true differential inputs that operate in linear mode.
• It can operate over a multiple range of power supply voltage which have little impact on performance characteristics.
• At 25 ºC, Lm324n can operate over a minimum voltage supply of 2.3V.

Absolute Maximum Rating Lm324n

Absolute maximum rating of Lm324n is shown in the figure below.  

• It is important to note that input voltage shown in the figure above will only exist when voltage at any input terminals is driven negative.
• This happens because collector base junction of PNP transistors turns to forward biased mode, which ultimately behaves as input diode clamps.
• This transistor action allows the output voltage oscillates between positive voltage supply and ground.
• It will only happen between the time duration when input is driven negative.
• Short circuits from output to the positive supply voltage can create excessive heating which ultimately damages the device.

Functional Block Diagram

Following figure shows the functinal block diagram of Lm324n.

• There is no need of diodes for differential voltage protection because large differential input voltages don't exhibit large current.
• The differential input voltage can exceed from input positive voltage without harming the device.
• However, protection must be needed in order to avoid input voltage from going too negative below than _ 0.3 V. A simple diode with resistor can be used as a protection on the input of voltage terminals.
• In order to minimum the power drain, these amplifies have Class A output stage for small signals which evidently convert to Class B out put stage for large signals.
• This action causes the amplifiers to sink and source the large current. Both, NPN and PNP resistors can be used to increase the power intensity of the basic amplifiers.
• In most of the AC application, output of the load is capacitively connected with amplifier, A resistor must be connected to the amplifier out put and ground in order to avoid crossover distortion and to enhance class A bias current.
• No cross over distortion is observed when out put load is directly connected with the amplifier.

Applications

• Lm324n is widely used in transducer amplifiers.
• DC gain blocks and conventional amplifiers circuits are mainly consists of Lm324n.
• It can be used as a rectifier, oscillator and comparator.

That's all for today. I hope you have got a clear idea about this amplifier. However, if you have any question or query regarding this amplifier, you can ping me a comment in the section below. I'll try my best to help you in this regard. Stay tuned!

Introduction to 2sc4617

Hey Fellas! Hope you are doing great. I am here to give you the daily dose of information relating to engineering and technology. Today, I am going to give you the details on the Introduction to 2sc4617. It is an NPN (negative-positive-negative) transistor which is used for general purpose amplification. This component comes in SC-75/SOT-416 sealed package which is mostly used for low power applications. I am going to explain the brief overview of 2sc4617. Let's get started.

Introduction to 2sc4617

• 2sc4617 is a three terminal NPN silicon transistor which consists of two N doped layers which cover one P doped layer. It is a bipolar transistor which is usually used for amplification purpose.
• Small amount of base current is used to handle the large current on the emitter and collector side.
• Supply voltage at collector is positive with respect to emitter.
• Free movements of electrons from its base side is used to control the current between emitter and collector.
• This device comes in a compact form, that it reduces the space to put all device in one place.
• Most of the old transistors were made of germanium. New transistor are made up of silicon.
• In the ON state of the transistor, current will flow from emitter to collector.
• The voltage between collector and base is 50 V and is denoted by Vcb.

• The voltage between collector and emitter is also 50V and is denoted by Vce.
• Collector current is 100mA and is denoted by Ic.
• Maximum power dissipation is 125 mW.
• Whole device comes in a sealed form and is placed on the glass epoxy printed circuit.

2sc4617 Pinout

Pinout of 2sc4617 silicon transistor is shown in the figure below. This transistor consists of three terminals. 1: Base 2: Emitter 3: Collector

• Transistor 2sc4617 is also known as current operated device.
• It is mainly used for amplification purpose.
• The way base current effects the emitter and collector current is used for amplification purpose.

 

Circuit Symbol of 2sc4617

Circuit symbol of 2sc4617 is shown in the figure given below.

• 2sc4617 is an NPN transistor, and it will source the base current to the transistor.
• Base of the transistor is more positive than emitter.
• Current at the emitter side is equal to the sum of current at the base and collector side.
• The measure of number of electrons that pass from base to collector is called transistor efficiency.
• Base is lightly doped and emitter is heavily doped that will allow the electron to move from emitter to base more than it will allow the holes from base to emitter.
• Ratio between collector current and base current is called forward current gain. It has a standard value of 200.
• Forward current gain is represented by beta ß.
• Value of beta ranges between 20 to 1000.
• Ratio between collector current to the emitter current is called current gain of the transistor and it is denoted by alpha a.
• Value of alpha ranges between 0.95 to 0.99. However, most of the cases value of alpha is considered as unity.
• Transistors are always operate in forward biased mode. If we interchange emitter and collector and makes it reverse biased, then the value of alpha and beta will be much lesser than they will be in forward biased mode.
• This NPN transistor  has low impedance at the base side.

Maximum Rating of 2sc4617

Maximum current and voltage rating of 2sc4617 is given in the figure below.

• The voltage between collector and base is 50 V and the voltage between collector and emitter is also 50V.
• Collector current is 100mA and is denoted by Ic.
• Rating given above, if increased from given limits, can damage the device at large.

Thermal Characteristics of 2sc4617

Thermal features of this bipolar transistor is given below.

• Power dissipation is 125mW.
• These thermal characteristics are  important for tuning your circuit requirements.

Electrical Characteristics of 2sc4617

Electrical characteristics are of great value. They are shown in the figure below.  

• It is important to note that, these electrical characteristics don't indicate the overall performance of this device.
• These electrical characteristics are measured at the temperature of 25 ºC

Applications

• 2sc4617  is mostly used in coin processing machines.
• They are widely used in PLC (programmable logic controllers)
• Used for controlling DC and servo motors
• Used for general purpose amplification.

That's all for today. I have tried my best to explain each and everything regarding this 2sc4617 transistor. However, if you still find any difficulty in understanding the concept of this transistor, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll be happy to help you in this regard. Thanks for reading the article. Stay tuned for next article. Good Bye!

Introduction to 2n4391

Hey everyone! Hope you all are doing great. Today, I am going to give you the details on the Introduction to 2n4391. It is a simple N type JFET (Junction field effect transistor) which consists of three terminals called drain, source and gate and are denoted by D, S and G receptively. It is mostly used in analog switches and current limiters. I am going to give you a brief details on this transistor. Let's get started.

Introduction to 2n4391

• 2n4391 is a field effect transistor that consists of three terminals known as drain, source and gate.
• It is called field effect transistors because static field performs as important part in the operation of this transistor.
• Unlike normal transistors, it is a voltage controlled device as it doesn't require any biasing current to control large amount of current.
• It conducts, when current flows between drain and source terminals.
• A JFET is considered fully ON as long as no potential difference appears between source and gate terminals. Similarly, applying a negative gate-source voltage will turn off JFET.
• It restricts the flow of current if there appears any potential difference between source and gate terminals.

• A JFET comes in two types, N type and P type channel. 2n4391 is a N type JFET where voltage at the source terminal is greater than the voltage at gate terminal.
• 2n4391 is composed of semiconductor material which contains negative charge carriers such as electrons.
• In JFET, the flow of current is handled by limiting the channel through which current is flowing.
• Current also has a large effect on the electric field between drain and source.
• 2n4391 comes with high speed analog circuit performance and low error voltage.
• It has excellent accuracy, good frequency response that eliminates the additional buffering.

2n4391 Pinout

Pinout of field effect transistor 2n4391 is shown in the figure given below: 2n4391 consists of three terminals 1: Drain  2: Source 3: Gate

• It will conduct when current flows between drain and source terminals.
• In this N type FET voltage at the gate terminal is used to handle the current flowing through the device.

Working of 2n4391

• Movement of election plays an important role in the operation of all transistors.
• Conducting channel in this N type JEFT is made by field effect process.

 

• In N-type JFET, flow of electrons between source and drain is restricted by the number of holes in the gate terminal.
• However, an electric filed is generated when we apply positive voltage at the gate terminal. It results in the flow of electrons from source to drain terminal, that ultimately switches on the transistor.

 

• Current is generated by the addition of "field effect", that's why these transistors are named as field effect transistors.
• Coating silicon layers with metal oxide gives this component a different name called MOSFET ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor).

 

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2n4391

Absolute maximum ratings of this N type JFET is given in the figure below.

• Gate-Drain and Gate-Source voltage is -40V.
• Gate current is 10mA.
• It is important to note that ratings more than given on the above table can damage the device at large.
• These are the stress rating that can be implied duration the operation of this JFET.
• Similarly, if these rating are implied more than given time period, they can effect the reliability of device.

Comparison between JFET and Bipolar Junction Transistors

• JFET are like normal transistors with some exceptions. In case of JFET, layers of N-type silicon material are coated with metal and oxide and they are placed in a different way than normal transistors.
• Normal junction transistors are bipolar transistors i.e. they will conduct by the movement of electrons and holes in transistors.
• JFET are uni-polar transistors, i.e. they either conduct with the movement of electron in N type transistors or movement of holes in P type transistors.
• Both junction transistors and JFET come with great accuracy, show instant operation and both are robust and cheap.
• However, in most of the electronic application JFET evidently replace bipolar transistors.

Applications

• It is a good choice for specialized amplifier circuits and analog switching application.
• It is mostly used in commutators and choppers.

That's all for today. I hope you have got a clear idea of this N type JFET. However, if still you feel any doubt or have any question regarding this FET, I'd glad to help you in this regard. Your suggestions and feedbacks will be highly appreciated. Stay tuned!

Introduction to 2sa1215

Hey Everyone! I hope you all are having fun and looking forward for happy weekend. I am here to give you a daily dose of sound knowledge so you can develop some skills in engineering field. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 2sa1215. It is bipolar silicon PNP (positive-negative-positive) transistor. It is made up of two layers of P doped material and one layer of N doped material. I'll give you the brief overview of this device, what it does and what are its major applications? Let's hop on the board and dive into the details of this PNP transistor.

Introduction to 2sa1215

• 2sa1215 is a bipolar PNP silicon transistor where one layer of N doped material lies between the two layers of P doped material.
• The small current at the base side is used to handle the large current at the emitter and collector side.
• In PNP transistor, P side represents the polarity of voltage at the emitter side which is positive and N represents the polarity of base side which is negative. In PNP transistor, Emitter is always positive with respect to base.

• 2sa1215 has a current gain that ranges between 50 to 180.
• Some people get deceived by the dust like surface on this transistor, which actually is not a dust, but an anti-static powder.
• It is also called high frequency multi emitter transistor.

2sa1215 Pinout

Pinout of 2sa1215 is shown in the figure below. 2sa1215 consists of three terminals 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter

• Current will flow from collector to emitter and current carries are holes.
• Sometimes 2s prefix is not written on the component. 2sa1215 can be written as A1215.
• 2sc2921 is the complementary NPN transistor of 2sa1215.
• 2sa1215 can be replaced by 2sa1493, or 2sa1216

Circuit Symbol 2s1215

Circuit symbol of 2s1215 is shown in the figure below. It is made up of two P layers and one N layer.

• Polarity at the emitter side is positive as compared to base and collector.
• Base comes with negative polarity with respect to emitter.
• Small current at the base side is used to handle the large current at the collector and emitter.
• PNP also works similar to NPN, but in case of PNP current direction will be reversed and current carriers used in case of PNP will be holes rather than electrons that are current carriers in NPN transistors.
• Current at the emitter side is equal to the sum of current at base and collector side.

Maximum Rating of 2sa1215

Maximum rating of 2sa1215 is shown in the figure below.  

• Collector base voltage is 160 V and is denoted by Vcb.
• Collector emitter voltage is also 160 and is denoted by Vce.
• Power dissipation of this transistor is 150W.
• Collector current and base current are 15 A and 4 A repectively.
• Transition frequency is 50MHZ.

 

How to Identify Genuine 2s1215

There are genuine and fake (Chinese) transistors out there. However, you don't need to worry about that, I am going to give you three ways by which you can check if transistor is genuine of fake.

• 1: Genuine copy of transistor 2s1215 comes with a weight of 18.4g, which its Chinese copy only weighs 15.7g.
• 2: Genuine copy consists of two layer metal heat sink, while Chinese copy only consists of one layer metal heat sink.
• 3: Transistors can also be classified on the basis of their output. Genuine copy gives good output, while in case of Chinese copy, output is broken.

Difference between NPN and PNP transistors

• Both NPN and PNP transistors works in a similar way with the exception that Base is positive in case of NPN transistor and is negative in case of PNP transistor. NPN transistor sources the current from its base to the transistor while in case of PNP it sinks the current into its base side.
• NPN and PNP are also different with respect to medium used to carry current. Current carriers in NPN transistors are electrons while current carries are holes in case of PNP transistors. Holes are collected by the collector.

Applications

• It can be used for high audio output stage.
• It is also used as general purpose amplifier and for switching applications.

That's all for today. I hope you have got an idea of this PNP transistor. If you have any question you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll try my best to resolve your query as soon as possible. Thanks for reading the article. Get ready for next article. Till then, stay happy and blessed. Good Bye!

Introduction to 5n50

Hey Everyone! I hope you are doing great. I am back to give you daily dose of information so you can excel in your life. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 5n50. It is an N-Channel MOSFET which is designed to obtain high switching performance and minimum on state resistance in an effective way. It is a unipolar device which comes with three terminals called drain gate and source. I'll try to cover everything in detail related to this N-Channel MOSFET. Let's hop on the board and dive in the details to unlock the features of this transistor.

Introduction to 5n50

• 5n50 is an N-Channel MOSFET that comes in advanced DMOS, planer stripe technology.
• It is designed to achieve high switching performance. As it is an N-Channel MOSFET, so here conduction will be carried out by the movement of electrons.
• 5n50 usually consists of three terminals called source gate and drain. Conduction is achieved when electron emit from the source terminal and collected by the drain terminal.
• Conducting path between drain and source is called channel. Small positive voltage at the gate terminal is used to control the conduction between drain and source terminal.

• As we increase the initial input voltage at the gate terminal it will allow the conduction path between source and drain to increase, hence helps in increasing the overall conductivity of the channel.
• In this MOSFET, gate is practically isolated from drain and source and there lies an insulating layer between the gate and the body of the transistor. Sometimes it is referred as IGFET( Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor), as gate is insulated and draws no current.

5n50 Pinout

This N-Channel MOSFET consists of three terminals which are given below. 1: Source 2: Gate 3: Drain  

• Voltage at the gate terminal is used to control the conduction between source and drain. And conduction is carried out by the movement of electrons.
• It comes in three different package named as TO-220, TO-252 and TO-262 receptively.
• All three types come with same characteristics but with different power dissipation values.

Working of 5n50

• As it is N-Channel MOSFET, so conduction will be done by the movement of electrons.
• In 5n50, the drain and source are composed of N type material while body and substrate is composed of P type material.
• The gate of this transistor is used composed of layer of poly-silicon.
• The addition of silicon dioxide on the layer of substrate gives the typical metal oxide semiconductor construction. MOS.
• The layer of silicon dioxide is a dielectric material so it will act as a capacitor where one of its electrodes will be replaced by the semiconductor.

• As we apply positive voltage at the MOS composition, it will alter the charge distribution in the semiconductor. With the addition of positive voltage, the holes present under the oxide layer will encounter a force and allow the holes to move downward. The depletion region will be accumulated by the bound negative charges which are connected with acceptors atoms.
• The accumulation of electrons at the p-type substrate increases the conductivity between the source and drain. At this point the electrical properties of p-type substrate will consistently inverts, allowing the substrate to change into n-type material.
• The addition of positive voltage at the gate terminal will control the movement of electron in the conducting channel between source and drain. The more we increase the voltage the more it will increase the overall width of conducting channel, hence ultimately increases the conductivity of transistor.
• Main advantage of this transistor over other bipolar junction transistor is that it needs no input current to handle the load current.

Maximum Ratings 5n50

Following figures shows the absolute maximum rating of 5n50.

• Drain-Source voltage is 500 V.
• Drain current is 5 A.
• Power dissipation is 38, 54, 125 W for different composition of MOSFET that comes  in three forms TO-220, TO-252, TO-262 repectively.

Applications

• 5n50 is an N-Channel MOSFET which is widely used in many electronic applications.
• It is used in active power factor correction.
• The ability of transistor to change its conductivity by the addition of positive voltage at the gate terminal is used for efficient amplification purpose.
• It is useful in many efficient power supplies where high switching is required.
• Some electronic lamps use this MOSFET for driving purpose.

That's all for today. If you have any query or question you can ask me in the comment section below. I'll try my best to help you in this regard. Thanks for reading the article. Stay Tuned for next article!

Introduction to 1n4733a

Hey Fellas! I hope you are enjoying your life with love, care and passion. Today I'm going to give you the details on the Introduction to 1n4733a. It is a Zener Diode which works similar to normal diode with only exception, it can also conduct in reverse biased condition. Zener diodes are considered as a basic building components for many electronic circuits. I will try my best to give you the details on almost every feature of this zener diode so you don't need to go anywhere for finding the information regarding this zener diode. Let's get started.

Introduction to 1n4733a

• 1n4733a is a normal p-n junction diode which allows the current to flow in both directions i.e. forward direction and reverse direction.
• In other words, it conducts in both ways i.e. when it is forward biased, also when it is reverse biased.
• In order to conduct in reverse biased condition, reverse breakdown voltage must be achieved.
• Over a wide range of voltages, voltage drop across the zener diode doesn't change which makes it ideal for using for voltage regulation purpose.
• Unlike normal diodes, zener diodes work in breakdown region and are best for generating reference voltage.

• This zener diode comes with a highly doped p-n junction and sealed glass package that gives solid protection in all common atmospheric conditions.
• It is widely used to prevent the electronic circuits from over voltage.
• 1n4733a comes with different voltage rating ranging from 3.3 V to 91 V.
• It offers double slug construction which is corrosion resistant. And the leads that come with this zener diode are easily solderable and can withstand the maximum temperature up to 230 C.
• It encompasses excellent working characteristics and have power of 1 W.  The voltage tolerance appears to be 5%.

Working of 1n4733a

• Working principle of this zener diode is similar to common diode with slight difference.
• Zener diode In4733a acts like a normal diode in forward biased condition.
• It exhibits a turn on voltage that ranges between 0.3 to 0.7 V.
• It only conducts in the reverse direction when reverse voltage reaches to the breakdown voltage, allowing the current to flow from cathode to anode.
• Current reaches to maximum and stabilizes itself after a certain amount of time over a wide range of applied voltage which makes it suitable for using as a voltage stabilizer.
• Voltage breakdown occurs due to the Zener breakdown effect. It may also occur due to impact ionization. Both mechanism occur at 5.5 V., encompass same feature and don't need different circuitry in order to work perfectly. However, temperature coefficient of both mechanisms is different. Zener effect shows negative temperature coefficient and impact ionization shows postitive temperature coefficient. Both effects cancel each other at 5.5 V, making the zener diode achieve the most stable state over a wide range of temperatures.

Zener 1n4733a used for different Purposes

Zener diodes have a wide range of application specially when it comes to voltage regulation. This zener diode comes with many specifications and applied to electrical circuits in different forms as follow.

As a Voltage Regulator

• Zener diodes are useful to regulate the voltage in many small circuits. When zener diode is connected in parallel with the voltage in reverse biased mode, it will start conduction when voltage equals to a breakdown voltage.

• In the above figure, source voltage is applied in parallel with the diode. It will perfectly decrease the output voltage from its input, while keeping the breakdown voltage constant over a wide range of source voltage. Output voltage will remain stable, even the fluctuation in source input voltage won't effect the output voltage due to constant breakdown voltage.

Waveform Clipper

• Zener diodes are also used as a wavefrom clipper when they are connected in series. Following is the figure of two zener diodes connected in series.

• When zener are connected in series, it allows the waveform to clip from both ends of the cycle i.e. positive end of the cycle and also negative end of the cycle.
• Zener diodes connected in series also prevent the high voltage spikes at the end of the output signal, allowing the reshaping of output voltage.

Voltage Shifter

• Zener diode can also use for shifting the output voltage.
• When it applies as a voltage shifter, it drops down the output voltage by the quantity equal to breakdown voltage.

That's all for today. I hope you have now got a clear idea about working principle of 1n4733a and how it is used for different purposes. However, if you have any confusion, you can ping me a message in the comment section below, I'll be glad to help you in this regard. Your feedback and suggestions will be highly appreciated. Brace yourself for next article. Stay Blessed!