MUR460 Rectifiers Datasheet, Features, Equivalent and Applications

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to MUR460. The MUR460 is a switch-mode rectifier used in inverters, switching power supplies, and as a freewheeling diode. Just stay with me for a little while as I’ll be discussing the complete introduction to MUR460 covering pinout, features, working, and applications of this component. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MUR460

• The MUR460 is a diode used as a rectifier in high frequency and freewheeling applications, in switching mode converters, and as an inverter in telecommunication.
• When this p-n junction diode is used as a rectifier it coverts AC signals to DC signals. The rectifier diode provides an alternating voltage that changes with respect to time.

• The p-n junction diode blocks current in reverse biased condition and allows the current to flow in forward biased condition only. Simply put, the p-n junction diode allows current to flow in one direction only and it blocks the current flowing in the opposite direction.
• MUR460 comes with a working peak reverse voltage and a maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage of 600V. The maximum average forward rectified current is 4A. And the operating junction temperature range is -65 to 175 C.

MUR460 Datasheet

Before you employ this component into your project, just go through the datasheet of the device that details the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of the component MUR460.

MUR460 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MUR460.

• This diode rectifier comes with two terminals called anode and cathode.
• The anode side is positive through which current enters the diode and the cathode side is negative through which current leaves the diode and current moves from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal.

 

MUR460 Working

• The working of this component is simple and straightforward. When the voltage is applied to the rectifier diode in such a way the negative terminal of the battery is attached with the n-type semiconductor and the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type semiconductor material, in this condition the diode is forward biased.

• In this forward biased condition, the free electrons available in the n-type region of the semiconductor experience a repulsive force, and a large number of holes present in the p-type semiconductor also experience a repulsive force.

• In this case, the electrons due to this repulsive force start moving from the n-type region to the p-type region and the holes in the p-type region start moving to the n-type region.
• And the conduction is carried out due to these charge carriers i.e. holes in the p-region and the electrons in the n-region.
• As this conduction is the result of the movement of free majority charge carriers in the diode, the reason the current in the forward biased condition is also called the majority current.

MUR460 Features

The following are the features of this device MUR460.

• Operating Junction Temperature = 175°C
• Reverse Voltage = 600 V
• Available in Tape and Reel

• Carries low leakage current and low forward voltage
• Ultrafast recovery times i.e. 25 ns, 50 ns, and 75 ns
• High-temperature glass passivated junction

 

MUR460 Applications

• Used in high-frequency rectification
• Used in freewheeling applications
• Employed in switching mode converters
• Incorporated as an inverter in telecommunication

That was all about the Introduction to MUR460. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Keep your valuable suggestions and feedback coming, they help us generate quality work customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

1N5817 Schottky Diode Datasheet, Pinout, Features and Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Glad to see you around. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to 1n5817. The 1n5817 is a Schottky diode used in extremely fast switching applications and carries high forward surge capability and low forward drop voltage. It is available in the DO-201AD package and can do high-frequency operations. Read this post till the end as I’ll discuss the complete introduction to 1n5817 covering the datasheet, pinout, features, and applications of this component. Let’s get started.

Introduction to 1N5817

• The 1n5817 is a Schottky diode, also known as a hot-carrier diode, used in extremely fast switching applications.
• It comes in the DO-201AD package and contains low forward drop voltage and high forward surge capability.

• In some applications, less power dissipation is required, in that case, MOSFETs are used in place of Schottky diodes.
• Schottky diode is also known as a hot-carrier diode due to the low electronic energy it exhibits in an unbiased condition.
• This low energy develops the barrier that blocks the movement of electrons. This formation of the barrier is the reason Schottky diodes are also known as hot-carrier diodes.

• Both Schottky diode and regular diode are the same in terms of current flow i.e. both allow current flow in one direction only and blocks it in the opposite direction.
• But these diodes are different when it comes to the voltage needed to turn on these diodes. Both diodes get 2V DC source voltage, but the Schottky diode needs only 0.3V, where 1.7V is left behind to power up the diode. And normal diode needs 0.7V, where 1.3V is left out to power up the diode.

1N5817 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this component into your electrical circuit, it’s better to have a look at the datasheet of the device that comes with the power ratings of the component helping you better understand the main characteristics of the device. If you want to download the datasheet of 1n5817, click the link given below.

1N5817 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of the 1n5817 Schottky diode.

• This power diode comes with two terminals known as anode and cathode. Both terminals are used for the external connection with the electrical circuit.

• The anode side is positive and the cathode side is negative. The current enters the diode from the anode terminal and it leaves the diode from the cathode terminal.
• And current flows from the anode terminal to the cathode terminal. The diode only allows the current flow in one direction only i.e. from anode to cathode. It blocks the current flow from the cathode to the anode terminal.

1N5817 Features

• Exhibits small conduction losses.
• 1n5817 is highly efficient.
• Well protected against overvoltage.
• Used in extremely fast switching.
• Available in package DO-201AD.
• Contains high surge capability.

• Contains low forward drop voltage.

1n5817 Schottky Diode Construction

• The 1n5817 is constructed when the semiconductor material is mixed with the metal that creates the barrier.
• When the metals like chromium, platinum, tungsten, and molybdenum are combined with the n-type semiconductor material, it results in the formation of Schottky diode. The n-type semiconductor is the material where electrons operate as a major charge carriers and holes work as minority carriers.
• The Schottky diode contains two terminals called anode and cathode. The anode side is positive that is composed of metal material and the cathode side is negative that is made-up of semiconductor material. The current flows from the positive anode metal side to the cathode negative semiconductor side. Plus, the current enters the diode from the anode side and it leaves the diode from the cathode terminal.
• Both n-type and p-type semiconductor material can be used to work as a cathode terminal in Schottky diode, but n-type materials are preferred over p-type material because the later comes with low drop voltage.
• The forward drop voltage of the Schottky diode main depends on the nature of metal and semiconductor material used to form the barrier.

1N5817 Applications

• Incorporated in sample-and-hold circuits.
• Used in high-frequency and low voltage inverters.
• Employed in polarity protection and DC/DC converters applications.
• Used in freewheeling and logic circuits.
• Used for signal detection and extremely fast switching applications.
• Incorporated in solar systems.
• Used to control the electronic charge.
• Employed in radio frequency applications.

That was all about the Introduction to 1n5817. Hope you find this read helpful. If you’re unsure or have any question, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable thoughts and suggestions, they help us generate quality content customized to your exact requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

LM2575 Buck Converter Datasheet, Pinout, Features, Applications

Hi Guys! Glad to see you around. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk through the Introduction to LM2575. LM2575 is a step-down voltage regulator mainly used to step down the voltage. It is also known as a buck converter and is used to drive load under 1A. In the customized output version of the buck converter, you can set the output voltage as you like better. It comes with an extremely good load and line regulation and is available in fixed output voltages with 3.3V, 5V, and 12V. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as in this post I’ll detail the Introduction to LM2575 covering the datasheet, pinout, features, and applications of this component LM2575. Let’s get started.

Introduction to LM2575

• LM2575 is a voltage regulator and simplified version of switching power supplies that carry all functions required to step down the voltage in the circuit.
• This buck converter is incorporated with an integrated switch that can support load under 1A.

• LM2575 carries an excellent load line and load regulation. It comes in two versions: fixed output voltage version with voltage 3.3V, 5V, 12V, and adjustable output version that gives the ability to pick your desired output.
• It is also called the DC-to-DC power converter employed to step down the voltage from its input supply to its output load. The current increases during this voltage regulation.
• This regulator is integrated with a fixed-frequency oscillator of about 52 kHz and an in-built frequency compensation method.

• Frequency compensation is applied to reduce vibration and oscillation in the circuit. It can be obtained using resistance-capacitance networks.
• Apart from the remarkable load and line regulation, this device comes with a manual shutdown option through an external ON/OFF pin.
• Less external components are needed for this buck converter since it works at a fixed frequency of 52 kHz.

LM2575 Features

• Fixed versions with 3.3-V, 5-V, 12-V, and adjustable output versions
• Adjustable output version with voltage range: 1.2-V to 37-V ±4% maximum over load and line conditions
• Available in two packages named TO-263 and TO-220 packages.
• Can drive load under 1A.
• Comes with low power standby mode, commonly less than 200 µA.
• Uses easily available standard inductors and is highly efficient.
• 4.75 to 40 V is the input voltage range.
• 23V to 37V is the output voltage range.

• 80% efficiency.
• Excellent load and line regulations.
• Fixed internal oscillator frequency of 52 kHz.
• TTL shutdown capability.
• Protection against overcurrent and thermal shutdown.

LM2575 Pinout

LM2575 comes with five terminals. The following figure shows the pinout diagram of LM2575. ON/OFF = I = this terminal can shut down the voltage regulator circuit with input supply current decreasing to 50uA. Its working is simple and straightforward. When the voltage available on this pin is turned below the threshold voltage of 1.3V, it results in turning on the voltage regulator. And when the voltage is turned above the 1.3V, it results in turning off the voltage converter. You can remove this shutdown feature by connecting the pin to the ground or leaving it open. In both cases, the regulator will be turned ON. VIN = I = this is the 16 number input terminal attached with the input bypass capacitor to reduce voltage transients and to provide the switching current. Output = O = this is the 3 number pin that acts like an internal switch where voltage switches between (Vin – Vsat) and -0.5V. The duty cycle on this pin is Vout/Vin. The PCB copper area connected to this pin is mainly used to reduce the coupling. Ground = three pins number 5,12 & 13 are attached to the ground. Feedback = I = this is the 7 number pin that indicates the regulated output voltage for the feedback loop.

LM2575 Datasheet

Before you install this component into your project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet that covers the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of LM2575.

LM2575 Applications

LM2575 is used in the following applications.

• Used in a simple efficient step-down regulator.
• Used as a pre-regulator in linear regulator
• Used to drive load under 1A.
• Incorporated in On-card switching regulators.
• Employed in a positive-to-negative converter.

That was all about the Introduction to LM2575. Hope you find this post helpful. If you have any query, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, they help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino Esplora

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino Esplora. Looking like a videogame controller, the Arduino Esplora is an electrical device that contains an Arduino Leonardo board (microcontroller) and a number of outputs and inputs. There are a colored LED and a buzzer as outputs. And there is a light sensor, four buttons, a joystick, a microphone, an accelerometer, and a temperature sensor as inputs. In other words, it is just like another Arduino Board with integrated actuators and sensors. Just stay with me for a little while, as I’m going to document the complete Introduction to Arduino Esplora covering pinout, working, pin description, how it’s different than other Arduino boards, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to Arduino Esplora

• Introduced by Arduino.cc, the Arduino Esplora is an electrical device that is based on the Arduino Leonardo board and contains integrated actuators and sensors.
• Similar to the Arduino Leonardo, the Esplora board is incorporated with an Atmega32U4 AVR microcontroller that carries a 16 MHz crystal oscillator.

• The Esplora comes with onboard light and sound outputs, and many input sensors, like a temperature sensor, an accelerometer, a joystick, a slider, a light sensor, and a microphone.
• It also contains two Tinkerkit input and output connectors to enhance its capabilities and a socket used for the LCD screen.
• Arduino Boards like Arduino Esplora are developed to provide both hardware and software platforms in one place. You can control the board with Arduino software as you like better. Plug and play with the device without getting hands-on experience in electronics.
• It can mimic a keyboard or mouse that gives you the ability to use it with any 3D software.
• Arduino Esplora board contains two actuators and 11 inputs. It carries a light sensor, an accelerometer, a multiplexer, and a mic, an RGB LED, and a buzzer.

• This board contains all built-in sensors and actuators, the reason it’s easy to program and easy to handle through Arduino IDE software.
• The Arduino Esplora is a great package for beginners, with built-in features, giving you the ability to plug and play with the device and get desired results on the fly.
• This board is not compatible with the Arduino Shields, but you can connect this device with the external LCD module.
• To connect the other modules, this device carries two output and two input ports. These ports are compatible with the signal, voltage, and ground pins and are known as 2 pin TinkerKit ports.
• The Arduino Esplora is an ideal pick for creating a remote control device for your electrical project. You can develop external communication with your project without any hassle.
• A micro USB cable is attached to the board, and it carries almost everything to get you started without having to combine and assemble anything from outside.
• Information is extracted from the inputs and is used to write the program in the software which is then used to control the outputs on the board or your computer just like a remote controller.
• Arduino Esplora is compatible with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) like other boards.
• Plus, you can also run this device with Arduino Web Editor that is hosted online and is incorporated with the latest support and features for all boards. Read this guide on how to use this browser and upload your sketches online.
• And if you want to use this board offline, you need to install the Arduino IDE desktop version.
• This board contains everything built-in to get you started. You need to simply connect the board with the computer through USB cable and start your work.

• The reset pushbutton is located at the upper left corner that is used to restart the board.

Esplora carries four LEDs as follows:

• ON LED is colored green that identifies if the board is getting a power supply
• Accessible through pin 13, L is a yellow LED that is directly connected to the microcontroller.
• RX and TX are yellow LEDs that determines the information received or transmitted through USB communication.

Arduino Esplora Features

The following are the sensors available on the Esplora board:

• Joystick
• push-button of the joystick
• microphone
• light sensor
• 2 TinkerKit input connectors
• temperature sensor
• 4 separate push-buttons
• Accelerometer

The following are the actuators present on the board:

• RGB LED
• Buzzer
• 2 TinkerKit connectors

Arduino Esplora Set up with Windows

• First, you require a standard software developed by Arduino.cc known as Arduino IDE. This software is used to program and control the board through your system.

• Now connect the board with the computer through micro USB that is used to transfer the program from the computer system to the board.
• As you connect the cable the green power LED (labeled ON) will turn on and then the yellow LED will start glowing that is marked ‘L’. The yellow LED will go blinking on and off after 8 seconds indicating your board is connected with the computer.
• When you connect the board, the Windows will automatically start its driver installation process. It the installation process doesn’t start automatically, go to the windows device manager then (Start > Control Panel > Hardware) and go to the Arduino Esplora listing. Right-click this listing and pick Update driver.

•  At the next popped up window, select "Browse my computer for driver software", and click Next

• Now click the ‘Browse’ option. It will return another window: find the folder with the Arduino software that you have installed. Choose the drivers folder and click OK, then click the ‘Next’ button

• You will get a notification that reads, “the board has not passed Windows Logo testing.” Click on the option “Continue Anyway.”

• After a while, a window will open that reads “Windows has finished installing the driver software for this device” Now click the ‘close’ button.

These instructions are for the system having Windows 7 operating system. If you have a MAC or Linux then read this post on how to connect Arduino Esplora with the system. All pictures placed here are from Arduino.cc

Applications

The following are the applications of Arduino Esplora.

• Used in Arduino Wifi remote controller
• Used in robotics and electronics
• Incorporated to identify free-fall detection using an accelerometer
• Employed to emulate mouse or keyboard

That’s all for today. I hope you find this read helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable feedback and suggestions, they help us generate quality work customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to TIP42

Hi Guys! Thank you for clicking this read. Hope this finds you well. In this post today, I’ll document the Introduction to Tip42. Tip42 is a medium power silicon transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It belongs to the PNP transistor family and comes in the TO-220 package. The collector current is 6A which signals it can support load under 6A. Both collector-base and the collector-emitter voltages are 40V. And the only 5V is required to initiate the transistor action as the emitter-base voltage is 5V. The power dissipation is 65W which defines the amount of energy released during the working of this transistor. The storage junction temperature is -65 to 150C and transition frequency is 3MHz. Just stay with me for 2-min as I’ll be discussing the main features, pinout, datasheet, and applications of the device Tip42. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to TIP42

• • Tip42 is an epitaxial medium power silicon transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. It falls under the category of PNP transistor and comes with current gain ranging from 15 to 75.
  • This current gain demonstrates the capacity of transistor it can amplify the current. It’s a ratio between the output current and input current.
  • Tip42 is a bipolar transistor which means two charge carriers are used in the conductivity process inside the transistor.
  • Both electrons and holes take part in the conductivity process. And in this case of PNP transistor, holes are majority carriers. And electrons are minority carriers in the case of NPN transistors.

• This PNP transistor contains three terminals called the emitter, base, and collector. All these terminals carry different functionality and different doping concentration.

• This different doping concentration is the main reason this bipolar transistor is not symmetrical. The external circuit is connected with the transistor through these terminals.
• Tip42 is composed of two p-doped layers and one n-doped layer. The n-doped layer is sandwiched between the two p-doped layers. The two p-layers represent the collector and emitter terminals and the n-layer represents the base terminal. The N sign shows, a negative voltage is applied on the base terminal to trigger and start the transistor action.
• This bipolar transistor controls the small input current and produces the large output current, the reason these devices are called current-controlled devices because two charge carriers are used for conductivity in contrast to FETs(field effect transistor) which is unipolar voltage-controlled devices. Where conductivity is carried out with only one charge carrier.

 

TIP42 Features

The following are the main features of transistor BC538.

• Package: TO-220
• Material: Silicon
• Type – PNP
• Emitter-Base Voltage: 5 V
• Collector-Base Voltage: 40 V
• Collector-Emitter Voltage: 40 V
• Collector Dissipation: 65 W
• Collector Current: 6 A
• Transition Frequency: 3 MHz
• Current Gain (hfe): 15 to 75
• Storage Junction Temperature: -65 to +150 °C

  These are the main features and absolute maximum ratings of the device Tip42. Make sure you don’t apply these ratings for more than the required time, otherwise it will harm your device reliability.

• Plus, make sure your ratings don’t exceed these absolute maximum ratings while you’re working with the device, otherwise they will badly damage the device and thus the entire project.

• Both collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 40V while the emitter-base voltage is 5V which projects you need to apply 5V to initiate the transistor action.
• The Collector current is 6V which indicates this transistor can support load under 6A. The transition frequency is 3MHz and power dissipation is 65W which is the amount of energy released during the working of this transistor.

• DC common-emitter current gain ranges from 15 to 75. It is a ratio between collector current and base current. This describes the capacity of transistors it can amplify the current. This is a relation between output amplified current to input small current.
• Another important current gain is the common-base current gain which is a ratio between collector current and emitter current and its value is always less than one. Normally ranges from 0.5 to 0.95.
• The small current at one pair of terminals is used to produce large current across other pairs of terminals of the transistor and this process is used for amplification purposes.
• It is important to note that the PNP transistors are less likely to employ for amplification purposes than NPN transistors. Because the mobility of electrons in the NPN transistor is far better and quicker than the mobility of holes in PNP transistors.

 

TIP42 Pinout

The Tip42 consists of three main terminals called: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Tip42.

• The collector terminal is lightly doped and the emitter terminal is highly doped in contrast to the other two terminals.
• The collector terminal is 10-times lightly doped than the base terminal. And this transistor is manufactured in such a way, the collector side covers the entire emitter terminal area.
• The base terminal is responsible for the entire transistor action.
• This base terminal acts like a control valve that controls the number of holes in the case of the PNP transistor and the number of electrons in the case of NPN transistor.

• When 5V is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and starts the transistor action where current moves from emitter to collector terminal which is the opposite in the case of NPN transistors where current moves from collector to emitter terminal. And in both cases base terminal controls the amount of current passing through it.

TIP42 Datasheet

Before you apply this device into your project, scan through the datasheet of the component that helps you get a hold of the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of Tip42 by clicking the link below.

TIP42 Applications

Tip42 is used in the following applications.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used to drive load under 6A.
• Incorporated in the motor control circuit
• Employed in H-bridge circuit
• Incorporated in the voltage regulator circuit

That’s all for today. I hope you’ve got a clear insight into the Introduction to Tip42. If you’re unsure or have any question, you can pop your question in the comment section below, I’d love to assist you the best way I can. Keep your suggestions and feedback coming, they help us create quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to TIP42C

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post, I’ll detail the Introduction to Tip42c. Tip42c is a medium power transistor mainly used for amplification and switching purpose. It is made up of silicon material and falls under the category of PNP transistors. The voltage across collector and emitter terminals is 100V and the voltage across base and collector terminals is 100V. The 5V is the voltage across base and emitter terminals which projects the value of voltage required to bias this transistor. The 6A is collector current which indicates the value of loads this transistor can support. Just bear with me for a little while as I’ll be documenting the main features, pinout, applications, and datasheet of this tiny component Tip42c.

Introduction to TIP42C

• Tip42c is a PNP medium power bipolar transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose.
• It is composed of silicon material and comes in the TO-220 package.

• It comes with three pins called the emitter, base, and collector. These pins are also known as transistor terminals that are connected with the external electrical circuit.
• The small input current across one pair of terminals is used to generate large output current across other pairs of terminals.
• Tip42c contains three layers where two are p-doped silicon layers and one is an n-doped silicon layer. The n-doped layer represents the base terminal where negative voltage is applied to start the transistor action. The two p-doped layers surround the n-doped layer.

• As this bipolar transistor controls the small current to produce large current, the reason bipolar transistors are considered as a current-controlled device in contrast to FETs(field effect transistor) which is a unipolar transistor (conductivity happens due to one charge carrier) that are voltage-controlled devices.
• Two current-gains are important while studying bipolar transistors. One is a common-emitter current gain which ranges from 15 to 75 in this case and common-base current gain which is a ratio between collector current to emitter current, this is normally called alpha.

Its value is always less than 1, commonly lies from 0.90 to 0.95 but more often than not its value is taken as unity.  

TIP42C Features

The following are the main features of device Tip42c

• Name: TIP42C
• Package: TO220
• Material used: Silicon
• Type: PNP
• Power Dissipation: 65 W
• Collector-Base Voltage = Vcb: 100 V
• Collector-Emitter Voltage = Vce: 100 V
• Emitter-Base Voltage = Veb: 5 V
• Collector Current = Ic : 6 A
• Operating Junction Temperature = Ti:  -65 to 150 °C
• Transition Frequency = ft: 3 MHz
• Common-emitter current gain = hfe: 15 to 75

These are the main features and the power ratings of the transistor Tip42c. Don't apply these ratings for more than the desired time, else they will influence the device reliability.

• The Tip42c is a bipolar transistor which means two charge carriers are used for the conduction process inside the transistor. Both electrons and holes are used for the conductivity, however, holes are the majority carriers and electrons are the minority carriers. Which is the opposite in the case of NPN transistor where electrons are the majority carriers and holes are minority carriers.
• This PNP transistor comes in TO-220 package with collector current 6A which demonstrates it can support the loads under 6A.

• The junction temperature ranges from -65 to 150C and the transition frequency is 3MHz which is a measure of the transistor’s high frequency operating characteristics. It is denoted by ft.
• The common-emitter current gain stands from 15 to 75 which is the capacity of the transistor it can amplify the small input current. It is called beta and is a ratio between output collector current to input base current.

• And the only 5V is required to start the transistor action because 5V is the voltage across emitter and base terminals.
• It is important to note that this PNP transistor is not preferred over its counterpart NPN transistor because the mobility of electrons in the NPN transistors is quicker and better than the mobility of holes inside the PNP transistor.
• Moreover, in NPN transistors the current flows from the collector side to the emitter side in contrast to PNP transistors where current moves from the emitter side to the collector side.
• The 65W is the power dissipation that indicates the energy released when this transistor starts working in the electrical circuit. This varies from transistor to transistor.

TIP42C Pinout

The Tip42c contains three terminals named: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter The following diagram shows the pinout of the transistor Tip42c.

• All these terminals carry different doping concentrations and different working ability. The emitter side is more doped compared to the other two terminals and the collector side is lightly doped. The base side is 10-times more doped than the collector terminals.
• This bipolar transistor is not symmetrical. This absence of symmetry is due to the different doping concentration of the emitter and collector terminals.
• In bipolar transistors, the base terminal is responsible for the entire transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and starts controlling the number of holes in this case of PNP transistors and the number of electrons in the case of NPN transistors.

• This base terminal acts like a control valve that controls the amount of current. The emitter terminal is highly doped and contains the entire current of the transistor. The emitter current is equal to the sum of the collector current and base current.

 

TIP42C Datasheet

When you’re working with tiny devices like Tip42c, it is wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that documents the main characteristics of the transistor. Click the link below and download the datasheet of Tip42c.

TIP42C Applications

The Tips42c is used in the following applications.

• Used for switching and amplification applications
• Used in motor control drivers
• Employed in H-bridge circuits
• Incorporated in voltage regulator circuits
• Used to drive loads under 6A

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any question, you can pop your query in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to leave your valuable suggestions and feedback, they assist us to generate quality content customized to your exact requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Application of massage chair STONE TFT LCD with ESP32

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through the application of a massage chair STONE 10.1 inch STVC101WT-01 TFT LCD with ESP32. Let's get started.

Brief Introduction

Massage chair with modern mechanical technology to reproduce the traditional Chinese medicine meridian massage is an important daily health care equipment. The function of the massage chair is to integrate meridian massage of traditional Chinese medicine with modern high-tech means to help users enjoy a comfortable massage, reduce fatigue, and achieve the effect of health care and physical fitness. With the development of single-chip microcomputer intelligent control, a massage chair with a large screen control application is also added. What we need to do here is such an application, select different modes through STONE TFT LCD screen, realize the control of MCU through serial port communication, and then realize the speed and rotation time control of stepping motor by controlling the level of specific IO, to realize the massage function of head and back. The system uses a STONE TFT LCD serial port screen, which can be used to do touch display function. It is very convenient to develop. Only through the serial port can the MCU be controlled. It is used in the massage chair, which can easily realize the setting of a massage function and the adjustment of massage strength, to achieve the effect of self-cultivation and reduce fatigue.

Project Overview

Here we do is a home massage chair application, will STONE TFT After the LCD serial screen is powered on, a start interface will appear. After a short stay, it will jump to a specific interface. This interface is used to set our current time. When setting, a keyboard will pop up. After setting, click OK to enter the massage mode selection interface. Here, I have set three modes: head massage, back massage, and comprehensive mode. In the mode, the massage intensity can be set, the high, middle and low gears can be set, and the corresponding LED light will be used for intensity indication; the massage times can also be set, after reaching the set number, it will automatically stop; in the comprehensive mode, the head and back will be massaged at the same time, and it can be turned off when it is not needed. These actions are through the STONE TFT LCD serial port screen to achieve command transmission.  

The communication functions are as follows:

 

• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes the function of button switching interface;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes the function of an automatic jump when starting up;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes time setting;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes data variable distribution;
• ? STONE TFT LCD serial port screen realizes serial command communication.
• ? STONE TFT LCD serial port screen realizes the function of menu bar selection;

Modules required for the project:

• ? STONE TFT LCD;
• ? Arduino ESP32;
• ? Stepper motor drive and module;
• ? LED array module;

Block diagram:

Hardware introduction and principle

STVC101WT-01

• 10.1 inch 1024x600 industrial grade TFT panel and 4-wire resistance touch screen;
• brightness is 300cd / m2, LED backlight;
• RGB color is 65K;
• visual area is 222.7mm * 125.3mm;
• visual angle is 70 / 70 / 50 / 60;
• working life is 20000 hours. 32-bit cortex-m4 200Hz CPU;
• CPLD epm240 TFT-LCD controller;
• 128MB (or 1GB) flash memory;
• USB port (U disk) download;
• toolbox software for GUI design, simple and powerful hex instructions.

Basic functions

• Touch screen control / display image / display text / display curve / read and write data / play video and audio. It is suitable for various industries.
• UART interface is RS232 / RS485 / TTL;
• voltage is 6v-35v;
• power consumption is 3.0w;
• working temperature is - 20 ? / + 70 ?;
• air humidity is 60 ? 90%.

STVC101WT-01 TFT display module communicates with MCU through a serial port, which needs to be used in this project. We only need to add the designed UI picture through the upper computer through the menu bar options to buttons, text boxes, background pictures, and page logic, then generate the configuration file, and finally download it to the display screen to run. In addition to the data manual, there are user manuals, common development tools, drivers, some simple routine demos, video tutorials, and some for testing projects.

LED array module

Product features

This is a galloping lamp display module with 8 LEDs on board. The external voltage is 3-5.5vdc, and the corresponding LED can be lighted at a low level. It is especially suitable for the IO test of a single chip microcomputer to realize indicator control.

Electrical parameters

• Working voltage: 3 - 5.5VDC
• Working current: 24Ma (maximum)
• Effective level: low level
• Number of LEDs: 8
• Display color: red (D1 / D2 / D3 / D4 / D5 / D6 / D7 / D8)
• It is very suitable for MCU experiment and DIY

ESP32 EVB

Esp32 is a single-chip scheme integrated with 2.4 GHz WiFi and Bluetooth dual-mode. It adopts TSMC's ultra-low power consumption 40 nm technology, with ultra-high RF performance, stability, versatility, and reliability, as well as ultra-low power consumption, which meets different power consumption requirements and is suitable for various application scenarios. At present, the product models of esp32 series include esp32-d0wd-v3, esp32-d0wdq6-v3, esp32-d0wd, esp32-d0wdq6, esp32-d2wd, esp32-s0wd and esp32-u4wdh. Esp32-d0wd-v3, esp32-d0wdq6-v3 and esp32-u4wdh are chip models based on Eco v3.

Wi-Fi

• 802.11 b/g/n
• 802.11 n (2.4 GHz) up to 150 Mbps
• wireless multimedia (WMM)
• frame aggregation (TX / RX A-MPDU, Rx A-MSDU)
• immediate block ACK
• defragmentation
• beacon automatic monitoring (hardware TSF)
• 4x virtual Wi-Fi interface

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth v4.2 complete standard, including traditional Bluetooth (BR / EDR) and low power Bluetooth (BLE)
• supports standard class-1, class-2, and class-3 without external power amplifier
• enhanced power control

Output power up to +12 dBm

• nzif receiver has – 94 DBM ble reception sensitivity
• adaptive frequency hopping (AFH)
• standard HCI based on SDIO / SPI / UART interface
• high-speed UART HCI up to 4 Mbps

Support for Bluetooth 4.2 br / EDR and ble dual-mode controller

• synchronous connection-oriented/extended synchronous connection-oriented (SCO / ESCO)
• CVSD and SBC audio codec algorithms
• piconet and scatternet
• multi-device connection with traditional Bluetooth and low power Bluetooth
• support simultaneous broadcast and scanning

ULN2003 Stepper Motor

Product features

ULN2003 is a Darlington display with high voltage and high current. It consists of seven Silicon NPN Darlington tubes. Each pair of Darlington of ULN2003 is connected in series with a 2.7K base resistor. Under 5V working voltage, it can be directly connected with the TTL and CMOS circuit, which can directly process the data that needs a standard logic buffer. Here we use the DIP-16 package, 4-phase 5-wire 5V stepping motor.

Structure and Application

Development steps

Arduino ESP32

Download IDE To complete the code development of esp32, Arduino is used to developing and compiling. First, you need to install the environment and enter the Arduino official website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software, and download the version for your platform.

Install Arduino

Double click automatic installation. It should be noted here that Arduino ide relies on the Java development environment and requires PC to install Java JDK and configure variables. If double-click fails to start, it may be that the PC does not have JDK support.

Code

• HeadGearHigh is used to set the gear to high in receive head mode
• HeadGearMiddle is used to set the gear to middle in receive head mode
• HeadGearLow is used to set the gear to low in receive head mode
• HeadTiming is used to receive the number of times set in head mode
• HeadModeStart is used to start in receive header mode
• HeadModeStop is used to stop in receive header mode
• BackGearHigh is used to set the gear to high in receive back mode
• BackGearMiddle is used to set the gear to middle in receive back mode
• BackGearLow is used to set the gear to low in receive back mode
• BackModeStart is used to start in receive back mode
• BackModeStop is used to stop in receive back mode
• IntegratedModeStart is used to receive a start in integrated mode
• IntegratedModeStop is used to receive stop in integrated mode

After the code is written, we start to compile. After the compilation is successful, download the code to the esp32 EVB board. The operation is as follows:

STONE TOOL 2019

New Project

Find the tool 2019 directory and double-click to open STONE Tool 2019 Click new project and make changes to the resolution, project name, and save path. Then set the boot page, and set the communication packet header: By default, there is a blue back image after a new project is created. Right-click 0.jpg and select remove to delete it. In the same way, select Add to add the image required by the project.

The setting of a selection interface

RTC

To set the time function, first add a clock setting control. Add an RTC control. To make input keyboard, we need to add a button control to each array and give the corresponding key value.

Menu bar selection

Add the menu bar control, set the initial value, and add the corresponding ICO library.

Page jump function

You can set the button effect and the switch page, and the switching interface effect of other buttons is also similar.

Key command setting

Each button needs to be given corresponding action, so the following settings are made: //HEAD uint8_t   HeadGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   HeadGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   HeadGearLow[9]        = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   HeadTiming[9]         = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x11, 0x01, 0x00, 0x09}; uint8_t   HeadModeStart[9]    = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x19, 0x01, 0x41, 0x61}; uint8_t   HeadModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x24, 0x01, 0x46, 0x66};   //BACK uint8_t   BackGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   BackGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   BackGearLow[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03};   uint8_t   BackModeStart[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x01, 0x42, 0x62}; uint8_t   BackModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x43, 0x63};   //Integrated uint8_t   IntegratedModeStart[9]= {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x01, 0x44, 0x64}; uint8_t   IntegratedModeStop[9] = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x01, 0x45, 0x65};  

Connection

Code

/* Stepper Motor Control - one revolution This program drives a unipolar or bipolar stepper motor. The motor is attached to digital pins 8 - 11 of the Arduino. The motor should revolve one revolution in one direction, then one revolution in the other direction. Created 11 Mar. 2007 Modified 30 Nov. 2009 by Tom Igoe */ //#include <Stepper.h> #include "stdlib.h" #include <AccelStepper.h> const float STEPCYCLE = 2050;//A Cycle by Step is 2050; //  myStepper.setSpeed(100);//5V, it can be set up to 180 const float TheMaxSpeed = 1000.0;  // change this to fit the number of steps per revolution const float headspeed_str[4] = { 0, TheMaxSpeed / 4, TheMaxSpeed / 2, TheMaxSpeed, }; const float backspeed_str[4] = { 0, TheMaxSpeed, TheMaxSpeed / 2, TheMaxSpeed / 4, }; // for your motor // initialize the stepper library on pins 8 through 11: AccelStepper HeadStepper(AccelStepper::FULL4WIRE, 15, 0, 2, 4);//The middle two IO are reversed AccelStepper BackStepper(AccelStepper::FULL4WIRE, 16, 5, 17, 18);//The middle two IO are reversed const int ledPin_1 =  14;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_2 =  27;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_3 =  26;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_4 =  25;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_5 =  33;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_6 =  21;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_7 =  22;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_8 =  23;      // the number of the LED pin //buf uint8_t   cout_i = 0; uint8_t   RecievedTemp[9]       = {0}; float     settingbuf[2]       = {TheMaxSpeed, 0}; float   MorenCycle      = 100; //HEAD uint8_t   HeadGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   HeadGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   HeadGearLow[9]        = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   HeadTiming[9]         = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x11, 0x01, 0x00, 0x09}; uint8_t   HeadModeStart[9]    = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x19, 0x01, 0x41, 0x61}; uint8_t   HeadModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x24, 0x01, 0x46, 0x66}; //BACK uint8_t   BackGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   BackGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   BackGearLow[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   BackModeStart[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x01, 0x42, 0x62}; uint8_t   BackModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x43, 0x63}; //Integrated uint8_t   IntegratedModeStart[9]= {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x01, 0x44, 0x64}; uint8_t   IntegratedModeStop[9] = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x01, 0x45, 0x65}; void setup() { //Serial port initialization Serial.begin(115200); //The motor starts running separately //  HeadStepper_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); //  BackStepper_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin_1, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_2, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_3, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_4, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_5, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_6, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_7, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_8, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin_1, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } void loop() { if(Serial.available() != 0) { for(cout_i = 0; cout_i < 9; cout_i ++) { RecievedTemp[cout_i] = Serial.read(); } //    if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) //    { //      HeadStepper.stop(); //    } //    if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) //    { //      BackStepper.stop(); //    } //  else //  { //    Stepper2_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); //  } //  Serial.write(RecievedTemp, 9); switch(RecievedTemp[5]) { case 0x0E://head gear if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[0] = headspeed_str[RecievedTemp[8]]; if(RecievedTemp[8] == 1) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else if(RecievedTemp[8] == 2) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } break; case 0x11://head timing if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[1] = RecievedTemp[8]; break; case 0x19://head start if(settingbuf[1] == 0) { settingbuf[1] = 5; } break; case 0x24://head stop if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } break;   case 0x1A://backgear if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[0] = backspeed_str[RecievedTemp[8]]; if(RecievedTemp[8] == 3) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else if(RecievedTemp[8] == 2) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } break; case 0x0C://backstart BackStepper_Setting_Run(settingbuf[0], MorenCycle); break; case 0x0D://backstop if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; case 0x0F://integratestart if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; case 0x1F://integratedstop if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; default: break; } //    Serial.write(&Targetvalue, 1); //    Serial.print(Targetvalue); } }

Application of massage chair Appendix

That's all for today. I hope you find this post helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to C1815

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to C1815. The C1815 is a transistor like other it is used to amplify acoustic frequency signal. Most transistors are coded for easy documentation through these titles can differ by builders. One or two erudition are typically trailed by a sequence of statistics, and then probably additional statistics. Consequently, a C1815 transistor can also be recognized as a 2SC1815 transistor. It is used as a switch to initiative loads below 150mA. The use of transistors aided the electronics manufacturing alteration quickly, and developments in expertise are permitting minor apparatuses to be used to production of slighter expedients. In today’s post, we will have a look at its shield, wreckages, implication, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to C1815. 

Introduction to C1815

• The C1815 is a transistor like other it is used to amplify acoustic frequency signal. It is used as a switch to initiative loads below 150mA.
• It is manufactured from semiconductors constituents such as Silicon, Germanium, etc, it has three pinouts sometime extra.

• It is used for swapping and strengthening of numerous signals. Additional statistics can also be found only from the part digits.

• The '2S' ratio of the integer designates that the C1815 transistor is decent for high-frequency solicitations and is in Negative-Positive-Negative arrangement.

• The first negative terminal of the transistor is associated with the negative sideways of a circuit, and monitor the movement of electrons to the positive area in the intermediate.

• The second negative terminal of the transistor governs the electrons sendoff the positive, central area.

• The semiconductor component that is used to develop the transistor decide that the transistor have NPN or PNP pattern.
• Three leads on this transistor recognized the emitter, base, and collector. An emitter is a yield, the base is similar to the doorway which switches the input of the collector.
• For instance, while a C1815 transistor is used in an audiovisual solicitation, the emitter directs the audiovisual output signal. This is managed by the base, which can be a squat audiovisual signal, and motorized by the collector, which might be a 5-volt power source.
• By fluctuating the quantity of current at the base terminal of a transistor, the extent of power moving from the collector to the emitter can be organized.
• For illustration, in numerical circuits, a transistor is on condition when it accepts 5-volts, and off when it takes fewer than that quantity.
• Overall evaluations for a C1815 transistor comprise a power indulgence of 0.4 watts at an ambient temperature of 77° Fahrenheit (25° Celsius). The transistor consumes collector current of 0.15 amps. Quantity of voltage amid collector and base is 60 volts.

Pinout of C1815

• These are pinout of C1815.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	This pin is for the outward movement of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base governs the biasing of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inner drive. It is associated with the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of C1815

• These are some features of C1815.
  • It is offered in cascading of TO-92.
  • It is like an NPN transistor.
  • The quantity of current across collector (Ic) is 150mA.
  • The value of voltage across the collector to the emitter(V_CE) is 50V.
  • The quantity of voltage crossways its emitter and base (V_EB) is 5V.
  • Voltage crosswise collector and base (V_CB) is 60V.
  • Intemperance power crossways collector is 400mW.
  • Its frequency conversion is 80MHZ.
  • It lowermost current gain is 70 and extreme is 700.
  • Its extreme stowage and the employed temperature is -55 to +150 C.

Where we can use C1815

• As it is C1815 transistor it can be used in acoustic intensifications phases, trivial acoustic amplifier, pre-amplifier and also in pre-amplifier phases.
• It works as a switch in electronic circuits to run loads of 150mA such as to run relay, high power consuming transistors, LEDs and other industrial electronic circuits.
• It works as a switch in electronic circuits to run loads of 150mA such as to run relay, high power consuming transistors, LEDs and other industrial electronic circuits.
• We can use it to construct a Darlington pair.

Applications of C1815 

• These are applications of C1815.
  • It is used in such instruments which use Sensor Circuits
  • It is used in Auditory Pre-amplifiers.
  • It is used in different audio Amplifier Phases.
  • It works as a switch for such circuits which use 150mA current.
  • It used in RF Circuits.

 So it was all about C1815 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will explain to you further about it. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Electric Motors

Hi Guys! Welcome you onboard. Interested to know the Introduction to Electric Motors? Keep reading… A motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works exactly opposite to generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The first electric motors were introduced by Andrew Gordon and Benjamin Franklin in their experiment in 1740 which were nothing but electrostatic devices. From household to industrial applications, you’ll see motors everywhere. Motors can be divided into two main categories:

• AC Motors
• DC Motors

Motors in cars, rectifiers, and batteries are a source of direct current motors while motors incorporated in electrical generators, power grid stations, and invertors operate by alternation current motors. Electric motors are used as a reverse source for generators to recover the energy dissipated by generators. And they are installed in disk drives and computers to generate the cooling effect that prevents devices from overheating and burning eventually. We’ll dig deep into these machines later in this post. So, bear with me. I assure it will be worth your time. Before going any further let’s jump right into the nitty-gritty of motors.

Introduction to Electric Motors

• A motor is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical.
• Motors are designed to produce rotary or linear motion when their electric current and magnetic field interact with each other which is commonly known as electromagnetic interaction – A term coined by Hans Christian Orsted in 1820.

• It was Andre Marie Ampere who explained the generation of mechanical force by this electromagnetic interaction and introduced the Ampere’s Force Law.

Electric Motor Working Principle

• The electric motor working principle mainly depends on the interaction between electric current and magnetic field which is nothing but a Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction that reads
• “Whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, flux is induced in the circuit, due to which a current starts to flow which is called induced current”.
• In simple words, when the electric current is passed through a coil it generates a magnetic field that allows the coil to rotate its own axis.
• The direction of this force is explained by Fleming's left-hand rule which says if the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand are placed perpendicular to each other and if the forefinger shows the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger represents the direction of the current, then the thumb will show the direction of the force.

• Fleming's left-hand rule is applicable for motors and is different than Fleming’s right-hand role which is mainly defined for generators.

The magnitude of the generated force is given by F = BIL where, B = magnetic flux density I = current in amperes L = length of the conductor within the generated magnetic field

Components of Electric Motor

Here are the main parts of the motor: 1. Rotor 2. Stator 3. Bearings 4. Air gap 5. Windings 6. Commutator

• Rotor is the rotating part of the motor that is mainly responsible for delivering the mechanical motion to the shaft or subject attached to it. The rotor comes with conductors that interact with the stator magnetic field to produce the force for turning the shaft.
• Stator is the stationary part (body) of the motor that is mainly composed of permanent magnet or windings.  Laminations made up of thin metal are used in stator core for minimizing the energy losses.

• Both rotor and stator, come under the influence of the magnetic field that interacts with an electric current. One magnetic field is generated by permanent magnetic and another is generated by the electromagnet.

• Bearings are used to make the rotor turn on its axis and are supported by motor housing.
• Air gap is the distance between the stator and rotor which is made minimum to avoid magnetizing current and negative effects on the performance.
• Commutator is composed of slip rings that are insulated from each other and are used to toggle the input of the DC motors.
• Windings are nothing but wires wrapped around an iron magnetic core that are responsible for generating magnetic poles in the presence of electric current.

Types of Electric Motors

Two types of motors are mainly used in domestic and industrial applications known as: 1: AC Motors 2: DC Motors

1: AC Motors

  On the other hand, AC motors, also known as alternating current motors, come with an ability to reverse the current direction with regular intervals. AC motors are further divided into two parts: 1. Synchronous Motors 2. Asynchronous Motors AC motors come with controlled acceleration and low power is required to start them. Controlled starting current & adjustable operating speed is what makes them suitable for instrumentation and industrial applications. Synchronous motors come with constant speed under varying load where the rotation of the rotor is perfectly synchronized with the current frequency, making them an ideal choice for driving a load with constant speed. Asynchronous motors, also known as induction motors, are commonly used in industrial applications for their remarkable load capacity. These motors, work on electromagnetic induction where electric current is produced with the magnetic field of the stator windings. Induction motors are further divided into two types: a. Single-phase induction motor b. Three-phase induction motor

• Single-phase induction motors are mostly preferred for smaller loads i.e. mostly used for domestic purposes. While three-phase induction motors are designed to drive large load and are mainly used for industrial applications like pumps, compressors, lifting gear, etc.

2. DC Motors

• DC motors, also known as direct current motors, are the type of motors whose speed is mainly dependent on the intensity of the electric current and they come with the power distribution system.
• Before installing motors on specific machines, make sure the temperature rating of the machine doesn’t exceed the temperature ratings of the motor. Doing so can result in burning the motors and the whole system eventually.
• Load characteristics, power available, cost, and mission goals are very important for motor selection.
• Similarly, running toque plays a key role in determining the motor size. A minor change in load characteristic can cause a drastic change in running toque.

• So, it is wise to keep the supplied torque more than the toque required for a machine going from start to full speed.
• The DC motor speed can be controlled by varying the supply voltage and these motors are variable over a wide range of voltages having high starting torque, easy installation, and quick starting and stopping acceleration.
• The speed control ability makes them a remarkable choice for home appliances, vehicles, and lifts.

DC motors are divided into two major types: 1. Brushed DC Motors 2. Brushless DC Motors

1. Brushed DC Motors

In a brushed DC motor, the current flow is mainly dependent on the brush orientation of the stator.  These are the most basic type of motors that come with a simple control system design, and can be categories into five major types:

a. DC Series Motor

• In DC series motors, field windings and rotor windings are connected in series.
• These motors operate on the electromagnetic principle where rotational motion is produced with a magnetic field generated around the conductor meets and interacts with the external magnetic field.
• These motors provide a speed control with varying voltage, making them suitable for cars, cranes, hoists, and elevators.
• Here torque and motor speed are inversely proportional to each other, increasing one will decrease the other.

b. DC Shunt Wound

• DC shunt motor comes with one voltage supply and a medium level of starting torque where rotor windings and field windings are connected in parallel to each other which is commonly known as a shunt.
• These motors can generate maximum torque when the motor current is increased.
• This generated torque, mind you, doesn’t affect the motor speed.
• Shunt motors mainly run with a constant speed that makes them an ideal choice for many applications including conveyors, grinders, cleaners, and lathes.

c. DC Compound Motors

• DC compound motors are basically a combination of both: shunt and series DC motors where shunt and series windings are present.
• In compound motors, rotor and stator windings can be connected both ways: in series or in parallel to each other with the purpose to integrate the polarity of both windings.

• A small resistance path is created when series windings are developed with copper wires. In order to obtain high input voltage, multiple copper windings are used connected in a shunt.
• These motors are mainly used where high torque is required like centrifugal pumps, compressors, circular saws, conveyors, and shearing machines.

d. Permanent Magnet DC Motors (PMDC)

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• In PMDC motors, the permanent magnet is used instead of electromagnetic that plays a key role in the motor operation.
• Both armature windings and field windings are present in these motors and a permanent magnet allows to create the flux in the air gap between the rotor and stator.
• The rotor is mainly composed of a commutator, armature core, and armature windings and is almost similar to the regular DC motor in construction.

e. Separately Excited Motor

• Separately excited motors are different than shunt DC motor based on their connection with the energy source.
• In these motors, both rotor and stator are connected with separate power supply where armature windings are used to generate a large amount of flux with an ability to control the shunt value.

2. Brushless DC Motors

• DC brushless motors were mainly designed to operate in hard to reach places. In these motors slip ring or commutator is replaced by an embedded controller for creating a feedback loop.
• They are simpler in terms of mechanical design and more efficient compared to brushed DC motors, making them a great choice for long-lasting and high power applications.
• The motor speed is controlled by an incorporated controller that uses Hall Effect sensors to determine the rotor position.

• These motors are more complicated to handle for the presence of the controller and are more costly than brushed motors. They are mainly used where positional and speed control is required like pumps, fans, compressors.

Following are two famous examples of brushless DC motors: a. Servo Motor b. Stepper Motor

• Servo motors come with a feedback loop, providing extra control over motor speed. Linear and rotary actuators are used to control torque, speed, and position. These motors are the nuts and bolts of the instrumentation and embedded systems.

• Stepper motors are typically used in open-loop position control and come in four-wire and six wire layout.
• They are controlled electronically by external magnets where rotor can be made either way: with soft metal or a permanent magnet. The rotor teeth are made to rotate from point to point when they interact with the magnetic field.

• Industrial equipment like pick and place systems and printers are mainly composed of stepper motors.

Applications of Electric Motors

• Electric motors are incorporated in blowers, pumps, industrial fans, machine tools, power tools, and household appliances.
• Electric watches impart a useful application of electric motors that are responsible to accelerate the hands in wristwatches which were previously conducted by the mechanical spring method.
• They are differentiated by multiple factors including internal construction, applications, power source and the type of output generated.
• For example, electric motors are used on a large scale where the pump is attached to the motor to lift the water up and distribute it for domestic or agricultural purposes.
• These motors are also embedded in hybrid cars to drive them under a certain limit without petrol.

That’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed reading Introduction to Electric Motors. If you have anything to share, you are most welcome to comment in the section below. Thanks for reading the post.

Introduction to Electric Generators

Hi Friends! Good to see you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through the Introduction to Electric Generators. A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy that is further used in power grid stations. Gas turbines, steam turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines are some sources of generating mechanical energy for generators. In an electric generator, a rectangular coil of electric conductors is used in a changing magnetic field of the poles of a horseshoe type magnet. The current is generated in the coil when it rotates and cuts the magnetic field lines. The electric generator is opposite to the electric motor in the working principle and similar in construction. A generator that comes with a permanent magnet is also known as PMSM or permanent magnet synchronous generators. In this post, we’ll discuss the electric generators, how they work, construction, types of generators, and their applications. Before going any further, let’s get down to the nitty-gritty of generators.

1. Introduction to Electric Generators

• A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is opposite to electric motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• The first generator was introduced by British scientist Michael Faraday in invented in 1831 which is commonly known as the Faraday disk.
• Generators are mainly used to deliver power to electric grid stations. The produced electrical power goes through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch across the country.

• Before high voltage electrical charge reaches the houses, it goes through a substation, where some steps are applied to lower down the voltage in order to make it reliable and feasible for domestic purposes.

• The electric generator gets mechanical power from a rotating shaft and is equal to the rotational, or angular, velocity multiplied by the shaft torque.
• The speed and construction of the electric generator mainly depend on the characteristics of the mechanical prime generator.
• The generators driven by steam turbines are commonly used in solar thermal electric power plants, waste incineration plants, coal, geothermal, natural gas power plants. They are also excessively used in paper, chemicals, cement, sugar, and steel industries.

2. Generator Working Principle

• The generator working principle is mainly based on electromagnetic induction which is the process of producing induced current in a closed circuit or in a coil by changing the magnetic field linked with the coil.

• This process was discovered by Michael Faraday who stated when a conductor is put in a varying magnetic field keeps, it produces a voltage across the electrical conductor which is also known as EMF (Electromotive Force).

3. Generator Construction

• A single rectangular copper made up of coil is allowed to around its own axis in a varying magnetic field provided by either electromagnet or a permanent magnet.
• The two ends of the coil are combined with two split-rings that are insulated from the central shaft and from each other.
• Two collecting brushes made up of carbon or copper are used to press against the slip rings.

Generators are mainly divided into two major types:

• AC Generators
• DC Generators

DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into DC electrical energy. On the other hand, the AC generator does the same but the electrical current reverses direction periodically. In a DC generator, the current flows in one direction only.

• The working principle, however, is the same in both cases with the main aim to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy where the turning of a coil in a magnetic field produces EMF on both sides of the coil.
• Generators are mainly driven by diesel engines, water turbines, or steam turbines to convert energy generated by fuel combustion, water flow, gas flow, or nuclear fission into mechanical energy that is transmitted to the generator which is then converted to electrical energy.

4. Main Parts of Generator

• Similar to the electric motor, the generator also comes with one rotating part and other stationary parts called rotor and stator respectively.

a. Rotor

• A rotor rotation occurs mainly due to the interaction between the magnetic field and core windings which generates torque around the rotor's axis. The rotor sits inside the stator and is mounted on the motor's shaft.

b. Stator

• The stator is responsible for converting the rotating magnetic field to electric current. The alternator contains both the stator and the rotor and produces electrical voltage.

• The generator regulates the voltage to generate a constant current available for practical use.

c. Armature

• The armature is the primary part of generating power to the external circuit. Armature windings, depending on the design, are located on either stator or rotor, with the field coil covering the other part.

d. Field winding

• The field winding is responsible for generating a rotating magnetic field inside the generator. It is an insulated current-carrying coil on a field magnet that induces a voltage in the armature windings.

e. Split-Ring

• The split-ring, also known as commutator, ascertains that the generated magnetic field is observed by the external circuit.
• It is mainly used to reverse the current direction.
• There is a difference between split-ring and slip-ring. A split-ring commutator reverses the current direction for every half-rotation, whereas a slip-ring is commonly used to maintain a connection between the stationary stator and the spinning rotor.

• The connection between the rotating coil and external circuit reverses each time a half-period of rotation is completed, allowing the metal brush to recalibrate every time the generated electromagnetic field around the coil passes through zero.
• Slip rings are incorporated in DC motors and split-rings are used in generators.

f. Engine

• The generator comes with a separate engine that is mainly used to convert the fuel source into electrical energy.
• Actually, it is responsible for performing the mechanical function in the generator.
• Engines are generally known as the machine’s prime mover where fuel source like propane, bio-diesel, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, water, sewage gas or hydrogen is used to create mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity.
• Each generator engine is designed to generate a power supply using a certain amount of fuel source.
• The engines commonly used in generators are turbine engines, reciprocating engines, and steam engines.

g. Fuel System

• Generators are mainly composed of a fuel system used to pump and store the required fuel to the generator engine.
• The generator tank is occupied with the fuel to generate the desired power where the fuel pipe is used for connecting the tank to the engine and the return pipe is used for connecting the engine to the fuel tank.
• The fuel filter is connected to the tank for the removal of dust particles before it enters the engine.
• The fuel injector is another part that atomizes the fuel for injecting it directly into the engine combustion chamber.

h. Lubricating System

• The generator components are designed to sustain a certain temperature. A minor increase from the given ratings can cause the generator to explode or the whole system eventually.
• Generators mainly use coolant like a fan or lubricant material to keep the temperature under a certain limit.  The generator generates exhaust as the combustion chamber converts fuel into electricity.
• Generators come with multiple parts where each requires consecutive oiling to ensure proper functioning for a long period.
• The lubricating system is installed for this purpose.

5. Types of Generators

The following are the five types of generators.

a. Gasoline

• Gasoline generators are mostly used because they are low-cost and gasoline is easily available.
• Gasoline, mind you, becomes short in the areas facing power scarce as they need electricity to run.
• They are an ideal choice for home and commercial purposes because they are small in size and are available in portable models.

• Make sure, these generators are placed in hard to reach places because the fuel used is highly flammable and can damage the surrounding areas.
• Gasoline generators have the ability to generate relatively high emissions compared to biodiesel and diesel fuel generators.
• And they come with less lifespan and less likely to survive in a cold atmosphere due to the highly flammable quality of the gasoline.

b. Emulsified Diesel

• Emulsified diesel is a combination of diesel fuel and water that is commonly blended with a mixing agent.

• These generators produce fewer emissions than ordinary diesel generators, making them more efficient and ideal for working in a rigorous environment.
• Maintaining the required ratio of water with diesel is a little bit tricky and expert professional is needed for their proper maintenance.

c. Bio-Diesel Generator

• Bio-diesel, as the name suggests, runs on fuel made up of a mixture of diesel and another biological source i.e. animal fat or vegetable oil.
• The bio-diesel generator shares the pros and cons of ordinary diesel fuel generators. However, added environmental benefits put them ahead from other generators.
• They burn with less waste and come with lower emission ability, allowing them to utilize less non-renewable energy sources of fossil fuels.

• Although these generators are installed with noisy engines, they are less flammable compared to regular engines.
• These generators are hard to handle due to difficulty in maintaining the diesel to oil ratio in exact proportion i.e. 80:20
• Like diesel generators, they last for two years or less in storage, and they are not readily available.

d. Diesel Fuel

• Like gasoline, diesel is also easily available and comes with the least flammable feature among other fuel sources. Diesel fuel generators are economical and lost longer than gasoline generators.
• They are more efficient and can endure a stern environment if taken care of properly. What makes them stand out is their ability to start easily in a cold environment.
• Diesel generators store the fuel for 24 months and storing larger qualities are not feasible in terms of price. When a power outage occurs, it is almost impossible to pump these generators because they come with quite a high engine emission.
• These generators are not appropriate for wet environments as fuel moisture severely affects the overall performance of the engine residing inside. Regular maintenance is required for these generators and they are less portable for their heavyweight.

e. Natural Gas

• These generators never run out of fuel, because natural gas is readily available almost everywhere. These generators are not portable and come with a heavyweight.
• Natural gas burns smoothly inside the engine, with little to no noise production. They are highly economical and can stand in a cold environment pretty well.
• What comes with affordable unit price, covers up higher installation costs for gas lines.
• These machines don’t last longer compared to diesel generators.
• Stern measures are required while installing the gas lines, as little leakage can cause severe damage.

Applications

• Generators are commonly used for industrial, commercial, and domestic purposes as backup power when the electricity goes down.
• Mini-hydro plants, high-pressure gas streams, wind turbines make use of generators.
• Used in power grid station for electricity generation that is then transferred to the whole city using power grid lines.
• They are used as a standby in events, exhibitions, and converts.
• DC generators, a source of a stable current generator, are used in arc lamps for lighting.

That's all for today. Hope you find this read helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback, they help us create content customized to your exact needs. Thanks for reading the article.