The Engineering Projects

2-to-1 Multiplexer using Logic Gates in Proteus ISIS

Hi Mentees! I welcome you on behalf of The Engineering Projects. In this section of this DLD Logic gates series, we are discussing different applications of logic gates. We have discussed DLD Adders and Subtractors in our previous lectures and now it's time to have a look at DLD Multiplexers.

1. What are Multiplexers?
2. What are the types of Multiplexers?
3. What are the two input Multiplexers?
4. How can we simulate the Circuit of 2 to 2 MUX in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can we use the 2 to 1 MUX as OR, AND and NOT gates?

What are Multiplexers?

When I heard the word Multiplexer, I thought that as Adder adds numbers, Subtractor subtracts numbers, similarly, the Multiplexer will multiply binary numbers but that's not the case. Multiplexer is defined as:

• A Multiplexer(also called MUX or MPX) is a simple digital electronic circuit, designed using DLD Logic Gates and is used to select a single input from multiple inputs provided to it.
• The input selection is controlled by a separate Input called Select Input(S).
• The selected Input is then forwarded to the Output Terminal.
• In a simple two Input(A₁, A₂) MUX,
1. If S = 0, the output(Y) will be A₁
2. If S = 1, the output(Y) will be A₂.

A Multiplexer is also called Data Selector, Universal Logic Selector, Many-to-one Logic converter and Parallel-to-Serial Convertor because it has the ability to select a single input from multiple inputs.

Let's understand the working principle of Multiplexer in detail:

Multiplexer Working Principle

Let's take the example of the simplest multiplexer i.e. 2-to-1 MUX. It has 2 normal inputs(A₁ , A₂ ) and 1 Select Input(S) and it generates single Output(Y). Here's the block diagram of a simple 2-to-1 Multiplexer:

As discussed above, the selection of inputs is controlled by the Select Pin(S). So, if S = 0, the output will be A₁ and if S = 1, the output will be A₂. The relation between Select Input and Output is shown in the below truth table:

Select Input(S)	Output(Y)
0	A1
1	A2

We can understand from the above truth table that we can control maximum 2 inputs from a single Select Input. So, in order to control more than 2 inputs, we need to increase the number of Select Inputs. For example, 2 Select Inputs can control a maximum of 4 Normal Inputs. So, the relation between Select and Normal Inputs can be described by the following formula:

Normal Inputs = 2ⁿ

where, n represents the Select Inputs.

So, if we have 5 Select Inputs, we can easily control 2⁵ = 32 Normal Inputs.

We have discussed its types in our Lecture. 2-to-1 Multiplexer As the name justifies, the 2 to 1 Multiplexer is the one where we have two inputs and only one output. Let's find what are 2:1 MUX. " The kind of Multiplexer or MUX that contains two inputs, one Selector and one Output is called 2-to-1 MUX or multiplexer. The inputs are usually named as D0 and D1, the selector is termed as S and the output is called Y." You can change the names of the inputs and output according to your choice.

Truth Table of 2-to-1 MUX

As we have discussed earlier, the inputs of Multiplexer depends upon a Selector S. therefore, when we design a Truth Table, we include a Selector also in it. While designing a 2-to-1 MUX, we follow the expression given below:

Y=D0S' + D1S

Considering the expression above we get the Truth Table of 2-to-1 Multiplexer as follow:

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	0
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1

  On the basis of above discussion, I am going to Produce a 2-into-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS.

Implementing 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

To Design a 2-to-1 Multiplexer, we need the following material:

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Grab the required Material from the Pick Library one after the other by Pressing a "P" button present at the screen.
• Hit and hold the Name of the chosen Logic Gates one by one and arrange them at the screen according to the given image:

• Get Three Logic Toggles and set them just before the Logic Gates.
• Arrange an LED below the OR Gate's output.
• To have a ground Terminal, left click the mouse >Go to Place>Terminal>Ground.
• Join all the Components according to given image below:

• Pop the Play button just at the left corner of the screen and change the input.

NOTE: If your circuit shows the error of duplication, Simply change the names of gate by double clicking them and give them the desired name.

• Change the conditions of the System by changing the values of inputs and observe the output.

One can Use the 2-into-1 Multiplexer as the other Logic Gates. We discuss the usage of 2-into-1 MUX for the following Gates:

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate

Let's have a detailed way to use the 2-to-1 Multiplexer in the following way.

Implementing OR Gate through 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

The MUX Can easily be used to implement Basic Logic Gate. But before that Recall that what is an OR Gate.

"An OR Gate is a two input Logical Gate that give the output LOW only when both the outputs are LOW."

Procedure for the conversion of 2-to-1 Multiplexer into OR Gate

• Fix the value of D0 to 1 all the time.
• Change the Value of the S and D2 according to the Truth Table given below and match the result.

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1

Notice that the value of output is equals to the AND Gate.

Implementing AND Gate through 2-to-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS

Recall the definition of AND Gate:

" The AND Gate is the one that consist of two inputs and gives the input HIGH only when both the Inputs are HIGH."

Follow the simple steps to use 2-to 1 MUX as an AND Gate.

Steps to use 2-into-1 MUX as AND Gate

• Set the value of D0 as 1.
• Change the values of S and D0 according to table and record your observations.

 

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	1	0	0
1	0	0	0
1	1	0	1

You can clearly see that the output is same as the AND Gate hence, you can use it as AND Gate.

NOT Gate through 2 to 1 MUX

Prior to start, Let's refresh the definition of NOT Gate in our minds:

"The NOT Gate is a 1 input invertor Logic Gate that gives the output 1 when input is zero and vice versa."

To use the 2 to 1 MUX as NOT Gate, just follow the steps:

• Set the D0 input as 0.
• Set D1 as 1.
• Change the value of S as 1 and zero  one after the other.
• You will Observe that when S=1 the output is 0 and vice versa.
• Hence this is our required result.

You can check our website for the XNOR, XOR and NOR Gate from 2 to 1 MUX in our Tutorials. Consequently, today we leaned interesting Circuits. We saw what are 2 to 1 Multiplexers. We made a circuit of the 2 to 1 MUX and from the circuit, we found how can we use them as OR, AND and NOT logic Gates along with the truth tables of each.

TDA7294 Power Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TDA7294. TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage. It is primarily used for the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications containing self-powered loudspeakers. The fault protection circuitry used in this device protects against short circuits. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll detail the complete introduction to TDA7294 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA7294

• TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage.
• This device comes with a wide voltage supply range and can drive loads of 4V to 8V.

• This chip comes in multi-watt 15V and 15H packages and offers protection against thermal shutdown.
• It is widely used in the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications.
• The high-power loudspeakers incorporate this chip for producing the perfect bass sound.
• You can attach this device with a heat sink and it is capable of generating an output power of around 100 watts.

• Producing audio signals with high efficiency and high power is the main goal of this amplifier.
• This chip comes with standby and mute functions with the main aim of removing the noises generated as a result of switching.

TDA7294 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your project, it’s wise to have a look at the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief idea about this device. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin - 01: Stand-by-GND

This is an output pin that is attached to the ground.

Pin - 02, 03: Inverting input, Non-inverting input

These are the audio amplifier input pins.

Pin - 04: SVR

SVR stands for supply voltage rejection pin that is mainly used to remove the noise from the output signal.

Pin - 05, 11, 12: NC

These are non-connected pins.

Pin - 06: Bootstrap

The bootstrap pin is mainly employed to boost the output swing with a capacitor attached to this pin.

Pin - 07, 08: -, +

We will attach these pins to the positive and negative leads of the voltage supply.

Pin - 09: Stand by

This pin is used to run output in a low current mode.

Pin - 10: Mute

It is mainly employed to disable the output signal.

Pin - 13: 15: -, + Power supply

These pins represent the power supply terminals.

Pin - 14: Out

This is an output pin that offers an amplified audio signal.

TDA7294 Features

The following are the main features of TDA7294.

• Contains high operating voltage range of +40V to -40V
• Low distortion and low noise.
• Comes with a DMOS output stage.

• The threshold voltage for Standby OFF is 3.5V and standby ON is 1.5V.
• High power output around 100W.
• Maximum peak output current = 10A.
• Features built-in protection circuitry against thermal shutdown and short circuit.
• Additional functions include mute and stand-by.
• Open-loop gain = 80dB.

TDA7294 Equivalents

The following are the equivalents to the TDA7294.

• TDA2030
• LM386
• LM3886
• LM4871
• TDA2040
• TDA7293
• TDA7295

While working with these equivalents, double-check the pinout of these alternatives, as the pinout of these alternatives might differ from the pinout of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Applications

TDA7294 is employed in the following applications:

• Radio & TV
• Self-powered loudspeakers
• Bridge circuits
• Subwoofers and home stereo systems

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to TDA7294. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

TDA2030 Audio Amplifier, Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to TDA2030. This device incorporates a TDA2030 audio amplifier chip that produces 18 W output power with low harmonic distortion.

I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to TDA2030 covering pinout, datasheet, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA2030

• TDA2030 is a monolithic integrated circuit that comes in a Pentawatt package, mainly used as a low-frequency class AB amplifier.
• The audio amplifier is a basic circuitry used to amplify the audio signal obtained through a device like a microphone.

• Audio amplifiers are widely used in scores of applications including Hi-fi devices, Radio wave transmitters, talking toys, Home audio systems, Robots, and as an acoustic weapon for military operation purposes.
• The main purpose of an amplifier is to convert an electrical signal into an acoustic signal. Any circuit containing an audio signal contains an audio amplifier at the output and the input.
• The TDA 2030 can generate 14W output power (d = 0.5%) at 14V/4O at ± 14V or 28V, producing output power 8W on an 8O and 12W on a 4O load.
• This module comes with a wide supply voltage range of up to 36V.
• It operates on the single or split power supply and protection circuitry against short circuits and offers thermal shutdown.

• The short circuit protection settings automatically limit the dissipated power, keeping the output transistor operating point within a secure operating range.
• The TDA2030 offers high output current and carries very low crossover and harmonic distortion.
• It also features onboard terminal blocks for speakers and an onboard power indicator which indicates the operation of this device when power is provided to this module.
• This device offers storage and junction temperature ranges of -40 to 150 C.
• The differential input voltage is +-15V and the output peak current is 3.5A and power dissipation is 20W.

TDA2030 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Features

An audio amplifier is generally developed in such a way that it takes input as the low strength audio signal and as a result, produces the output signal comprising high strength value. The following are the main features of TDA2030.

• Contains On-board power indicator
• 18 W mono amplifier circuit design
• Short-circuit protection to ground
• Operating Voltage Range = 6 V to 12 V
• Single or split power supply

• Main pins are routed to a standard pin header
• On-board TDA2030A audio amplifier chip
• Comes with On-board 10K potentiometer for volume adjustment
• Features On-board terminal blocks for speaker
• Module Size = 32 x 24 mm
• Wide-range supply voltage, up to 36 V
• Thermal shutdown

TDA2030 Applications

The following are the main applications of TDA2030.

• Used in Hi-fi devices
• Radio wave transmitter contains an audio amplifier
• Employed in Talking toys
• Used in home audio systems and robots
• An acoustic weapon for military operations

That was all about the Introduction to TDA2030. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

5 Ways to Make Your Automation Testing More Effective

Hey pals! Welcome to the Engineering Project. We hope you are have a good day. First, we need to understand what automation is, and what its objectives are. Automation is simply the integration of technology to process or run its functions with minimal human intervention or assistance. Its objectives are to improve efficiency, speed and precision of hard or long tasks that are usually performed by humans.  For example, accounting and producing and delivery of products, which were formerly and majorly done by humans. But, in the world of modernity and technology, automation was invented to minimize costs and risks while maximizing profits.  Overall, an open line of communication and good management skills are both critical during the implementation or automation testing services.  There are significant issues that always need to be addressed, a fragile interrelationship in a sense. For example, testing to check if the system's configurations and processes are working is one of the most overlooked details of IT projects. The sooner defects are found, the less resources are used to fix said defects. It's crucial to ensure the effectiveness of automation. Here is the factor divided into 5 main issues:

• Knowing What They Want and Need, Take It slow and Start Small.

It's better to take the time and acknowledge what the automation needs and what it needs to do. This is because it's difficult to precisely guess what the requirements, the system design, and how much human interaction it will need while in development as clients usually don't exactly know what they want until they see and use it. So, it's better to start with a small example that can be easily presented to clients. It can then be used as a foundation on what changes or enhancements should be made. 

• Staffing and Expertise

Having the right staff with proper expertise of the functions you want to have for your automation will make it more effective overall as it will be minimizing risks and upping the chance of both satisfaction and profitability. For example, having a project manager with proper knowledge and experience will be of great help in filling positions required for the automation.

• Schedule and Test Reports

It is important to have, at the very least, a concrete schedule when it comes to testing the product and when the final release can be expected. At the end of each week, it should focus on summarizing all the progress on the automation that has so far been done; what the changes are, what errors have been crossed and fixed, and the plan on what to do the following week will be.  

• Automated Testing

All IT projects like automations are encouraged to use Test-Driven Development (TDD) where test cases are simply stated, which are a sequence of steps with an expected outcome or function before starting each step of work. After each phase, testing should not only be done by both dedicated testers, and each member of the team working on the project but also automated test servers which in modern times have been the norm to make test much broader and more frequent.

• Be open and informative

Make sure that your client monitors the progress of the tests, and catches problems earlier rather than late where costs and risks are higher. Provide proof and suggestions, such as:

• Live Demos – Instead of Power-point presentations or a detailed text document, provide the client with working examples or software that shows the progress you’ve done.
• Quality Metrics – In recent years, there have been tools made to generate other types of reports such as those on quality. For example, in Java, the most common programming language for automations, there are many tools that check if there are lines of codes that will lead to errors or bugs, or logic that is too complex, or if code violates standards.
• Charts – It’s useful to have charts to give both the client and the team a general view of their overall progress. For example, a task board that shows which features haven’t started yet, which are currently in progress, which need to be fixed, and which are done can be useful.  

When there is a major mishap or mismatch, the manager must quickly assess how and what resources are necessary. After each test, requirements may evolve or change, which puts more emphasis on communication and management.

Web Design vs. Web Development

Hi Friends! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. At the present time, it is an important to upgrade the technical skills. As we approach a more digital era, the use of the internet has become part of our day-to-day activities. When it comes to looking up for something online, we always go to our chosen and trusted websites for information. Our trusted website, of course, is pleasing to the eyes, with all the functions and settings working perfectly. Although as a browser, we would sometimes not bother to give a second look at the web design or how it was developed. But if by any chance, your mind seeks to know more, to have in-depth knowledge about websites in general, this article seeks to explain the difference between web design and web development.

Web Design and Web Development: Which Is Which?

Web Design

In layman’s terms, web design involves the aesthetic of a particular website. It is how the site looks from an outsider’s point of view. The web designer’s job includes making the website look aesthetically-pleasing to its viewers—these would include a selection of the color scheme to be used, selection of the font and font size, and where the website functions should be placed.  Web design mainly requires the artistic and creative touch of the web designer. Aside from the aesthetic look of a website, there are numerous areas in web design that the web designer should never neglect, including the user interface design (UI), the graphic design, user experience design (UX), and search engine optimization (SEO). To make web design possible, web designers use a bunch of tools that would be perfect for the production process that they would be needing. Web designers normally would use vector and raster graphics editor in order to make design prototypes or web-formatted images. The tools that they use are updated from time to time in order to always have an updated software or standards. Web designers also use technologies to create websites like CSS and HTML. The UI and UX of a website are also considered in the web design. The UX pertains to the layout, including labeling and clear instructions on each function. UI, however, is the more commonly used function of a website, as this pertains to the website’s interface as a whole.

Web Development

As the back end (and front end) of a website, web application development services consist of all the software and programs that are needed in making the website thoroughly and smoothly functioning. A web developer’s main objective is to develop the backend of a website to give a pleasing and smooth web experience for whoever will browse the website. Since web development is a complicated and tedious task, it requires a skilled and skilled web developer, who is also familiar with technical computer languages such as Java, ASP, Coldfusion, and PHP, among others. Web development can be as simple as making a single static page or even making web-based applications of the internet and web apps. Web developers have numerous tasks to accomplish when developing a website. These include web engineering, web content development, client-side or server-side scripting, web server, network security configuration, e-commerce development, and even web design. Web development sometimes uses content management systems (CMS) in order to make the necessary changes in the content easier and more accessible with basic technical skills.  Web Design vs. Web Development: Brief Summary Both web development and web design are important in making a website. These two approaches (front end and back end) when combined, produce, and develop the system and design needed for a completely working and aesthetically-pleasing website. Web development mostly pertains to the back end of a website, making sure that all the systems, functions, and configuration are working properly. This may be unseen by the web browser but can surely experience it upon browsing any given website. The website’s aesthetic look and design, however, is part of the work of a web designer. As a skilled web designer, the graphics, colors, fonts, graphics placement, UI and UX, and features placement are included in the whole web design. Web design and web development work hand-in-hand. You cannot develop a website with just a web design, just as you cannot make your design work with just the web design.

Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400

Hello Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400. The Arduino MKR GSM 1400 is a microcontroller board that is based on the SAMD21 microcontroller. This device connects with a cellular network for developing communication. This GSM board is a one-stop solution for developing your sensor network or you can use it as a device sending a text message about the occurring of certain events remotely. A module from u-blox, the SARA-U201 (which is a power chipset that activates using multiple cellular range bands) is responsible for GSM / 3G connectivity inside the device. I recommend you read this post till the end as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400 covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400

• The Arduino MKR GSM 1400 is a microcontroller board that is based on the SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM microcontroller.
• This device is mainly introduced for laying out the communication with cellular networks.

• Connecting Arduino with the GSM network is as easy as the program used for LED blinking. With this device, you can send or receive calls or messages and approach the different types of servers for exchanging data.
• The module comes with 8 digital I/O pins while the number of analog pins are 7 and the pins used as PWM pins are 13.

• The board supports UART serial communication protocol. Other communication protocols include SPI and I2C communication protocol.
• The USB port is incorporated in the device which is used for sending the number of instructions from the computer using Arduino IDE software.
• The internal flash memory is 256KB and the SRAM is 32KB. There is no EEPROM present inside the device. The Arduino program (sketch) is stored in the flash memory while SRAM is responsible for producing and manipulating variables when it runs.
• The clock frequency is 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz… which is responsible for the synchronization of all internal functions.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief overview of this GSM device. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the device. Let’s get started.

Analog Pins

There are 7 analog pins available on the board. These pins can receive any number of value in opposed to digital pins that receive only two values HIGH and LOW.

Digital Pins

There are 8 digital pins incorporated on the board which you can use as an input or output based on the requirement. These pins get two values HIGH or LOW. When the pins receive 5V they are in a HIGH state and when these pins receive 0V, they are in a LOW state.

PWM Pins

There are 13 PWM pins on the board. These pins produce analog results through digital means.

SPI Pins

The board supports SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol that ensures the communication between controllers and other peripheral devices like shift registers or sensors. It contains two pins… MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) are used for SPI communication.

UART

The board comes with a UART communication protocol that guarantees serial communication and comes with two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is a receiving pin that receives the serial data and Tx is the transmission pin that is used to transmit the serial data.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Features

The following are the main features of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

• Microcontroller = SAMD21
• Secure Element = ATECC508
• Radio module = u-blox SARA-U201
• Supported Battery = Li-Po Single Cell, 3.7V, 2500mAh Minimum
• Digital I/O Pins = 8
• Analog Pins = 7
• PWM Pins = 13
• Flash Memory = 256KB
• SRAM = 32KB
• EEPROM = no
• Circuit Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• Power Supply (USB/VIN) = 5V
• External Interrupts = 10
• DC Current per I/O Pin = 7 mA
• SPI = 1

• UART = 1
• I2C = 1
• SIM Card = MicroSIM (not included with the board)
• Working region = Global
• Carrier frequency = GSM 850 MHz, E-GSM 1900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz, PCS 1900 MHz
• Clock Speed = 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz
• Full-Speed USB Device and embedded Host = 1
• LED_BUILTIN = 6
• Size = 25x67mm
• Weight = 32gr.

Programming

• This GSM board is programmed by Arduino IDE software which is specifically introduced by Arduino.cc to program the Arduino boards.
• The software comes with an LED blinking program which you can use to test the board if it’s operating properly.
• Connect your board with the computer using a USB cable and start playing with it. You can send the number of instructions to the board from the computer using Arduino IDE software.
• The board comes with a built-in Bootloader that is used to burn the program inside the microcontroller board. You don’t require an external burner to burn the program in the controller.

Arduino MKR GSM 1400 Applications

This device is mainly used in GSM cellular projects. The following are the main applications of Arduino MKR GSM 1400.

• Used in tracking projects
• Used in home automation
• Employed in GSM home alarm
• Employed in fire forest monitoring and detection
• Used to send messages to control LED color
• Used in 2-factor authentication for ATM project

That’s was all about the Introduction to Arduino MKR GSM 1400. If you’ve any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS

Hey pals! I wish you are doing great. Welcome to a new lesson about the Digital Logic Circuits in The Engineering Projects. In the past tutorials, we Designed the Basic JK Flip Flop. Today, we'll talk about the following Points:

1. What are JK Flip Flops?
2. What are the Master Slave Flip Flops?
3. How does the Circuit of Master Slave Flip Flop looks?
4. How types of JK Flip Flop different from each other?
5. How does the simulation of Master JK Flip Flip take place in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, we'll also learn some key concepts in DID YOU KNOW portions. Yet Let's recall some points about the topic.  Flip Flops are the building block of a huge number of electronic systems and devices. A Flip Flop is a Digital circuit that can take the bits as input, work with the bits, Store the bits and can output the bits. it has four basic types and at the moment we are discussing the JK Flip Flops.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The basic JK Flip Flops face a condition where when both the Inputs are HIGH and the Clock remains HIGH for a long time, then the output of JK Flip Flop becomes uncertain and this situation is called Race around Condition in JK Flip Flops..

JK Flip Flops

As discussed in the Previous tutorial , we define the JK Flip Flops as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Modification of Set-Reset Flip Flops that contain two outputs and are able to work with the Invalid Condition of Flip Flops."

There are mainly two types of JK Flip Flops:

1. Basic JK Flip Flops
2. Master Slave JK Flip Flops.

The main focus of this tutorial is Master JK Flip Flops so lets find what are they.

Master Slave JK Flip Flops

The Master Slave JK Flip Flops are considered better than Basic JK Flop and we define them as:

"Master Slave JK Flip Flop is two input two output sequential Logic Circuits that are the Combination of two Basic JK Flip Flops and  work well even in Race around Condition of JK Flip Flops."

In Master Slave JK Flip Flops there are two JK Flip Flops that are connected in series. The 1st JK Flip flop is called the "Master" circuit and the other is called the "Slave" circuit. The output of the Master Circuit is connected with the inputs of Slave circuits. At the same token, the output from the Slave Circuit are then fed into the input terminals of Master Circuit. The circuit also contain an Invertor that is Connected with the clock and slave circuit in such a way that the Slave circuit always contain the inverting clock signal as the master circuit. Hence when Master circuit get the clock HIGH, then the slave circuit get the LOW and vise Versa.

Difference of Basic JK Flip Flop and Master Slave JK Flip Flop

Both of the circuits belongs to the same family but they are different in many ways:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop contain only one circuit but Master Slave JK Flip Flop contains two.
2. The Basic JK Flip Flop have the Race around condition but Master Slave does not.
3. Basic JK Flip Flop is less complex than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
4. Basic JK Flip Flop is less used than Master Slave JK Flip Flop.
5. Basic JK Flip Flop does not require any NOT Gate but Master JK Flip Flop use it.

Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop

If we talk about the Circuit of the JK Flip Flop then it is always convenient to use the IC presented in Proteus ISIS. We'll show you the Circuit of Master Slave through ISIS but for the best concept and the working of the Circuit, we'll demonstrate the Logic Gate Circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop during the Simulation. Let's have a look at the circuit of Master Slave JK Flip Flop with IC:

DID YOU KNOW???????????

When the condition of Master Slave Flip Flop is J=1 and K=1 then the values at Q  and Q' remains change according to the flow of clock.

Working Mechanism of JK Flip Flops

It is important to understand how Master Slave Flip Flop works. When the clock Pulse is set to be high, the circuit of Slave is isolated. The Slave circuit remains isolated until the Clock is high. At this position, the J and K have an effect at the output of the whole circuit. When we set the J as LOW and S as HIGH. The output of Switch 4 (Look at the picture below) will goes to the 2nd Input of switch 6. In this Condition, the Slave circuit copies the Master circuit. Similarly, when you change the values of J and K then you will Get different outputs according to the condition of clock.

Simulation od Master Slave JK Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS

Fire up your Proteus Software.

Material Required

1. Three input NAND Gate
2. Two input NAND Gate
3. Logic Toggle
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting Wires

• Click the 'P" button and write NAND Gates, Logic Toggle, LED in the pop up window one after the other.
• Arrange 2 three input NAND Gates at the Working area vertically.
• Get 6 two input NAND Gate just according to the image given below:

• Set three Logic Toggles vertically, at the start of Three input NAND Gates.
• For the output device, use the Led and set them just after the last two NAND gates.
• Go to Ground Terminal from the side of Proteus screen and choose Ground Terminal.
• Set the Ground terminal just after the LEDs.
• Place the NOT Gate just below the Three inputs NAND Gates.
• Connect the whole system through wires as reported by the following picture:

NOTE: You can also use the CLOCK instead of the Logic toggles in the experiment but this was not suitable for the demonstration purpose for me.

• Change the values of the toggle J,K and CLK one after the other to check the outputs.

This is the required circuit. Truss today we saw what are the Flip Flops, what are the JK Flip Flops. We saw the types of JK Flip Flops and leaned how can we perform the Practical simulation of Master Slave JK Flip Flops.

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

Hello Learner! I hope you are doing great. Welcome to another tutorial at The Engineering Projects. This blog is the part of series we have stated about the Digital Logic Circuits. Previous to this, we learned Implementation of SK Flip Flops in Proteus. at the present day, we'll seek the knowledge about the following points:

1. What are Flip Flops?
2. What are JK Flip Flops?
3. How can we record the Truth Table of JK Flip Flops?
4. What is the Procedure to Construct the circuit of JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates and IC circuit?

Moreover, we'll also have some useful bits of Information in Did you know Sections. Let' see the explanation of the concepts given above.

Flip Flops

The Flip Flops are the building blocks of many of  the Electronic Circuits. We define the Flip Flops as:

"The Flip Flops are the type of sequential Logic Circuits that are mainly made through the Logic Circuits and have the ability to receive, store, and show the output in the form of binary bits i.e, 1 and 0."

There are mainly four types of Flip Flops:

1. SR Flip Flops
2. JK Flip Flops
3. D Flip Flops
4. T Flip Flops

The main focus of this blog is JK Flip Flop so we'll discuss them in detail.

JK Flip Flops

JK flip Flops are the sequential Circuits and are the very much similar to SR Flip Flops. We introduce the JK Flip Flips as:

"The JK Flip Flops are the Universal Flip Flops containing two inputs, two outputs and a Clock in the Circuit. They have e the ability to avoid the invalid or Illegal condition of the Flip Flops."

The name of the inputs are said to be J and K respectively. Unlike SR Flip Flops ( where S stands for Set and R stands for Reset) the inputs of JK Flip Flops are titled autonomously. Somehow, related to the inventor of the JK Flip Flop "Jack Kilby".

DID YO KNOW???????????

JK Flip Flops are useful in many ways as: They have Low power dissipation. They are much Faster than their sibling Flip Flops.

]The output of the JK Flip Flops are named as Q and Q'. As the name implies , both the Outputs are opposite to each other. When Q is HIGH , the Q' is Low and same is the case with the opposite condition. The Truth Table Of JK Flip Flop is given next:

CLOCK	J	K	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	0	1
Low			0	1
High	1	0	1	0
Low			1	0
Low	1	1	1	0
High			0	1

There are two types of JK Flip Flop named as:

1. Basic JK Flip Flop.
2. Master-Slave JK Flip Flop.

Yet in this lesson, we'll make a clear idea about the Basic JK Flip Flop only. For best concepts, we'll not just observe the Circuit diagram of JK Flip Flop but we'll Construct a Circuit using different tools and Components in Proteus ISIS. We'll learn about the Formation of JK Flip Flop in two ways:

1. JK Flip Flop through Logic Gates.
2. JK Flip Flops through IC.

Rush toward your Proteus Software and learn how can you make this in just simple steps.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

The JK Flip Flops are the better version of SR Flip Flops and are better than those just using a NOR Gate.

JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Get the following material from the Pick Library through "P" button..

Material Required

1. 3 input NAND Gate.
2. 2input NAND Gate.
3. Logic Toggle.
4. LED-RED.
5. Ground Terminal.
6. Connecting Wires.

• Get the first three elements from the Pick Library one by one.
• Select two 3 input NAND Gates and arrange them vertically at the working area one after the other.
• Repeat the same step for Two input NAND Gates just after the two gates set before.

• Get two Logic Toggles and arrange them just before the Gate 1 and 2.
• Take two LEDs and place them just after switch 3 and 4.
• Get a Clock and set it in between two logic Toggles.
• JK Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus is shown in image given below:

• Pop the Play button to start simulation.
• Change the values of the inputs and observe the output at each gate. You will get the following table:

CLOCK	J	K	1	2	Q	Q’
High	0	0	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
Low			Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged	Unchanged
High	0	1	1	1	0	1
Low			1	1	0	1
High	1	0	1	1	1	0
Low			1	1	1	0
Low	1	1	1	1	1	0
High			1	1	0	1

Hence this is the required output.

JK Flip Flop IC (Integrated Circuit)

Due to the usability of JK Flip Flop, Proteus ISIS has added many JK Flip Flop IC. In this way, we do not need to design all the circuit. Instead we can simple using JK Flip Flop IC.Let's see how it will work:

Material Required

1. JK Flip Flop ( IC)
2. Logic Toggle
3. LED-red
4. Ground Terminal

• Place the JK Flip Flop IC at the working area.
• Connect Logic Toggles and clock at the respective ports.
• Add the Led at Q and Q' ports.
• Ground the LED's through Ground Terminals.

• Change the values of the Logic Toggles again and again and check that does you get the required output or not.

Easily available JK Flip Flop IC

Proteus also contain many other ICs of JK Flip Flop. Some of them are as follows:

1. 74LS107 that contain a Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
2. 4027B is an IC that is Dual JK Flip Flop.
3. 74LS73 contains Dual JK Flip Flop with CLEAR.
4. 74LS76 has Dual Flip Flop with PRESENT and CLEAR.

Truss, Today we recalled that what are the Flip Flops, what are its types, learned a great information about JK Flip Flops and designed its circuit in Proteus ISIS in two ways. Hopefully, you got the required pieces of particulars. in the next Lesson, we'll talk about the Master slave JK Flip Flops.

Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post, I’ll detail the Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3. Arduino Uno REV 3 is an Arduino board based on the microcontroller ATmega328P. It carries 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs. Moreover, 6 analog input pins are available on the board and the clock frequency is 16MHz. Arduino UNO is one of the most used boards from the Arduino family. The robust and clean design helps you shape your ideas into reality. Know that Arduino UNO REV3 is an advanced version of Arduino UNO. The new version includes four solder pads JP2 attached with the pins PB4 to PB7 of the USB ATmega. Uno stands for one in Italian and this name was picked for the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) and Uno board both are considered as the reference versions of Arduino, which evolved with time with new features. The UNO board is the first USB board from the Arduino family. Arduino is an open-source platform which means you can get a hold of Arduino boards and software and edit and modify them as per your requirements. Arduino IDE software is free to use for anyone, moreover, as you join this platform you can get help from the Arduino community. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3 covering pinout, features, pin description, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino UNO REV3

• Arduino Uno REV 3 is an Arduino board based on the microcontroller ATmega328P.
• It comes with 14 digital I/O pins out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs.
• There are 6 analog input pins and the board’s clock frequency is 16MHz which is used for the synchronization of internal functions.
• Moreover, this board includes a power jack, USB connection, ICSP header, and reset button.

• In fact, it contains almost everything required to support the built-in controller. Simply plug this device with the computer using a USB cable or power it up with an AC-to-DC adopter or battery and start playing with it.
• The operating voltage is 5V while the input voltage ranges from 6 to 20 and the recommended input voltage ranges from 7 to 12V.

• Only 5 V is required to power up the board, which we can obtain using the USB port or external adopter, however, it can support an external power source up to 12 V which can be regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V depending on the requirement of the project.
• Internal pull-up resistors are installed in the board that keeps the current under a certain limit. Know that too much increase in the current can make these resistors useless and can ultimately damage the entire project.
• The flash memory is 32KB while the EEPROM and SRAM are 1KB and 2KB respectively. The flash memory is the location where the Arduino program (sketch) is stored.
• While the SRAM is the memory used to produce and manipulates variables when it runs. The EEPROM is a non-volatile memory that keeps the code stored even when board power is removed.
• A reset pin is included in the board that resets the whole board when it is pressed and takes the running program to the initial stage. This pin comes in handy when the board hangs up in the middle of the running program, pressing this pin will clear everything up in the program and again runs the program from the beginning.
• This board carries a built-in regulation feature that keeps the voltage under control when the board is attached to the external device.

Arduino UNO REV3 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino UNO REV3.

Arduino UNO REV3 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief look into the Arduino UNO REV3. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin incorporated on the board.

Digital Pins

There are 14 digital pins incorporated on the board. You can use these pins as an input or output based on your requirement. These pins receive two values HIGH or LOW. When these pins receive 5V they are in the HIGH state and when they receive 0V they remain in a LOW state.

Analog Pins

There are 6 analog pins available on the board. These pins can receive any value compared to digital pins that only receive two values i.e HIGH or LOW

PWM Pins

Out of 14 digital I/O pins incorporated on the board, 6 are used as PWM pins. These pins generate an analog signal with digital means when these pins are activated.

SPI Pins

The board comes with an SPI communication protocol that is mainly used to maintain communication between the microcontroller and other peripheral devices like shift resistors and sensors. Two pins: MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) and MISO (Master Input Slave Output) are used for SPI communication between devices. These pins are employed to send or receive data by the controller.

I2C Pins

This is a two-wire communication protocol that comes with two pins called SDL and SCL. The SDL pin is a serial data pin that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock pin that is used for the synchronization of all data transfer over the I2C bus.

UART Pins

This board also supports UART serial communication protocol. It contains two pins Tx and Rx. The Tx is a transmission pin used to transmit the serial data while Rx is a receiving pin that is used to receive the serial data.

LED

There are four LEDs on the board. One is a built-in LED connected to pin 13 other is a power LED. And two are Rx and Tx LEDs which operate when serial data is transferred or received to the board.

Vin, 5V, GND, RESET

Vin……. It is the input voltage supplied to the Arduino Board. It is different from than 5 V we get through a USB port. Moreover, if a voltage is supplied through the power jack, it can be accessed through this pin. 5V……… This board contains voltage regulation ability. This board is activated using three ways i.e. USB, Vin pin of the board, or DC power jack. USB supports voltage around 5V while Vin and Power Jack support a voltage ranges between 7V to 20V. Know that, if a voltage is supplied through 5V or 3.3V pins, they will bypass the voltage regulation which ultimately damages the board if the voltage exceeds the certain limit. GND….. This is a ground pin. More than one ground pins are available on the board which can be used as per requirement. Reset… This pin resets the program running on the board. Instead of a physical reset on the board, IDE can reset the board through programming.

Arduino UNO REV3 Features

Microcontroller = ATmega328P Operating Voltage = 5V Digital I/O Pins = 14 PWM Digital I/O Pins = 6 Analog Input Pins = 6 Input Voltage (limit) = 6-20V Input Voltage (recommended) = 7-12V Flash memory = 32KB SRAM = 2KB EEPROM = 1KB Oscillator = 16MHz Size = 53x68mm Weight = 25g

Programming

• This board carries all specifications needed to run the controller. You can directly connect this board with the computer using a USB cable and send a lot of instructions to the board using Arduino IDE software. The programming language C or C++ is used to program the controller.
• It is important to note that Arduino comes with a Bootloader that is mainly used to burn the Arduino program which means you don’t require an external burner to burn the program inside the controller.
• The Arduino. IDE software is compatible with many operating systems including Windows, MAC or Linux Systems, however, Windows is preferred to run this software.

Difference between Arduino UNO and Arduino UNO REV3

• The Arduino Uno incorporates the ATMEGA8U2 USB microcontroller on board. While R3 board comes with an upgraded version of the USB controller ATMEGA16U2 on board.

• The Arduino Uno features an LED and resistor connected in series on pin 13. The R3 board buffers this LED/resistor using a unity gain operational amplifier. This is the separate op-amp that was not used in Arduino Uno.

• The Arduino UNO R3 board includes a diode across the USB ATmega reset pin pull-up resistor.
• The R3 board includes four solder pads (JP2) connecting to pins PB4 to PB7 of the USB ATMEGA. These solder pads are not present in Arduino Uno.

Arduino Uno REV 3 Applications

Arduino Uno is used in a wide range of applications. Following are some main applications of the board.

• Security and Defense System
• Embedded System
• Industrial Automation
• Digital Electronics and Robotics
• Weighing Machines
• Parking Lot Counter
• Traffic Light Count Down Timer
• Home Automation
• Emergency Light for Railways
• Medical Instrument

Don’t confuse the microcontroller with the Arduino board. Every Arduino board is a microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an Arduino board. Both devices are used for different purposes, however, the Arduino board is easy to learn that even a person with no technical skills can get hands-on experience with this device. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share, so we keep producing quality content as per your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

4 Tips for Better Construction Job Bids

Hello Buddies, Welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a good day. In this article, you will investigate about four remarkable tips for a better job bit that will boost your chances to be hired. Construction is an emerging and fast-growing source of business. However, we cannot neglect that it is a very competitive field at the same time. In this ever-growing world, where the construction business is highly profitable and demanding, most people fail to get better construction jobs due to inaccurate bids. While construction bidding is not an easy task, better understanding and farsightedness can help you win more jobs.

What is construction bidding?

Construction bidding is the process through which you submit a proposal for a specific job. In other words, you send your proposal to a potential client. As simple as it may seem, writing an attractive proposal isn’t easy. Many companies have very unfavorable bid-hit ratios, which translates into wasted time and money. However, this process doesn’t depend entirely on luck. Understanding the process and working diligently can make your construction bidding more manageable and successful. When a client invites contractors to bid on a project, they often split it into different chunks. For example, one chunk of the job might be plumbing and another electrical work. Then, the client will invite various subcontractors to bid on tasks related to their specialties. This process is very smooth as it allows the owners and contractors to develop better relationships and continue their work. Similarly, it also helps the owners to get the best team of contractors for their construction project.

Tips for Submitting Better Construction Job Bids

Preparing a bid proposal for construction jobs takes a lot of time and effort. It requires full focus on understanding the client’s needs, estimating the costs for laborers and equipment, and then bidding. Even the smallest of mistakes can make you lose a highly profitable project opportunity. The following tips will help you in writing the best construction job bids.

?       Select the right project

Many people think that bidding on every job they encounter will increase their chances of getting work. However, that’s not the case. It will only utilize your energy and time with no fair results. Thus, bidding on every job you find is among the worst mistakes construction contractors make. A much more effective strategy is to bid less and bid on those jobs worth your consideration and time. Let’s assume you bid on a particular project without thinking and attend all pre-bid meetings and start taking subcontractor pricing. After analyzing the pricing and crunching the numbers, you realize that it doesn’t offer much profit to your team. So, the only solution at this point is to move on to another project. But what did all the effort, pre-bid meetings, and takeoffs cost you? It was a tremendous waste of time and resources. It can improperly impact your overall profitability as a company. Therefore, the best strategy is to identify the client’s needs and bid on those projects you can perform and give the best results. Before bidding, think about the past projects your company had won and delivered and came out with successful results. If the new projects are similar, bid on them.

?       Develop a positive reputation

General contractors always gauge your effort and professionalism based on the proposals you submit. An attractive proposal highlighting your ability to meet the client’s needs can help you win the job for the bid amount quickly. A good bid proposal is detailed. Take the time to carefully craft your messaging and offer within the proposal before submitting it. To be more precise, the proposal should be professional, comprehensive and accurate. To know more about writing a winning bid proposal for construction, head to bridgitsolutions.com. The company is highly reputable and has put together a great resource about crafting effective construction bids.  

?       Know when to submit the lowest bid

If a brand has no real competitive advantage over others, its chance of winning the bids becomes difficult. The same happens when you are new to the area and are surrounded by highly reputed and competitive companies. If you’ve nonetheless identified the project as one that will further your company’s goals, you may consider placing a relatively low bid. This strategy can help a lot as it attracts more contractors to get the work done at the lowest price. However, it should not be so low that you lose your profit – unless you’re willing to treat the project as a loss leader. However, some contractors value your skills and expertise more than the price. If you have a team of highly skilled professionals capable of managing the client’s needs, that constitutes a competitive edge they’ll likely consider when choosing a contractor.

?       Create accurate estimates

Taking accurate measurements is essential when calculating the appropriate bid. Inaccurate measurements and human errors can cause many problems as it misrepresents the total amount of labor and materials, which can have a devastating impact on your bottom line. The best way to create accurate estimates is by using good estimating software. An efficient software solution can speed up the process and provide error-free, precise, and accurate bids. Similarly, arithmetic errors leave a huge impact on the bid. So, using a calculator is better to ensure better measurements. However, robust construction bid software is the best way to ensure accurate measurements in less time. Choosing the best estimating software is also difficult when there are so many in the market. First of all, understand your needs and what you want the software to do for you. Then, do proper research and choose the best software solution for your goals.

Conclusion:

Preparing a competitive and winning proposal for a construction job requires time and effort. However, no matter how much time you put in, if you don’t have a proper proposal with accurate estimates, your efforts will go in vain. Thus, the tips mentioned above will help you understand the strategies of construction bidding and bidding for the right and winning proposal.