The Engineering Projects

Introduction to ULN2803

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. I always take pleasure to keep you updated with valuable information related to information and technology. Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to ULN2803 which is a relay driver that comes with a high-voltage and high-current Darlington transistor array. In order to obtain higher current capability, the Darlington pairs are connected in a parallel configuration. The component is incorporated with eight NPN Darlington pairs, featuring high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes that are directly related to switching inductive loads. Each Darlington pair features a decent amount of collector-current rating i.e. around 500 mA. You must have a look at ULN2003 which is almost similar to this IC but comes with 16 pins and can handle 7 relays at a time. In this post, I'll cover each and everything related to this driver IC: its main features, pinout, working, and applications. Let's dive in.

Introduction to ULN2803

ULN2803 is a high-voltage and high-current Darlington transistor array and is mainly used as a relay driver with an ability to handle 8 relays at a time. It comes with a collector-emitter voltage around 50 V and input voltage residing at 30 V.

• Before we move further, we must know what is Darlington transistor? It is commonly known as Darlington pair which is nothing but a combination of two bipolar transistors featuring a compound design and is connected back to back where current amplified by the first transistor is again amplified by the second one.

This shape delivers a much higher current gain as compared to each transistor taken separately. It works on the simple amplification principle happening in the regular transistor where a small base is used to make the pair switch for higher switching currents.

• This Darlington transistor mainly operates at 5V  and is based on TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor).

The NPN transistors forming arrays are useful for both: interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry and achieving the higher current/voltage requirements in a wide range of applications including printer hammers, lamps, relays, consumer and industrial applications.

• The device shows open–collector outputs and freewheeling clamp diodes that turn out to be very handy for transient suppression.

ULN2803 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout of ULN2803. It comes with 8 input pins and 8 output pins.

Pin Configuration

Pin number from 1 to 8 is a Channel 1 through 8 Darlington base input while pin number from 11 to 18 is Channel 1 through 8 Darlington base output. Similarly, 9 and 10 pins are ground and common cathode node (Vcc) respectively. It is important to note that common emitter is shared by all the channels. Following table shows the pin configuration of ULN2803.

ULN2803 Logic Diagram

Following figure shows the logic diagram of ULN2803. It is a visual representation and arrangement of how the diodes are connected in the component. Following figure shows the schematic diagram of each Darlington pair. You can see how the resistors and diodes are connected with each other. And the amplified output of one resistor is further amplified by the second resistor, giving a whopping amount of current gain which is difficult for the individual diode to achieve if incorporated separately.

ULN2803 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of this component. These are the stress ratings which if exceed from absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device at large, ultimately affecting the overall nature and performance of the project.

• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.

Steps and measurements taken in the early stages of your project can save you from the atrocities of spending more in case the electronic circuit gets affected.

• It is preferred to check these ratings before placing the device in the circuit and make sure these ratings are quite in line and match exactly as defined by the manufacturer.

Applications

ULN2803 comes with a variety of advantages with a common application as a relay driver. Following are some major applications of this Darlington array.

• LED display
• Hammer Drivers
• Motor driver circuits like DC Motors or Stepper Motors
• IP Camera
• Lamp Drivers
• Stepper Motors
• Logic Buffers
• Line Drivers
• HVAC Valve and LED Dot Matrix

This is all for today. I hope you have found this read valuable. If you have any question, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Your feedback and suggestions are a valuable asset for us. Based on them, we develop our content strategy, so keep them coming. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to CD4047

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. In this platform, we always strive to keep updated with valuable information related to engineering and technology. Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to CD4047. It is a CMOS Low Power monostable/astable multivibrator mainly used for converting DC current signal to AC signal. This inverter proves to be very handy in some countries where load-shedding creates a significant problem as it comes with an ability to store electrical energy and discharge it in the absence of main electrical power. In this tutorial, I'll cover the entire details on this inverter, its main features, working, and applications. Let's dive in and explore everything you need to know about this inverter.

Introduction to CD4047

CD4047 is a CMOS Low Power monostable/astable multivibrator mainly used for converting DC current signal to AC signal. It comes with a high voltage rating around 20-V.

• CD4047 is a 14 pin IC that operates on a logic techniques with an ability to allow negative or positive edge-triggered monostable multivibrator action layered with retriggering and external counting options.

Accurate and complemented buffered output with low power consumption make this IC an ideal choice for Frequency Division and Time Delay applications. The internal power-on reset circuit is added on the IC and fast recovery time makes it an independent from the pulse width.

• There is a sheer difference involved when IC works in monostable and astable mode. In monostable mode, the inverter needs a trigger signal for generating the output pulse, but an astable multivibrator doesn't require trigger signal for every output pulse. More often than not, an astable multivibrator can be called as an oscillator.

CD4047 Features

No matter what type of operation this IC undergoes, an external resistor is permanently connected between RC-Common and R timing terminals and an external capacitor is connected between RC-Common and C timing terminals. The following figure shows the main features of this IC.

Features
Low Power Consumption Noise Resistance Generate both Monostable and Astable operation Symmetrical buffered output characteristics One resistor and one capacitor is used externally
Monostable Features
Output pulse width doesn't dependent on trigger pulse duration Pulse width expansion with retrigger option The positive and negative edge trigger option is available
Astable Features
Creates 50% duty cycle Free running operating modes Oscillator output Impressive frequency stability

CD4047 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout diagram of CD4047.

• There are 14 pins available on the IC where Vss is a ground pin and Vdd is a voltage supply pin. There are six inputs including trigger', trigger, astable, astable', external reset and retrigger. While buffer outputs include three outputs mentioned as Q, Q', and Oscillator.

Both astable and astable' take part for triggering the operation by keeping high level on the former and low level on the later.

• The IC behaves as a gatable multivibrator if complement pulses on the astable' and true pulses are applied on the astable pins.

The CD4047 will be only triggering in a monostable state when a positive edge appears on the +trigger with -trigger keeping low.

CD4047 Pin Description

As mentioned earlier there are 14 pins on the IC interface with every pin is used with a specific purpose. Folloiwng table shows the pin description of each pin.

Pin#	Pin Name	Pin Description
1	C	Connected to an external capacitor
2	R	Connected to an external resistor
3	R-C Common	Common pin for establishing a connection with resistor and capacitor
4	Astable'	Must be kept low when used in astable mode
5	Astable	Must be kept high when used in astable mode
6	-Trigger	High to Low transition will be given to this pin when used in Monostable mode
7	Vss	Ground Pin
8	+Trigger	Low to high transition will be given to this pin when used in Monostable mode
9	EXT Reset	External reset triggers when a high pulse is provided to this pin, resetting the output Q to low and Q’ to high
10	Q	Generates high output
11	Q'	It is an inverse output of pin 10, producing a low output
12	Retrigger	This pin is used in Monostable mode for simultaneously retriggering +trigger and –trigger pin
13	Osc Out	Generate oscillated output
14	Vdd	Voltage supply pin

CD4047 Working in Monostable and Astable Mode

CD4047 is a low power inverter that comes with an ability to operate in both states: astable or monostable mode. In astable mode, it operates by charging a capacitor using a valuable resistor that is mainly used to adjust the output frequency near 50Hz. Monostable Mode In Monostable Mode, an external resistor must be connected between Pin 1 & 3 of the IC that helps in determining the output pulse width. We will be using +trigger and –trigger Pin in this mode. Both pins will generate the Monostable output when we provide High to Low transition at –trigger Pin and Low to High transition at +trigger Pin. The following formula is used to determine the frequency at Pin 10 & 11

f = 1 / 8.8 x R*C

Astable mode As mentioned earlier in astable mode, the inverter needs a trigger signal for generating the output pulse. The output frequency is determined when a single capacitor is connected between PIN 2 and 3. The IC will be operating is an Astable mode when we apply  HIGH on Pin 5 and LOW on Pin 4, generating the output toggling between HIGH and LOW. The oscillated output frequency on Pin 13 can be determined using the following formula

F = 1 / 4.4 x R*C

Similarly, the formula to find the time it takes to generate pulse will be given as:

t = 2.48 x R*C

Applications

This inverter comes with a wide range of applications that are mainly related to DC to AC conversion. Following are the main applications it can be used for.

• Frequency division
• Frequency multiplication
• Timing delay applications
• Timing circuits
• Frequency discriminators

That’s all for today. I hope this article has helped you got a complete overview of CD4047 and the main functions associated with it. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to assist you in any way I can. Feel free to give your feedback and suggestions that help us provide you quality work based on your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing well. I always feel pleasure to keep you updated with information related to engineering and technology. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to LED. The LED stands for Light-emitting diode. LED is a PN-junction diode mainly used as the source of light.

The LED has a leg over common orthodox incandescent light in terms of efficiency, low consumption power, compact size, longer range and an ability to retain the quality for a longer period of time. It comes with a wide variety of applications ranging from automotive headlamps, camera flashes, aviation lighting, traffic signal, and medical devices.

In this post, I'll try to cover each and everything related to LED, so you don't need to wrestle your mind browsing the whole internet and find all the information in one place. Let's dive in and get down to the detail of this little semiconductor component.

Introduction to LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LED is a PN-junction diode that is mainly used as a replacement for incandescent lights. It is based on the electroluminescence effect - A process where a diode converts electric current to light when electrons change their state inside the LED semiconductors.

The PN-junction is nothing but a combination of both N-type and P-type semiconductor materials. The material forming the junction diode is not identical to other mainstream didoes, as it comes with a transparent package, allowing the infrared and visible light to pass through the junction.

• The LED contains two terminals known as anode and cathode. The former contains a positive charge on it and comes with the longer lead as compared to others, and later contains a negative charge on it.

LED will be working under one condition: the anode terminal should be put at a higher potential than the cathode terminal as current flows from anode to cathode (positive to negative). LED won't conduct if the respective terminals are connected in reverse order.

• LEDs, also known as infrared-emitting diodes, are very helpful in a wide range of applications. The experts were always in a need of creating an alternative to regular bulbs that turned out to be expensive and less efficient. The first experiment on electroluminescence was conducted in 1907, followed by a number of experiments later on that resulted in the development of visible light.

The brightness of every LED depends on the current drawn by it - the most the current drawn the more brightness will be.

There is a threshold set for the current every LED can withstand, increasing it from the rated value will burn the LED.

In the start, LEDs came with Infrared low-intensity light that grooved their way in the remote control applications, mainly targeting consumer electronics. In that time, the Red light was mainly used in the LED, however, in 2002 the experts succeeded in adding the White light to the LED semiconductor.

• The LED underwent through a number of tests and experiments and evolved over the years, however, recent LEDs come with different wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet, visible, to infrared wavelengths, producing light with high brightness.

The efficiency by which the LED converts electricity into the light is remarkable which makes it an ideal choice in the computer chip technology, adding an extra layer of both efficiency and robustness.

Note: The LED is not symmetrical in nature, allowing current to flow in one direction only.

LED Working Principle

LED is mainly comprised of four parts known as die, substrate, phosphor, and lens. The die is a semiconductor material containing gallium nitride (GaN) that emits blue light when the electric current passes through it. In order to provide easy integration of LED, one or two dies are used in combination with the substrate, generating enough power to light up the LED.

• White light is mainly preferred over blue one in general lighting applications where the desired color is produced using phosphor.

The blue light, emitting from the die, will generate white light once it hits phosphor particles.

• It is important to note that the phosphor can be applied to die material both ways: directly or layered with the lens material that either extracts or directs the light and mainly comes with silicon or glass.

The LED, more often than not, generates monochromatic light ranging from red to blue and violet.

• Traditional LEDs are formed using inorganic semiconductor materials including aluminum, gallium, silicon, indium, and zinc that produce a different color based on the type of material used: aluminum gallium phosphide produces green color, while aluminum gallium nitride and aluminum gallium arsenide produce ultraviolet and red light respectively.

The LEDs are also rated with respect to the voltage required to turn them on where red LEDs come with a maximum voltage rating of around 2.2V, while blue LEDs and white LEDs come with a voltage rating of 3.4V and 3.6V respectively.

Temperature Limitations

The LED never fails to satisfy the power consumption needs of a regular user, however, the use of this tiny component in a high temperature and pressure environment can make it highly vulnerable. Taking this point into consideration, some LEDs incorporate a heat sink on their interface, which prevents them from overheating and makes them an appropriate pick in conditions where high temperature is a major concern.

• A very high temperature can make the heat sink stopped working and put your LED in a total stall. Before you aim to use LED for your relevant project, make sure the temperature ratings match and resonate with the LED you are using.

Types of LEDs

LEDs are available in a variety of types. Some are preferred over others based on the nature of their applications. Following are some main types of LEDs.

High Power LEDs

LEDs are known as High Power LEDs if their power rating is greater than or equal to 1 Watt. They are mainly used for generating the maximum brightness. The input power required for these LEDs is very high, making them prone to heat dissipation.

Heat sinks are required to keep these LEDs cool and impede them from burning. Flashlights, spotlights, and automobile headlamps are some major applications of High Power LEDs.

RGB LEDs

It is widely used in many computer applications and comes with the ability to generate three lights, as the name suggests, red, blue and green. The color of these lights is controlled by using PWM (pulse width modulation). Both the duty cycle of PWM and the frequency used for generating the signal per second, prove to be handy for controlling all three colors.

SMD LED

SMD LED stands for Surface Mount Device LED. It comes in a special package with the ability to be mounted on the PCB surface. It can be easily categorized based on the physical dimensions. It works both ways: separately or in combination with a compatible device.

Thru-Hole LED

Thru-hole LED comes with two terminals leads that are embedded into the holes of the printed circuit board. They are available in a variety of different packages and shapes. Most common colors they come with are white, red, blue and green.

Why LED?

It is arguably correct, LED consumes 75% less power than normal incandescent without failing to produce the brightness with equal intensity.

Yes, buying it may make your budget bleed in the start as it features more costly as compared to regular halogen light, but it proves to be economical in the long run due to its high quality, longer life span and less power consumption.

LED Applications

The compact size of the LED makes it stand to fit in hard-to-reach places including ceiling lighting, cove lighting, tray, and cabinet lighting.

• Thanks to the robust nature of LEDs - without them, Landscape lighting would never be so easy and created flawlessly as it has been right now. The LEDs play a vital role in generating and optimizing the light beam angle at the desired distance and their ability to disguise any shape as per the nature of the environment they are incorporating in, helps them serve a real purpose, adding curated light layered with beauty using a single source.

Some of the digital clocks are developed using the LED interface. And the 7-segment LED display is a widely used student project that incorporates the array of LEDs in an organized manner.

• They are profoundly used in automotive industries, LCD panels, fiber optics data transmission, and remote control devices. While pointing out the sheer advantages of LEDs, we can't write off their value in advertising. They are mainly used to captivate the visitors - when placed in the advertising banner and tree decorated with a number of infrared lights will help in getting the instant attention of the customers.

That’s all for today. I have given you everything you needed to know about LED. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestion, they help us provide you with quality work as per your needs and requirements so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to CR2032

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss the details on the Introduction to CR2032 Battery. It is known as a coin cell or button cell that comes in cylindrical form and is mainly used in pocket calculators, wrist watches, artificial cardiac pacemakers, hearing aids, and automobile key-less entry transmitters. Low self-discharge and an ability to retain a charge for a long time make this device a good pick for high power devices. More often than not, it is called a lithium energizer where high capacity is a major concern. It falls under the category of disposable primary cells, where common cathode material is a silver oxide, manganese dioxide, or carbon monofluoride and common anode materials are zinc or lithium. In this post, I'll try to cover each and everything related to CR2032, so you don't need to wrestle your mind browsing a whole internet and find all information in one place. Let's jump right in and get down to the major details on this tiny device.

Introduction to CR2032

• CR2032 is a coin cell battery, also known as lithium energizer, that is mainly used in high power devices such as hearing aids, glucose monitors and automobile keyless entry transmitters.
• It provides a long service life to the devices it is incorporated in, allowing them to cover it by making a solid cylindrical shape. It can withstand high temperatures ranging from -22 to 140 F and can hold a bunch of power, enough to retain the charge for almost full 8 years.
• High capacity makes it a good replacement for BR2032, 5004LC, DL2032, and ECR2032.
• It is advised to keep this device away from the hunting eyes of kids, as swallowing it may cause serious injury or death in some cases due to chemical burns.

• Battery compartments are mainly used to keep the device safe and away from the children. These compartments can be shaped using two methods: an external mechanical tool like a screwdriver or coin is needed to unlock the battery compartment or using spare hand by applying two independent movements of the securing mechanism. They are designed in a way that can house a variety of cells where capacities will vary by size.
• The point worth mentioning here is that these Coin Lithium Cells are not interchangeable, however, thickness and diameter can be modified based on the cell designation.

CR2032 Features

Following are the main features of CR2032.

Classification	Coin Cell Battery or Lithium Energizer
Product Name	CR2032
Output Voltage	3V
Chemical System	Lithium / Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO2)
Capacity	235 mAh
Energy Density	198 milliwatt hr/g
Weight	3 gram
Lithium Content	0.109 grams
Self Discharge	1% / year
Type	Non-Rechargeable
Maximum Operating Temperature	70 °C
Minimum Operating Temperature	-30 °C

 

• Some cells made from different chemical compositions are mechanically interchangeable that can directly relate to the voltage stability and service cell life.
• Be careful while selecting the coin cell for a relevant device, wrong selection can severely affect the device performance, resulting in short life or hindrance in the operating process.

CR2032 Dimensions

The following figure shows the dimensions of CR2032.

• The dimensions are given in mm vs inches.
• These dimensions are specific to the CR2032 battery, however, these Coin Cells come in a variety of dimensions and are used as per technical needs and requirements.

CR2032 Applications

CR2032 are used in a wide range of applications and can easily adjust in the hard to reach places due to its smaller size. Following are the major applications of CR2032.

• Wrist-watches
• Toys and games
• Pocket calculators
• Heart-rate monitors
• Artificial cardiac pacemakers
• Glucose monitors
• Implantable cardiac defibrillators
• Hearing aids
• Keyless entry transmitters

That's all for today. I hope I have given you everything you needed to known about CR2032 battery. If you are unsure or have any question, you can comment me in the section below. I'll try and help you according to the best of my knowledge. You are most welcome to feed us with your valuable feedback and suggestions, they keep you in a constant loop and help us provide you quality work as per your demands. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to IRF3205

Hi Fellas! I am back to give you a daily dose of valuable information. Today, I'll give you a detailed Introduction to IRF3205. It is an N-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET that comes in a TO-220AB package and operates on 55V and 110A. It is mainly used for dynamic dv/dt rating and consumer full bridge applications. Additionally, it falls under the category of ultra LOW on-resistance devices based on Advanced Process Technology, making it a building block of the electronic applications where fast switching is a major concern. In this post, I'll cover each and everything related to this transistor, its main features, working, pinout, and applications. Let's get down to the nitty-gritty of this tiny component.

Introduction to IRF3205

• IRF3205 is an N-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET that is mainly based on Advanced Process Technology and used for fast switching purpose.
• International Rectifier has introduced this device with the aim to generate extremely low on-resistance per silicon area.
• This power MOSFET is known as the voltage controlled device that mainly contains three terminals called:
  • Drain
  • Gate
  • Source

• The voltage at Gate Terminal is used to handle the conductivity on other two terminals.
• The low thermal resistance and operating temperature around 175°C make this device an ideal choice for commercial industrial applications, providing power dissipation of around 50 watts.

• This Power MOSFET differs from the normal MOSFET, where former comes with gate layered with thick oxide and can experience high input voltage while the later comes with thin gate oxide without the ability to withstand high voltage i.e. applying high voltage will drastically affect the overall performance of the device.
• It features benchmark high package current ratings - appropriate for high power DC motors, power tools, and industrial applications.

IRF3205 Pinout

• IRF3205 Pinout consists of 3 Pins in total.
• All these pins, along with their name & type are shown in below table:

IRF3205 Pinout
Pin#	Name	Symbol	Type	Function
1	Gate	G	P-Type	Controls the current between Drain & Source
2	Drain	D	N-Type	Electrons Emitter
3	Source	S	N-Type	Electrons Collector

• Movement of electrons plays an important role in the current flowing from drain to source terminal.
• The output current is highly dependent on the voltage applied to the gate terminal.

Working

• The gate, source and drain in this MOSFET are analogous to the base, collector, and emitter in the BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors)
• The source and drain are made up of n-type material while component body and the substrate is made up of p-type material.
• Adding silicon dioxide on the substrate layer gives this device a metal oxide semiconductor construction.
• It is a unipolar device where conduction is carried out by the movement of electrons.
• An insulating layer is inserted in the device that makes gate terminals separated from the entire body. The region between drain and source is called N-channel that is controlled by the voltage present at the gate terminal.
• MOSFET stays ahead of the curve when they are compared to BJT as the former needs no input current to control a large amount of current on remaining two terminals.

• Applying a positive voltage at this MOS structure will change the charge distribution in the semiconductor where holes present under the oxide layer deal with the force, allowing the holes to move downward.
• It is important to note that, the bound negative charges are connected with acceptors atoms that are mainly responsible for flocking the depletion region.
• The electrons, if applied with abundance, will help in increasing the overall channel conductivity, changing the substrate into the N-type material.

IRF3205 Proteus Simulation

• As I have told you earlier, IRF3205 is an N-channel Mosfet used for fast switching, that's why it's an ideal selection for designing H-Bridge.
• I have designed this Proteus Simulation where I have converted DC voltage into AC and if you look at it closely then I have used IRF3205 MOSFET in the H-Bridge:

• Moreover, I have used IRF5210 for the counter P-Type Mostel in H-Bridge.
• If you run your simulation then you will get AC sine wave in your oscilloscope, as shown in below figure:

• You can download this simulation by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Simulation

IRF3205 Features

• Dynamic dv/dt Rating
• N Channel power MOSFET
• 55V, 110A
• TO-220
• 175°C Operating Temperature
• Fully Avalanche Rated
• Ultra Low On-Resistance
• Advanced Process Technology
• Fast Switching

IFR3205 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figures shows the absolute maximum ratings of IRF3205.

• These are the stress ratings that are important for the execution of the electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can affect the overall nature and performance of the project, resulting in keeping your project in a total stall.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.
• It is preferred to get a hold of these ratings before placing the device in the circuit, making sure if it undergoes the same operating conditions and stress ratings as provided by the manufacturer.

Applications

• Fast switching applications
• Consumer Full-Bridge
• Industrical and Commercial applications
• Full-Bridge
• Push-Pull

That's all for today. I hope I have given you everything you needed to know about IRF3205. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in any way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions - they help us provide you quality work as per your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to IRF4905

Hey Guys! Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss the details on the Introduction to IRF4905. It is a P-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET available in a TO-220AB package and is based on Advanced Process Technology. It is mainly used for fast switching purpose, capable of providing ultra-low on-resistance. This tiny device comes with three terminals called gate, drain and source where the gate terminal is used to control the current on remaining two terminals. The area between source and drain is known as a channel that is widely dependent on the voltage applied to the gate terminal. In this post, I'll cover each and everything related to this P channel MOSFET, its main features, working, pinout and applications. Let's jump right in and explore everything you need to know.

Introduction to IRF4905

• IRF4905 is a P-Channel HEXFET Power MOSFET available in a TO-220AB package and is based on Advanced Process Technology.
• It comes with three main terminals called drain, gate and source that are analogous to the emitter, base, and collector in the BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors)
• It is a unipolar device where only one charge carriers i.e. holes are responsible for the current conduction.
• There are two types of MOSFET available for the development of electronic projects i.e. P channel and N channel both make use of single charge carriers where former contain holes as the major charge carriers and later contain electrons as the major charge carriers.

• This device falls under the category of Power MOSFET, different from normal MOSFET, where former contains thick gate oxide that can withstand high input voltage while the later comes with thin gate oxide, making it unable to bear high input voltage.

Working of IRF4905

• In this MOSFET transistor, gate plays a vital role to handle the conductivity in the channel between drain and source. As it is a P-Channel - holes will be responsible for the current conduction.
• In this components, the body and substrate are composed of N-type material while the drain and source are composed of P-type material - Laying out an exact oppositive composition as compared to N-Channel MOSFET.
• Following figure shows the internal construction of IRF4905.

• Applying negative voltage at the gate terminal will move the oxide layer downward in the substrate layer with a strong repulsive force, allowing positive holes to be accumulated around the gate region.
• The negative voltage applied at the gate terminal attracts the holes, helping to produce the p-type conducting channel using n-type substrate material.

IRF4905 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout of IRF4905.

IRF 4905 Features

• Dynamic dv/dt rating
• Advance Process Technology
• P-Channel
• Fast Switching
• 175 C operating temperature
• Fully Avalanche Rated
• Ultra Low On Resistance

IRF4905 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this P-Channel MOSFET.

• These are the stress ratings of this transistor which play a vital role in the execution of the electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can affect the overall performance of the project.
• Also, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can drastically affect the reliability of the device.
• It is advised to check these ratings before placing the device in the circuit in order to avoid any hassle in the future.

Applications

• Commercial and Industrial Applications
• Fast Switching
• Amplification Purpose

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are feeling skeptical or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to guide you according to the best of my expertise. You are most welcome to feed us with your valuable suggestions - they help us provide you quality work as per your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n3903

Hi Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am back to give you a daily dose of valuable information so you can excel and grow in your relevant field. Transistors are the fundamental parts of most of the electronic circuits. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n3903. It is an NPN transistor main used for general purpose amplification and switching applications. Transistor comes in two types i.e. NPN and PNP transistors. This transistor falls under the category of NPN transistor. This is a bipolar junctions transistor where conduction is carried out by movement of both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes. However, electrons are major charge carriers in case of NPN transistors. If you are unsure how these bipolar transistors work, you can check this read on Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistor. I'll reveal each and everything related to this transistor, so you don't get overwhelmed by all data across the web and find all information in one place. Before we move on to the details of this NPN transistor, you must be clear what is transistor? The transistor is an electronic component that comes with three terminals that are used for external connection with the electronic circuits. The voltage applied to one pair of its terminals is used to control the current at the other pair of terminals. Let's dive in and explore what is this about, its pinout, circuit diagram, applications and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 2n3903

• The 2n3903 is an electronic component called NPN transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching applications.
• It comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector.
• This transistor has three layers i.e. two N-doped layers and one P-doped layer. The P-doped layer is a semiconductor that is housed between two N-doped layers.
• The P-doped layer represents the base of the transistor while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• All three terminals are different in terms of their size and doping concentration. The emitter is highly doped as compared to base and collector.

• The base is lightly doped which is responsible for the electron reaction when a voltage is applied at this terminal. When a voltage is applied, it draws small current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• Under normal conditions, the number of electrons diffused into the base terminal is more than the number of holes diffused into the emitter terminal. Electrons act as a majority charge carriers in case of NPN transistor.
• This transistor is an ideal choice for amplification and switching purpose requiring collector current around 100mA.

Pinout of 2n3903

Following figure shows the pinout of this NPN transistor which is composed of three terminals. 1. Emitter  2. Base 3. Collector 

• Movement of electrons plays an important role in the current flowing from emitter to collector.
• The output current obtained at the output terminals is highly dependent on the voltage applied to the base terminal.
• This bipolar transistor is a current controlled device where small current at the base terminal is used to control large current at other terminals. It is different than MOSFET that is voltage controlled unipolar device where conduction is carried out by one charge carrier i.e either electron or hole.

Circuit Diagram of 2n3903

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of this NPN transistor.

• The emitter is highly doped so it exhibits more current as compared to other terminals. Actually, current at the emitter terminal is a sum of the current at the base and collector terminal.
• Common-Emitter current gain plays an important role in the amplification process. It is a ratio between collector current and base current. It is called beta and denoted by ß. This is also called amplification factor which defines the amount of current being amplified.
• Common-Base current gain is another important factor which exhibits lower value than beta. It is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is called alpha and denoted by a. Alpha value ranges between 0.95 to 0.99 and most of the time its value is taken as unity.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2n3903

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this NPN transistor.

• These are the stress ratings which play an important role in the execution of the electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device at large, ultimately affecting the overall nature and performance of the project.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.
• It is advised to check these ratings before placing the device in the circuit and make sure device undergoes and follows same operating conditions and stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Steps and measurements taken in the early stages of your project can save you bunch of time and worry and prevents electronic circuit from being affected.

Difference between PNP and NPN Transistors

• NPN and PNP work in a similar way with the intention of amplification and switching purpose but there is some difference between them.
• Voltage polarities and direction of currents are opposite in these transistors.
• Electrons are majority charge carriers in case of NPN transistors while holes are majority charge carriers in case of PNP transistors, however, both types of transistors require both charge carriers for complete conduction process.
• The base is negative in case of PNP transistor and a negative voltage is applied at the base terminal in order to trigger the holes reaction. And the base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.
• While in case of NPN transistor, a base is positive and positive voltage is applied at this terminal in order to trigger electron reaction which draws small current that is used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• These transistors are nothing but a combination of diodes joining back to back.

Applications

• This transistor is mainly used for amplification and switching purpose where collector current around 100mA is required.

You must have look at following articles that are bipolar junctions transistors used for amplification, switching or other electronic applications. 2n5551 - NPN transistor 2n2219 - NPN transistor That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. However, if you are unsure or have any question relating to this transistor, you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise and knowledge. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n5884

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am here to provide you the technical knowledge that helps you stay ahead of your competitors. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n5884. It is a power PNP bipolar junction transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching purpose. This is a complementary silicon epitaxial-base transistor that can support 25 A and 80 V. I'll discuss each and everything related to this transistor i.e. what it does, its pinout, circuit diagram and main applications. You must have a look at comprehensive read on Introduction to Bipolar Transistor if you are unsure how these bipolar transistors work. Before we dive into the details of this PNP transistor we must be aware what is transistor? The transistor is a semiconductor device that comes with three terminals where a voltage applied to one pair of terminals controls the current on the other pair of terminals. Let's dive in and explore everything you need to know about this PNP transistor.

Introduction to 2n5884

• The 2n5884 is a power PNP bipolar transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching purpose.
• It is a silicon semiconductor device that comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector.
• It comes with three layers where one N-doped layer is housed between two P-doped layers. The N layer represents the base of the transistor, while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• This component is also known as a current controlled device where a voltage applied at the base terminal is used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• This PNP component is a little bit different than its counterpart NPN transistor, however, both are bipolar components where current is carried out by the movement of both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes. Electrons are major charge carriers in NPN transistor and holes are major charge carriers in PNP transistor.

• When a voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and draws current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• All these three terminals are different in terms of their size and doping concentration. An emitter is highly doped and carries more current as compared to base and collector. The base is lightly doped which is responsible to trigger electron reaction at the base terminal. The collector is moderately doped which accepts the holes in case of this PNP transistor.
• Output current obtained at the collector terminal is highly dependent on the voltage applied at the base terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.
• You must have a look at the construction of diode which plays a vital role in the construction of this bipolar transistor.

Pinout of 2n5884

• Following figure shows the pinout of this PNP transistor which is composed of three terminals.

1. Base 2. Emitter 3. Collector 

• Movement of holes plays an important role in the output current obtained at the output terminals.
• Unlike NPN transistor, a negative voltage is applied at the base terminal in this PNP transistor where the base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.

Circuit Diagram of 2n5884

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n5884.

• An emitter is highly doped so current at the emitter side more than current at the collector and base side. Actually, emitter current is the sum of base and collector current.
• Unlike NPN transistor, holes are diffused through the base from the emitter in this PNP transistor, which are then collected by the collector.
• This PNP transistor is used for amplification purpose, however, most of the professionals don't recommend this transistor for amplification purpose and pick NPN transistor for amplification because conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is more effective and suitable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.
• This transistor is different than JFET which is unipolar transistor i.e conduction is carried out by single charge carrier.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this PNP transistor.

• It is important to note that, these are the suitable stress ratings recommended by the manufacturer, which if exceed from absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device severely.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can affect the overall reliability of the device.
• Take these ratings into consideration and make sure this component exhibits and follows same ratings defined by the manufacturer before you intend to place this component into your project.
• Proper measurements taken the early stages of your project can save your bunch of time and worry that can affect the nature and overall performance of the project.

Applications

• This component is used for amplification and switching purpose.

You must also have a look at following transistors of same nature used for amplification, switching, and different electronic applications.

• 2n3773 - NPN transistor
• 2n5401 - PNP transistor

That's all for today. I hope you have found enough information about this component. In case you are feeling unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my knowledge and expertise. Keep your suggestions and feedback coming, they allow us to give you quality content that aligns with your field of interest. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 7805

Hey Fellas! We always strive to keep you updated with best and valuable information so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 7805. It is a positive voltage regulator used for providing constant output voltage over a wide range of input voltage. Before we move on, you must be clear what is voltage regulation? Voltage regulation is referred as the measure of voltage change between input and output. The IC 7805 does the same thing. It provides constant output voltage when a range of different voltage is applied at the input terminal. This component comes with three terminals called input, ground, and output. This is called positive voltage regulator because it generates positive voltage with respect to the ground terminal. Transistors and voltage regulator IC like 7805 work in a similar way with the intention of providing voltage regulation. I'll discuss each and everything related this integrated circuits, so you get a clear idea what it does, and how it is used over a wide range of applications. Let's dive in and explore what is this about and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 7805

• 7805 is an IC used for voltage regulation and comes in TO-220 version. This component belongs to 78xx series where xx defines the output voltage it generates.
• Voltage fluctuation is a common practice during the execution of many electronic projects. This component overcomes and prevents this voltage fluctuation by providing a constant output voltage at the output terminal.
• The best part is that it doesn't require any additional components to set output voltage.
• It is a compact IC that comes with a built-in protection circuit that avoids the circuits from too much heating, making it suitable for circuits drawing high current.
• The input voltage range applied to the input terminals of this IC varies from 7 V to 18 V (in some cases 7 to 35 V), resulting in the generation of constant output voltage around 5 V.
• You can see, there is a huge difference between input voltage and the output voltage that gets regulated. This difference is discharged as heat. The surge of heat generation can damage the device and affect the overall project performance.
• There are two ways to overcome this heat generation i.e. you can use a heat sink that is widely used for heat dissipation OR you can limit the input current 2 to 3 V above the regulated voltage at the output terminal. For example, you'll get 5 V at the output terminal, so it is suitable to limit input voltage within 7 or 8 V.

• Heat sink comes in different sizes based on the amount of heat that is required to disperse. It is advised to calculate the size of heat sink before you put your voltage regulator in operation.
• With the addition of heat sink, this IC can control output current at around 1.0 A.
• This voltage regulator is an ideal choice for the applications where safe area compensation, thermal shutdown, and current limiting is required.
• This device is designed with the purpose of getting constant output voltage, however, it can be coupled with external components with the intention of generating desired voltage and current.
• This IC comes with an accurate circuit which generates constant voltage so no capacitors are required to produce smooth output, however, it is advised to place 10µF capacitors in the input and output terminal to remain in the safer side.

Pinout of 7805

• Following figure shows the pinout of this voltage regulator.

• Pin 1 shows the input voltage applied to this regulator which ranges between 7 to 18 V.
• Pin 2 shows the ground terminal. Voltage regulator generates positive voltage with respect to the ground terminal.
• Pin 3 shows the output terminal where regulated voltage is obtained. Regulated voltage shows the tolerance between 1.5 % to 2 %.
• This regulator has a capacity of controlling output current around 1 A.
• It shows a voltage dropout around 2 V. It is advised to provide minimum 7 V at the input terminal in order to obtain exact 5 V at the output terminal.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 7805.

• These are the stress ratings, which if exceed from absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device severely.
• Before you place this regulator in the circuit, make sure it undergoes and exhibits same stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Similarly, it these stress ratings are applied for a maximum period of time above the normal operating conditions, they can affect the device reliability.
• These ratings are obtained with a storage temperature range at around 150 °C.
• This IC exhibits a thermal resistance around 5 °C/W which is the resistance in the heat flow.

Applications

This voltage regulator is used over a wide range of applications. Following are some main applications of this regulator.

• Used in a circuit where a constant voltage is required.
• It is used in a phone charger and portable CD player.
• UPS power supply circuit and remote control extension make use of this regulator.
• This regulator is widely used where internal circuit current limiting is required.
• Safe area compensation is another advantage obtained from this regulator.
• This regulator is mainly used for generating constant voltage output, but it can be customized to use for the required current and voltage at the output.
• It is an ideal choice for the applications which support current around 1.0 A to 1.5 A which cannot be obtained without proper heat sinking.
• Safe operating area protection and thermal shutdown make it suitable for many applications involving high temperature and pressure.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise in any way I can. Keep your feedback and suggestions coming. They allow us to provide you quality work that aligns with your needs and demands. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n3792

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing great. Transistors are the fundamental parts of the recent electronic devices. They are available in two types i.e. NPN and PNP transistors. Based on the technical aspect and utilization, both types come with different benefits and advantages. Today, I am going to discuss the details on the Introduction to 2n3792. It is a PNP (positive-negative-positive) silicon bipolar power transistor mainly used for amplification and medium speed switching. It is manufactured using epitaxial planer process and comes in TO-3 casing. I'll cover each and everything related to this transistor so you don't need to go anywhere and find all information in one place. Let's explore what is this about, its main applications and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 2n3792

• The 2n3792 is a PNP bipolar transistor which is mainly used for amplification and medium speed switching applications.
• It consists of three layers where one N-doped layer is housed between two P-doped layers.
• It has three terminals called emitter, base, and collector. All these terminals are different in terms of their doping concentrations. The emitter is highly doped as compared to base and collector terminals.
• In this transistor, base-emitter is more positive with respect to base and collector. While negative biased voltage is applied at the base terminal.
• It is a current controlled device where small current at the base side is used to control the large current at other terminals.

• In this PNP transistor, current directions and voltage polarities will be reversed as compared to NPN transistors.
• It works in a similar way to NPN transistor i.e. both are used for amplification purpose where small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the emitter and collector side, however, there is one exception, unlike NPN transistor, holes are diffused through base from the emitter and collected by the collector.
• This PNP transistor is rarely used for amplification purpose because conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is considered more valuable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.

Pinout of 2n3792

• Following figure shows the pinout of this PNP transistor. It consists of three terminals.

1. Base 2. Emitter 3. Collector 

• Voltage is applied at the base terminal, which draws small current.
• The output current obtained at the collector terminal is highly dependent on the voltage applied at the base terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.

Circuits Diagram of 2n3792

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n3792.

• Current at the emitter terminal is equal to the sum of current at the base and collector side. The emitter is highly doped so it exhibits more current as compared to other terminals.
• In this transistor current direction is reversed as compared to NPN transistor. In this case, current flows from collector to emitter.
• Voltage polarities are also reversed. Negatively biased voltage is applied at the base terminal in order to initiate holes reaction which is then used to control the large current at the other terminals.
• As the name suggests, this is a bipolar junction transistor where conduction is carried out by both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes, but holes are majority charge carriers in this case. While electrons are majority charge carriers in NPN transistors.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of the 2n3792

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of the 2n3792.

• These are the stress ratings that play an important role in the selection of this transistor for electronic circuits.
• If stress ratings exceed the absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can effect the reliability of the transistor. Before you pick this transistor for your project, make sure, it exhibits and undergoes same ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Power dissipation is 150 W and these absolute maximum ratings are taken at the absolute junction temperature around 200 ºC.
• Thermal resistance is 1.17 ºC/W which is the measure of resistance to the heat flow.

Applications

• This transistor is used for medium speed switching applications.
• It is also used for an amplification purpose.

That’s all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. Your suggestions and feedback will be highly appreciated, they allow us to provide you quality work that resonates with your needs and expectations. Thanks for reading the article.