The Engineering Projects

Introduction to 2sa1943

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 2sa1943. The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba. As it has a high gain of current and consumes higher current at collector it is mostly used for such audio circuits which consume higher power or in AF amplifiers. Nonetheless, currently the Transistor is outright from Toshiba and it has been swapped with TTA1943. We can also found old 2sa1943 in marketplaces because still it is replicated by other assemblers in China. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckages, implication, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to 2sa1943.

Introduction to 2sa1943

• The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba.
• This transistor is suitable for acoustic power since it has the competence of a huge current of collector I_{c =} 15A and transition frequency up to 30MHZ.

• Corresponding transistors can also be used at Darlington Pair arrangement for amplifier submissions which has a maximum power of 150 watts. Distinctive capacitance at the collector point of 360 pF for the 2SA1943.
• The voltage difference between the collector terminal and base or emitter can be 230 V. The voltage among base and emitter is 5V.
• The 2sa1943 transistor made by Toshiba has to a cascade of 2-21F1A, having dimensions of 20.5 x 26 x 2.8 mm, the weight of 9.75g and distance between pinout is 5.45mm.
• However, now the Transistor is consummate from Toshiba and it has been exchanged with TTA1943.

Pinout of 2sa1943

• These are some important pinout of 2sa1943.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is used for current moving out.
  Pin#2	Base	The base governs the biasing of the transistor. It on and off of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inner drive. It is linked with the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of 2sa1943

• These are the main features of 2sa1943.
  • It is a PNP transistor.
  • The value of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.
  • Its incessant Collector terminal current (IC) is 15A
  • It is accessible in suites of TO-264.
  • Its V_CE is 230V.
  • The value of V_CB is 230 V.
  • The voltage of V_EB is five volts.
  • Power hedonism at the collector is 150 watts.
  • It has a substitution frequency of 30 MHZ.
  • It's operational and storing intersection temperature is -55 to +150 °C
  • The amount of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.

Working of 2sa1943

• Now we discuss how we can use this transistor in different projects.
• The 2SA1943 is mostly used in amplifier enterprises. Maximum amplifiers work as a push-pull circuit alike that of Class B amplifiers, which needs an NPN transistor and PNP transistor.
• As we have already discussed that  2sa1943 is a PNP transistor it also has its corresponding 2SE5200 that is an NPN transistor. These transistors are frequently used together to enterprise high power Amplifiers.
• This transistor during working use high switching frequency and consumes high current at collector due to this there is a need for heat absorber to avoid it from overheating.
• Heat absorber which we use is acting as the collector pin so it must be inaccessible from other components of the circuit.

• These transistors are normally used to physique Stereophonic arrangements that are evaluated for 200W or above, they can react to frequency from 5Hz to 100 kHz and has a sensitivity of 0.75Vrms.

• They have less signal to noise ratio (SNR) and also has less harmonic alteration which makes it the best option for acoustic submissions.

Applications of 2sa1943

• These are some applications of 2sa1943.
  • It is used in different Auditory frequency intensifiers.
  • It is used in AF and RF circuitries.
  •  It is used in such devices which has less veer degree.
  • It is the best choice for pull-push arrangement circuits.
  • It is used in such switching where high current is required.
  • It can also be used as intermediate Power switches.

So it was all about 2sa1943 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to MCP23008

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MCP23008. MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. It has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing. The master device can enable input and output pins of MCP23008 by writing the Input/output configuration bits. A polarity of the input port register can be inverted with the polarity of the inversion register and all registers can be read by the system master. MCP23008 is used in different industrial and class projects where I2C and SPI interfacing is required simultaneously. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, features, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question please ask in comments I will try my best to resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to MCP23008.

Introduction to MCP23008

• MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. This microcontroller has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing.

• In this microcontroller, four pins are configured for inputs and four for outputs. These pins are designed in such a way when the input level is changed, the associated output pin is driven to the same level. This phenomenon is happened by the MCU reading the inputs pins and writing the appropriate value to the output pins.
• This module is available in small space saving 20-lead SSOP packages. Adding small 6-lead PIC10F202 in a SOT-23 package makes it available for small overall PCB areas.
• Either it can connect with a power supply of 5V using the Vdd and GND test pins, or can connect with a 9V power supply or power adapter into the plug.
• Now, discuss its pinouts, with detailed parameters.

MCP23008 Pinout & Description

There is the main 18 pinout of MCP23008, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	SCL/SCK	It is a Serial clock input.
Pin#2	SDA/SI	It is a Serial data I/O (MCP23008)/Serial data input (MCP23S08) pin.
Pin#3	A2/SO	It is a hardware address input (MCP23008)/Serial data output (MCP23S08). It (A2) must be biased externally.
Pin#4	A1	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#5	A0	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#6	RESET	This is an external reset input.
Pin#7	NC/CS	No connect (MCP23008)/External chip select input (MCP23S08).
Pin#8	INT	It is an Interrupt output. It Can be configured for active-high, active-low or open-drain.
Pin#9	VSS	It is used for Ground.
Pin#10	GP0	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#11	GP1	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#12	GP2	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#13	GP3	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#14	GP4	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#15	GP5	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#16	GP6	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#17	GP7	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#18	VDD	Power pin.
Pin#19	N/C	N/C

• For further information, let's see a pinout diagram.
• Now, we discuss the features of MCP23008.

Features of MCP23008 Features

• These are the main features of MCP23008.
  • This module consists of Two 8-bit GPIO expanders.
  • It is available in both I2C and SPI interfacing.
  • This board has four switches and four LEDs to demonstrate the input/output functionality.
  • It has headers for the serial interface and GPIO port to allow evaluation in a user-defined application.
  • It has polarity inversion register to configure the input port data.
  • It also has an external reset input.
  • Its operating voltage is 1.8 to 5.5V at -40 Celsius to +85 Celsius.

MCP23008 Arduino Interfacing

• The project which we are going to discuss will tell us how we can interface an MCP23008 I/O port expander to an Arduino microcontroller.

• First, we discuss the component of projects.

• Component of Project
  • These are the main components of the project.
  • MCP23008 I/O Port Expander.
  • A few 220O resistors.
  • A few LEDs.
  • Arduino microcontroller.
• Let's now we explain our projects with detail.
• In this circuit with each input and output pin, we connect a 220O resistor and an LED.

• For input supply, we have connected +5V to Vdd and Vss to GND.

• Now, connect pin no 1 of the MCP23008, which is SCL to analog pin no 5 of Arduino. This provides clock synchrony between Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• After this, we have connected pin no 2 of MCP23008, which is SDA to analog pin no 4 of Arduino. This connection allows data transfer between the Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• In this project there is no use of interrupts pin, so leave INT pin unconnected.

• We are not using the RESET pin, we connect it to +5V. If you want to use it, you just connect it with digital pin no the Arduino. If you want to reset all outputs than you draw this pin low in cade.

• After that, we will connect address pin A0, A1, and A2, to ground. It makes the address of these 3 pins 000.

• For better understanding Lets see the picture.

  Applications of MCP23008

  • As, we know this microcontroller works on both I2C and SPI protocol, due to this feature it is used in some projects and devices which use both protocols.

So, friends, that was all about MCP23008, if you have any question about it please ask in comments, I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to 74HC14

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 74HC14. 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX Inverting Schmitt Trigger. It is available in six independent Schmitt trigger input inverters with standard push-pull outputs. The boolean function performed by this logic gates is Y=A. It is a 14 pin module which is available in various packages. The 74HC14 works on the voltage range of 2.0V to 6.0V. This is a higher speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter mounted with a silicon gate C2MOS technology. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, construction, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to 74HC14.

Introduction to 74HC14

• 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX inverting Schmitt trigger.
• It is a high-speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter which consists of C2MOS technology. It provided high-speed operation like LSTTL, by using low power.

• Its pin configurations are the same as the 74HC04D, but the inputs have 25% Vcc hysteresis.
• Due to its Schmitt trigger function, it is used as a line receiver which will receive slow input signals.
• Its all inputs are equipped with protection circuits for static discharge or fleeting voltage.

Now, we discuss its pinout with a detailed description.

74HC14 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of 74HC14, which are described below. For further information, let's discuss them one by one.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	1A	It is an input of gate 1.
Pin#3	2A	It is an input of gate 2.
Pin#5	3A	It is an input of gate 3.
Pin#9	4A	It is an input of gate 4.
Pin#11	5A	-It is an input of gate 5.
Pin#13	6A	It is an input of gate 6.
Pin#7	GND	It is connected to ground.
Pin#14	Vcc	It is connected to a positive voltage to provide power to all six gates.
Pin#2	1Y	It is an output of gate 1
Pin#4	2Y	It is an output of gate 2
Pin#6	3Y	It is an output of gate 3
Pin#8	4Y	It is an output of gate 4
Pin#10	5Y	It is an output of gate 5
Pin#12	6Y	It is an output of gate 6

For better understanding lets see pinout diagram. Now, we have a look at the specifications of 74HC14.

Features of 74HC14

• These are the main features of 74HC14, which are described below.
  • Its operating voltage is -0.5V to +7.0V.
  • The maximum current allowed to daw through each gate is 25mA.
  • Maximum total current can pass through Vcc or GND pins are 50mA.
  • This device is lead-free.
  • This module has a TTL type outputs.
  • It has noise immunity.
  • It maximum ESD is 2kv.
  • Its typical rise time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)
  • Its typically fall time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage).
  • It's working temperature is  -55°C  to 125 °C.
  • It's working voltage range is 2.0 to 6.0 V.
  • Its output drive capability is 10 LSTTL Loads.
  • It has the ability to directly interface to CMOS, NMOS, and TTL.
  • This module is compatible with the JEDEC standard No.7A requirements.
  • Its chips consist of 60 FETs or equivalent gates.

Now we discuss its works, with a detailed description.

Working of 74HC14

• As mentioned earlier, there are 6 Schmitt Trigger Gates (inverted) in 74HC14, and we can used each of these gates separately.
• The internal circuit of 74HC14 is shown in the given diagram.
• For our knowledge how single gate works let's take one gate and connect it with power supply and analog signal at the input.
• We can see in the given diagram,  the sinusoidal signal is given at the input and we receiving  (Vout) as an output. The input, output graph is shown in the above diagram.
• The working principle of Schmitt trigger is very simple, the inverting Schmitt trigger's output is low only when input voltage values cross the threshold voltage (+Vt).
• We can see in the given diagram that the value of input voltage (Vin) is below the threshold voltage (Vt+), an output voltage is high. The value of the input voltage closer the value of the threshold voltage, the value of the output voltage shows low-value state.
• The value of output voltage remains low until the input voltage value is low to the threshold voltage. After this cycle continues.
• We can observe form diagram that the sinusoidal signal is our input and square wave is output. We can use every gate to get the output according to our requirements.

Switching Time of 74HC14

• Now, discuss switching time of 74HC14, in which we see how much time it take for switching.
• Every gate in 74HC14 takes some time to show output according to applied input. This delay of time is called switching time. For better understanding lets see switching diagram of 74HC14.
• There are two types of delays which occurs during switching. Which are Rise time (t_PHL) and Fall time (t_PLH).
• In a given diagram we can see that VoH becomes low when input reaches a threshold voltage and VoH becomes higher when the input voltage lower than the threshold voltage.
• We can observe from a graph that there is a delay between input as it is going high and Voh going low. This time delay is called Rise time (t_PHL ). The value of rising time (t_PHL ) is 95ns.
• We can also see from a picture that there is a time delay between logic input as it is going low and VoH is going high at the output. This time delay is called Fall time (t_PLH ).
• All these delays occur at higher frequencies, if frequencies are below given frequencies, then there will be some major errors.

 

Applications of 74HC14

• These are some applications of 74HC14.
  • It is the general purpose logic.
  • It is used in PCs and notebooks.
  • It is used in TV, DVD, Set Top Box.
  • It is used for Networking.
  • It is also used in Digital systems.

So, friends that were all about 74HC14, if you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial...

Introduction to BD139

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to BD139. BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package. It is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits. BD139 has a gain value of 40 to 160, which determine the amplification capacity of a transistor. It has three main pinouts which are a collector, base and emitter. It is used to control (On/Off) bigger loads that consume less than 1.5A. BD139 is used in different industrial projects such as RF amplifier and Switching Circuits. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, Arduino interfacing, applications, Specifications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to BD139.

Introduction to BD139

• BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, mounted in the SOT-32 plastic package and is designed for audio amplifier and driver utilizing complementary circuits.
• Gain Value of BD139 ranges from 40 to 160. (Gain Value of any transistor helps in determining its amplification capacity)
• The maximum value of current, which can pass through collector pin, is 1.5A, so if you are working on this transistor then make sure that your load must be less than 1.5A.

• In order to operate this transistor in forward biased state, we have to apply current at its base and this base current must be greater than 1/10th of its collector current. Moreover, make sure to apply 5V at its base-emitter pin.
• Once it's operating in forward biased state, we can draw a maximum of 1.5A current between its Collector & Emitter. If maximum current i.e. 1.5A is flowing through a transistor then we can say it's in Saturation Region.
• Normally, we can apply a maximum of 80V across Collector & Emitter.
• When we remove base current transistor becomes fully off, this situation is called the cut-off region.
• One best point about it is that it comes in a plastic package, which is that most medium power transistor available only in the metal package. This reduces its cost and since this package is not conductive it will not be affected by other circuits. Due to this feature, it is mostly used in amplifier applications.
• So if you are searching for medium power NPN transistor in a plastic package than this will be the best choice for you.
• BD139 was originally manufactured by Phillips rated at 160 MHZ for specific audio applications, with a passage of time it was cloned by other manufacturers like Samsung, ST, etc.

Now, we discuss BD139 pinout with a detailed description.

BD139 Pinout

• There are three main pinouts of BD129, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	An emitter is used for current Drains out, normally it is connected to ground.
Pin#2	Collector	Current flows in through collector, normally it is connected to load.
Pin#3	Base	Base controls the biasing of the transistor, it is used to turn ON or OFF the transistor.

 

• For further information let's see BD139 pinout diagram.

Now we, discuss BD139 features and specification. Detailed features of BD139 are described below.

Features of BD139

• These are the main features of BD139.
  • It is Available in To-225 package.
  • It is a plastic casing NPN transistor.
  • Its continuous collector current (IC) is 1.5A.
  • Its Collector-Emitter voltage is (VCE) is 80V.
  • Its Collector-Base voltage. 80V
  • Emitter-Base breakdown voltage (VBE) is 5V.
  • Its DC current gain (hfe) is 40 to 160
  • Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage (VBE) is 5V
  • Its collector dissipation factor is 12.5w.
  • Its operating and storage junction temperature range is -55 to +150°C
  • It is also available in PB-Free packages.

BD129 Working as Amplifier

• Now we discuss how we can use BD139 as an amplifier in or industrial and class projects.
• In a given circuit diagram, there is a 2-watt class-AB audio power amplifier which provides low harmonic distortion and wide frequency response.
• It has the capability of driving an 8O loudspeaker with an output power of 5 watts. In this circuit supply voltage is between 12V and 18V.
• In this 470O circuit, potentiometer controls the quiescent passes through BD139 and BD140 complementary transistors.
• Changes in values of this resistor is a trade-off between low distortion and low current across the output transistors Q3 and Q4.
• As this amplifier is DC biased, emitters of BD139 and BD1340 are at about half power supply voltage to allow for a maximum output swing. In this circuit, additional R9 and R10 resistor provide temperature stabilization.

For further information let's see circuit diagram.

BD139 working as a Switch

• In given diagram circuit is designed to produce high magnetic flux. Center tapped coil is maid by 20 SWG Enameled copper wire 6 cm diameter and five turns with a center tap in middle.
• BD139 is acting a switch and oscillates high-frequency signal with the help of R1, C1, and C2 resonator.
• In this circuit, LED1 indicates the presence of bias to this circuit.

For practical understanding let's see circuit diagram.

Applications of BD139

• These are some applications of BD139.
  • It is used as RF Amplifiers.
  • It is used in switching circuits
  • It is used in amplification circuits
  • It is used in audio amplifiers
  • It is also used in Load driver circuits.

So, that was all about BD139, if you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading this tutorial. Take care until the next tutorial...

Introduction to CR1220

Hi Fellas! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. I am back to give you a daily dose of useful information. Today, I'll unlock the details on the Introduction to CR1220.  It is known as a lithium coin battery that comes with a high voltage around 3V and encompasses an ultra-compact design, helping you gid rid of the hassle of buying two or three extra traditional batteries, saving both cost and space required to adjust these cells in the relevant devices. In this post, I'll try to cover each and everything related to CR1220, breaking down its details in simple steps you can get a hold what is this about and how it is used for. Let's dive in and explore everything you need to know about this battery.

Introduction to CR1220

• CR1220 is a button cell, also known as lithium coin battery, that is mainly used in high power devices such as keyless entry devices, glucose monitors, heart-rate monitors, and toys & games.
• It comes in cylindrical shape and can retain power for a maximum period of time. If it is spared alone for one year, it will discharge only 1% of the total battery capacity.
• This battery is slightly different from CR2032 in terms of battery capacity, weight and lithium content as former comes with 35mAh capacity with 0.8g weight and 0.006 grams lithium content while later contains 285mAh capacity, 3gram weight, and 0.109gram lithium content.

• It features small and compact shape, making it an ideal choice for hard to reach places.
• Prior precautions are required to keep this device safe and away from the kids. If swallowed, this device can cause a severe health damage or death in some cases due to the chemical composition it incorporates.

• The output voltage it can deliver is around 3V, enough to drive some small devices like wristwatches and glucose monitors.
• Both positive and negative electrodes are stainless steel SUS430 and Nickel plated.
• It is important to note that, no coatings or other foreign objects are required on the surface of terminals that can severely affect the real use or performance of this coin cell.
• Battery compartments work best to encapsulate this battery, making it safe and away from the kids. They can be designed using two methods: an extra mechanical tool like a screwdriver is required to unlock the battery compartment or you can apply two independent movements of the securing mechanism by a single hand.
• These battery compartments come with an ability to retain different cells where capacities will vary by size.

CR1220 Features

Features of any device can help you better understand major functions associated with it, helping you make a final decision before picking the device for your relevant project. Following are the main features of CR1220.

Classification	Coin Cell Battery or Lithium Energizer
Product Name	CR1220
Output Voltage	3V
Chemical System	Lithium / Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO2)
Capacity	35 mAh
Energy Density	153 milliwatt hr/g
Weight	0.8 gram
Lithium Content	0.006 grams
Self Discharge	1% / year
Type	Non-Rechargeable
Maximum Operating Temperature	70 °C
Minimum Operating Temperature	-30 °C

 

• Some cells are made from different chemical compositions, making them mechanically interchangeable which may directly service life voltage stability of the cell.

CR1220 Dimensions

Following figure shows the dimensions of CR1220.

• The dimensions are given in mm vs inches.
• Pay special heed while selecting the coin cell for a required device, the wrong pick can intensively affect the device performance, resulting in a sheer hindrance in the operating process.

CR1220 Applications

CR1220 comes with a wide range of applications that require temporary power on the fly. Following are some major applications of this coin cell.

• Keyless entry devices
• Glucose monitors
• Implantable cardiac defibrillators
• Heart-rate monitors
• Artificial cardiac pacemakers
• Toys & games

That's all for today. I hope you have found this read useful. If you are feeling skeptical or have any question you can approach me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestion, so we keep providing quality work and you keep visiting us for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to S8050

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. I always strive to keep your technical needs and requirements quite in line with valuable information that helps you excel and thrive in engineering and technology. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to S8050 that is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor mainly used for push-pull amplification and general purpose switching applications. It is a low voltage and high current transistor, featuring collector current up to 700 mA and Collector-Emitter voltage around 25 V. I'll try to cover each and everything related to S8050, so you don't have to scratch your head browsing the whole internet and find all the information in one place. Let's dive in and kick off the nitty-gritty of this transistor.

Introduction to S8050

S8050 is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor that comes with low voltage and high current capabilities. It proves to be a bright spot for push-pull amplification and general purpose switching applications.

• This transistor mainly contains three terminals known as an emitter, base, and collector that are used for the external connection with the electronic circuits.

These terminals are different in terms of doping concentration where emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to base and collector terminals.

• The base terminal is lightly doped and the collector terminal is moderately doped where former controls the number of electrons and later collects the number of electrons from the base terminal. The small current at one terminal at one terminal is used to control large current at other terminals.

This transistor incorporates three layers where one P-doped semiconductor layer is encapsulated between the other two N-doped layers. The P-doped layer represents the base terminal while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.

• There are two types of transistors known as Unipolar Transistor and Bipolar Junction Transistors. The S8050 falls under the category of Bipolar Junction Transistor - as the name suggests it comes with two charge carriers: electrons and holes, however, electrons are the major charge carriers.

This transistor features two PN junctions: emitter-base junction that is forward biased and the collector-base junction that is reverse biased.

• It is important to note that, S8050 must be operating in a forward biased mode for a better performance. If a transistor is not forward biased, there will be no collector current, no matter how much voltage is applied at the base terminal.

The amplification is carried out a simple way when a voltage is applied at the base terminal, transistor draws small current which is then used to control large current at other terminals.

S8050 Pinout

S8050 mainly consists of three terminals. 1. Emitter 2. Base 3. Collector  Following shows the pinout of this transistor. The electron movement is mainly triggered by the voltage applied at the base terminal, resulting in the diffusion of electrons from the base to collector terminal.

• As the voltage is applied the electron from emitter terminal triggers and enters the base terminal, combining with the hole already present in the base terminal and the resulting pair disappears.

The number of electrons entering the base terminal from the emitter is greater than the number of holes diffusing into the emitter region that's why electrons are major charge carriers in case of NPN transistor.

• The base terminal is unable to handle all electrons entering it, subsequently, electrons move from the base to collector terminal.

S8050 Circuit Diagram

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of the S8050. In this NPN transistor, electrons are main charge carriers, unlike  PNP transistor where holes are major charge carriers.

• The base is more positive with respect to the emitter and the voltage on the collector must also be more positive than the base.

The collector is made physically larger than the base for two reasons: allowing a collector to deal with more heat without damage and increasing the chance of carriers that enter the collector terminal.

• Two current gain factors: common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain play a vital role to determine the characteristic of the transistor.

The common-emitter current gain is a ratio between collector current and base current. This is called Beta, denoted by ß, and more often than not ranges between 20 to 1000, however, the standard value is taken as 200.

• Similarly common-base current gain is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is called alpha, denoted by a, and its value mainly ranges between 0.95 to 0.99, however, most of the time its value is taken as unity.

S8050 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of S8050.  

• These are the stress ratings which if exceed from the absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device at large, which ultimately affect the project performance.

These ratings are determined on the basis of the maximum junction temperature of 150 °C.

• Additionally, if ratings are applied for a maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can affect the device reliability.

Applications

• This NPN transistor is mainly used for push-pull amplification.
• Some general purpose switching applications feature this transistor, aiming to control large current with a small current.

That’s all for now. I hope I have given you everything you needed to know about S8050. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, they help us provide you quality work. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to CD4046

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing well. Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll discuss the detailed Introduction to CD4046 which is a Micropower Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) that comes with a common comparator input and a common signal input amplifier between a low-power linear voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and two different phase comparators. The phase locked loop, as the name suggests, is a loop where the phase of the output signal is compared with the phase of the input signal using a phase detector between two signals.

• Phase detector operates with the aim to adjust the two signal and make them quite in line with each other so they generate signals with the same magnitude.

In this tutorial, I'll walk you through the main details related to CD4046 by breaking down the whole nitty-gritty in simple steps, making it easy for you to grab the main concept. Let's jump right in.

Introduction to CD4046

CD4046 is a Micropower Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) that comes with a phase detector for comparing the phase of the output signal with the input signal and adjust them in order to make the matching signals from both ends.

• It comes with a common comparator input and a common signal input amplifier between a low-power linear voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and two different phase comparators.

The input signal can be operated in two ways: capacitively layered with a self-biasing amplifier for creating a small voltage signal or directly coupled for a large voltage signal.

• The VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) is an integral part of the IC that mainly generates oscillated frequency based on the applied input. The generated frequency is then used for phase modulation.

The chip features two phase comparators i.e. Phase Comparator I and Phase Comparator II. They are also known as Phase Detectors. Phase comparator I is nothing but an exclusive OR gate that produces a digital, maintaining 90° phase shifts at the VCO.

• It is important to note that both signal input and comparator input are set at 50% duty cycle where Phase Comparator I can lock the input frequencies that match with the magnitude of the VCO center frequency.

Similarly, Phase comparator II is known as an edge-controlled digital memory network and maintains a 0° phase shift between signal input and comparator input, providing a lock-in and digital error signal.

CD4046 Features

Following table shows the main features of CD4046.

Number of Pins	16
Min Supply Voltage	3 V
Max Supply Voltage	18 V
Number of Phase Comparators	2
VCO linearity	1%
Power consumption	70 µW at VCO Frequency= 10 kHz and VDD = 5 V
Technology	CMOS Phase Locked Loop
Operating Temperature Range	-55 to 125 ºC

• These ratings will help you make a final decision before you intend to incorporate this device into the relevant project.

CD4046 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout of CD4046.

• VSS represents the ground voltage while VDD represents the supply voltage.
• A 5.2-V Zener diode is added with the aim to supply regulation if required.

CD4046 Pin Configuration

Following table shows the pin configuration of each pin.

Pin#	Pin Name	Pin Description
1	Phase Pulse	Phase pulse applied to the IC
2	Phase Comp I Out	An output of Phase Comparator I
3	Comparator IN	Input at the Comparator
4	VCO OUT	Output Signal at VCO
5	INHIBIT	Allows to electronically turn on or off the output voltage power supply
6	C1A	Capacitor 1 connected to VCO
7	C1B	Capacitor 2 connected to VCO
8	VSS	Ground Pin
9	VCO IN	Input Signal at VCO
10	Demodulator OUT	Extracting the original signal
11	R1	Resistor 1 connected between VCO and Supply Voltage
12	R2	Resistor 2 connected between VCO and Supply Voltage
13	Phase Comp II OUT	Generated oscillated output at Phase II Comparator
14	Signal IN	Input Signal applied to the Phase Comparator I
15	Zener	5.2 V Zener diode for voltage regulation
16	VDD	Voltage supply pin

 

• I hope this configuration will help you understand the major functions associated with each pin on the chip.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of CD4046.

• These are the stress ratings above which the device may stop working. Before you start your project, make sure your technical requirements match with the ratings of the device otherwise it may cause more damage than good.
• As mentioned above DC supply voltage ranges between -0.5 to 18, however it is advised to keep the DC supply between 3 to 15 V for better results, similarly recommended operating temperature range lies from -55 to 125 ºC.
• The ground voltage is zero unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer.

CD4046 Dimensions

Following figure shows the dimension of CD4046.

• The dimensions in the numerator are given in inches and dimensions appearing in the denominator are given in millimeters.
• It is a low weight tiny chip that can easily stand fit in the hard to reach places.

Applications

CD4046 comes with a variety of applications aiming to compare the output signals with the input signals and produce them with the same frequencies. Following are the major applications of CD4047.

• FSK modulation
• Voltage-to-frequency conversion
• Motor speed control
• FM demodulator and modulator
• Frequency discrimination
• Frequency synthesis and multiplication
• Tone decoding
• Data synchronization and conditioning

That's all for now. I'll be writing more tutorials on some basic components mainly used in engineering and technology. If you are unsure or have any question, you are most welcome to approach me in the section below. I'd love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to feed us with your valuable feedback and suggestion, so we keep producing quality content and you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n5415

Hi Friends! Hope you are getting along with life pretty well. Today, I'll uncover the detailed Introduction to 2n5415 which is a PNP transistor mainly used for general purpose low-power amplifying and switching applications. It comes with three layers: two P semiconductor layers and one doped N-layer where later is encapsulated between other two P-layers. There are two major types of transistor: Bipolar Junction Transistor and Unipolar Transistor. This transistor falls under the category of Bipolar Junction Transistor as it comes with two charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes where later are the major charge carriers in PNP transistors. In this post, I'll try to nail down everything related to 2n5415: its main features, working, and applications. Let's dive in and explore the nitty-gritty of this electronic component.

Introduction to 2n5415

2n5415 is a PNP transistor that is mainly used for general purpose low-power amplifying and switching applications.

• It operates on a general amplification principle where small current at one terminal is used to control large current at other two terminals.

The 2n5415 is incorporated with three terminals known as an emitter, base, and collector which are used for external connection with the electronic circuits.

• These terminals are different in terms of doping concentration and size where a base is lightly doped and is responsible for the transistor action as it controls the number of holes flowing from emitter to collector.

The emitter is highly doped and contains 100% transistor current which then distributes between base and collector.

• The collector terminal is moderately doped and comes in a bigger size as compared to the other two terminals. It is mainly used to collect the holes emitted from the base terminal.

As the voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and starts drawing little current which plays a vital role to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.

• The base terminal voltage has a large influence on the output current obtained at the collector terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.

The PNP transistor is a current controlled device, also known as sinking device, where it sinks current into its base terminal and current flows out of the collector.

2n5415 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout of 2n5415. There are three main parts of the component 1. Emitter 2. Base 3. Collector

• Holes control the conductivity in this PNP transistor similar to electrons that control the conductivity in NPN transistors.
• In PNP transistor base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.

2n5415 Circuit Diagram

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n5415.

• As mentioned earlier, the emitter terminal is highly doped and comes with 100% transistor current i.e. emitter current is a sum of current at collector and base terminals.
• When the voltage is applied, holes are diffused through the base from the emitter in this PNP transistor which eventually collected by the collector.

• Most of the professionals prefer NPN transistor over PNP transistor for amplification purpose because they consider conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is more effective and suitable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.

2n5415 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2n5415.

• These are the stress ratings which directly affect the execution of electronic circuit. If these stress ratings are exceeded from absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device at large, ultimately affecting the overall nature and performance of the project.

Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions they can affect the reliability of the device.

• It is preferred to examine these ratings before placing the device in the circuit and make sure the device follows the same stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.

Applications

• It is widely used in general purpose low-power amplifying circuits.
• Many switching applications are incorporated with this transistor.

That’s all for now. I hope I have given you valuable information regarding this PNP transistor. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you in any way I can. You are most welcome to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, so we keep producing quality content and you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 1n4738a

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. I am back to give you nuggets of valuable information related to engineering and technology so you can excel and grow in your relevant field. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to 1n4738a. It is a zener diode that comes with high power rating and is mainly used in stabilizing and clipping circuits. The zener diode is slightly different from regular diode as former can conduct in both directions while later conducts in one direction only. It is available in double slug construction with corrosion resistant surfaces, helping to operate it under high temperature and pressure. I'll try to cover each and everything related to this diode, so you don't have to grapple your mind surfing the whole internet and find all the information in one place. Let's jump right in and get down to the nitty-gritty of 1n4738a.

Introduction to 1n4738a

1n4738a is a zener diode that comes with an ability to conduct in both directions. It is a high power device mainly used in stabilizing and clipping circuits.

• This zener diode features maximum lead temperature for soldering around 230 C. It comes with a zener voltage around 8.2 V and external leads are attached with the body, helping thru-hole mounting.

This zener diode is nothing but a p-n junction diode with current capability conducting in both directions i.e. forward direction and reverse direction, featuring very effective working characteristic with a power dissipation of around1300 mW.

• You can not make it work in a reverse biased condition unless reverse breakdown voltage is achieved before the normal device operation.

It is important to note that the voltage drop across the zener diode doesn’t change over a wide range of voltages, which makes it a valuable pick for voltage regulation applications.

1n4738a Working

This zener diode is similar to a normal diode when it operates in a forward biased condition. However, working in a reverse biased condition is a totally different story that will only take place when the reverse voltage reaches the breakdown voltage, making diode flow current from cathode to anode.

• When a wide range of applied voltage is applied, the corresponding current reaches to a maximum point and strive to stabilize itself after some time. This process will make the diode working as a voltage stabilizer.

The Voltage Breakdown state can be achieved in two ways: using Zener Breakdown Effect or Impact Ionization. These mechanisms start to happen at 5.5 V and don’t require different circuitry for a flawless working process.

• However, the temperature coefficient sets them apart from each other as Zener effect comes with a negative temperature coefficient while the impact ionization features a positive temperature coefficient. And both effects cancel each other at 5.5 V, helping zener diode to gain the stable and reliable state over a wide range of temperatures.

1n4738a Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 1n4738a.

• If stresses are exceeded above these absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device.
• Similarly, if stresses are applied for the extended period of time, they can affect the device reliability.

Applications

This zener diode is widely used in consumer electronics. Following are the major applications it can be used for.

 As a Waveform Clipper

Zener diode serves as a waveform clipper when connected in series. In this case, it will clip the waveform from both ends of the cycle i.e. positive end and a negative end of the cycle. In zener diode, the signal we get at the output comes with some major voltage spikes. However, if diodes are connected in series, they impede the diode from producing spikes, eventually modifying the output signal with a smooth waveform.

As a Voltage Shifter

• Zener diode is widely used as a Voltage shifting device.
• As a voltage shifter, it strives to make both output and breakdown voltage equal in magnitude.

That’s all for now. I hope I have given you everything you needed to known about 1n4738a. If you are unsure or have any question, you can approach me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to feed us with your valuable suggestions, they help us provide you quality work. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2sa1265

Hi Guys! Hope you are doing well. Welcome you onboard. Today, I'll unlock the detailed Introduction to 2sa1265 which is a PNP transistor mainly used for power amplifier applications and proves to be an ideal choice for 70W high fidelity audio frequency amplifier output stage applications. This PNP transistor falls under the category of Bipolar Junction Transistors where two charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes take part in the conduction process, however, holes are major charge carriers in the PNP transistors, unlike NPN transistors where electrons are the major charge carriers.

• BJTs are different than that unipolar transistors like JFETs as former is the current controlled device and later is a voltage controlled device. Both are used in different areas ranging from consumer electronics, industrial to commercial applications.

In this post, I'll try to cover some basic details related to 2sa1265, its main features, pinout, working, and applications. Let's jump right in.

Introduction to 2sa1265

2sa1265 is a PNP transistor mainly used for power amplifier applications. It is composed of three layers: two P doped layers and one N-doped layer which is sandwiched between the other two layers.

• This transistor contains three terminals known as an emitter, base, and collector. The base terminal is more negative than the rest of the terminals.

These terminals come in different size and doping concentration. The emitter terminal is highly doped and features 100% of the transistor current while the base terminal is lightly doped and controls the conduction inside the transistor. The collector terminal is moderately doped and is bigger in size than other terminals.

• The PNP transistor won't be conducting if there is no supply voltage at the base terminal, however, when a voltage is applied at the base terminal it draws current which is then used to control large current at other terminals.

It is important to note that, both NPN and PNP are used for amplification purpose but voltage polarities and current directions are reversed in both transistors i.e. in NPN transistor current flows from collector to emitter and in PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector.

• The 2sa1265 PNP transistor comes with two PN junctions i.e. emitter-base junction and the collector-base junction where former is forward biased and later is reverse biased.

Under normal conditions, the PNP transistor comes with voltage drop out of 0.7 V, so the voltage at the base side must be 0.7 V less than the voltage at the emitter side for making emitter-base junction a forward biased.

2sa1265 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout diagram of 2sa1265.

• In the case of PNP transistor, emitter voltage is much larger than collector voltage which is necessary for the transistor to conduct.
• The transistor turns on as a small current starts flowing from emitter to base terminal.

2sa1265 Circuit Diagram and Working

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2sa1265. When a voltage is applied at the base terminal, the majority of holes move from the emitter and get diffused into the base terminal, combining with the electrons.

• As the base is very thin and lightly doped it cannot hold the number of electrons for a maximum period of time, ultimately allowing the electrons flow from base to collector terminal.

In many amplification applications, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors because conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is preferable over the conduction carried out by the movement of holes.

• Combination of PNP transistor with NPN transistor is widely employed for the development of the power amplifier circuits. Power B amplifiers are a great example of this amplifier circuits where both PNP and NPN transistors are joined together to produce a high amplification cycle.

2sa1265 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2sa1265.

• These are the stress ratings defined by the manufacturer. If you want the device to be running properly without any damage and undergoes a longer life, you must follow these operating conditions.
• If these ratings are provided for the larger amount of time than the normal operating condition, they can affect the device reliability which may cause more damage in the later stage once your electronic project has been executed.

Applications

• It is used in power amplifier applications.
• An ideal choice for 70W high fidelity audio frequency amplifier output stage applications.

That's all for now. I hope I have given you everything you needed to know about 2sa1265. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my knowledge. Thanks for reading the article.