The Engineering Projects

XNOR Gate with Truth Table in Proteus ISIS

Hello Mentees!, I hope you have a productive day. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. In the previous lecture, we discussed the XOR Logic Gate and designed its circuit using basic logic gates i.e. AND, OR and NOT. Today, I am going to explain another Logic Gate named XNOR Gate in detail.

We are going to discuss these concepts in today's lecture:

1. What are Exclusive NOR Gates
2. Experimental Proof in Proteus ISIS.
3. How Truth Table of Exclusive NOR Gate is designed.
4. How is its Timing Diagram?
5. Circuit of Exclusive NOR Gate in Proteus Simulation
6. Applications of Exclusive NOR Gates

XNOR Gate

• The exclusive NOR Gate(also called XNOR Gate) simply inverts the output of the XOR Gate(we discussed in the last lecture).
• So, if we simply place a NOT Gate in front of the XOR Gate, we will get the XNOR Gate.
• The XNOR Gate is denoted by a plus sign with a circle around it between the inputs and a collective Complement or a Bar on the Expression.
• The symbolic representation of XNOR along with symbol and expression is shown in the below figure:

• The Truth Table of XNOR Gate is given next:

A	B	Y
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

Mathematical Expression of XNOR Gate

The XNOR Gate with 2-inputs(A and B) and 1 Output(Z) is represented by the following mathematical expression:

Z = (A)'.(B)' + A.B

So, we will need AND, OR and NOT logical gates to implement XNOR Gate. Let's first verify this equation by applying the truth table.

For 1st Row:

=(0)'.(0)'+0.0

=1.1+0.0

=1+0

=1

For 2nd Row:

Now, A=0, B=1

=(0)'.(1)'+0.1

=1.0+0.1

=0+0

=0

For 3rd Row:

Consider A=1, B=0:

=(1)'.(0)'+1.0

=0.1+1.0

=0+0

=0

For 4th Row:

Lastly, A=1, B=1:

=(1)'.(1)'+1.1

=0.0+1.1

=0+1

=1

Hence in accordance with the above discussion, let's design the circuit of the XNOR Gate in the Proteus software:

Proteus Simulation OF XNOR Gate

Now let's design the Proteus Simulation of the XNOR gate. We simply need to implement the mathematical expression of XNOR Gate, discussed in the last section.

Material Required:

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED

Circuit Diagram of XNOR Gate:

First of all, we will design the below circuit in Proteus:

Image

As you can see in the above figure, the first AND Gate is getting the inverted inputs and the second AND Gate is provided with simple inputs. Finally, the output of both AND gates is passed through the OR Gate and we got our XNOR output. I have placed an LED at the output to visualize it.

Applications of XNOR Gate

XOR Gate is used in many circuits as:

1. We use XOR Gate in digital circuits.
2. It is used in error-detecting Circuits.
3. XOR is also used in Arithmetic Circuits.
4. Encryption Circuits is the application of XNOR Gate.
5. The combinational circuit is made through XNOR Gate.
6. XNOR is used in sequential Circuits.
7. Circuit of Binary to Grey and vice versa.

Today we saw discussed the Exclusive NOR Gate(XNOR Gate) in detail. We have also designed its simulation using AND, OR and NOT logic gates. Till the next tutorial, take care!!!

4-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus

Hi Learners! I hope you are having a productive Day. Welcome from the Team of The Engineering Projects. The digital logic circuit that we are learning today is 4-Bit Full Adder. In our previous tutorial, we designed 2-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus software. Today, we are going to design & simulate 4-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus.

We will discuss the following topics in today's lecture:

1. What is Adder?
2. What is Full Adder?
   
3. Working Principle of 4-bit Full Adder.
   
4. Simulation of four-bit full Adder in Proteus ISIS.

What is Adder?

Let's recall the Adder Definition from our previous lectures:

• Adders are Digital Logical Circuits, specially designed to add two or more binary numbers or bits.

In the world of electronics, adders are used to add bits. The computer system depends upon the flow of bits and the computation of bits. Adders take the input in the form of bits and perform the addition, according to the type of Adder used. Basically, we divide the adders into two types:

1. Half Adder.
2. Full Adder.

We have discussed both Half Adder & Full Adder in detail in our previous lectures. Yet we have to recall the full adder's introduction:

What is Full Adder?

"Full Adders are the Digital Logic Circuits used to add three input bits and generate two outputs i.e. the Sum and the resultant Carry."

We further classify the Full Adder into two main types:

1. 2-bit Full Adder.
2. 4-bit Full Adder.

4-bit Full Adder

As the name implies, a four-bit full adder is used to add four sets of input bits. The definition of a 4-bit Full adder is as follows:

• "A 4-bit Full Adder is designed to generate a 4-bit Sum and is designed by combining four 2-bit Full Adders and as a result shows the Four bits output along with the Carry Bit."

The Circuit of the Four-bit Full Adder consists of the XOR Gate, AND Gate and OR Gate. Let's have a quick recap of these Gates.

XOR Gate

A XOR Gate, is a two input Logical Circuit that give the output HIGH only when the inputs have the values alternating of each other. Or else, it is LOW.

AND Gate

AND Gate is the a logical Circuit that gives the Output HIGH only when its both inputs are HIGH, otherwise the output is LOW.

OR Gate

The OR Gate is a logical Circuit with the working such that when on of the Input is HIGH, the value of the Output is also HIGH.

Working Principle of 4-bit Full Adder

The Four Bit Full Adder works in an interesting manner. The XOR Gates are responsible for the addition of input bits. In order to get the full addition circuit we attach two AND gates with the circuit in such a way that the result of addition connects the OR Gate and we get the carry.

In the designing of circuit, we simply make a small circuit of AND Gate and XOR Gate. Then we design a Circuit of two bits Full Adder. The cynosure of the circuit is, we'll copy the block and arrange four blocks in a way that the output carry of the block becomes the input carry of the next. This cycle will continue and at the  fourth block we get the resultant carry of whole calculation. we can input only one carry of our will at the Block A.

Practical performance of 4-Bit Full Adder

If you wish to stimulate the Four bits full adder in Proteus then follow the simple steps given below. We'll make our circuit according to the Functional Diagram given before.

• Begin Your Proteus Software.
• Get the required material.

Required Devices

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. OR Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Push the "P" button presented at left area of the screen.
• Select first four elements from the Library by mere writing there names one after the other.
• Get  a XOR Gate and one AND Gate.
• Connect the Logic Toggles with each input of XOR Gate.
• Connect an LED with the end of the XOR Gate.
• Go to Terminal Mode and get the ground terminal to attach the Ground Terminal with LED.
• Drag and drop two XOR Gates, two AND Gates and one OR Gate and arrange them at the working area one after the other according to the image given below:
• Attach Logic Toggle with each input of switch 1.
• Get the LED and join it with the output of switch 3.
• Click the left button of mouse> go to Terminals> Ground Terminal.
• Place the ground Terminal just below the LED.
• Join all the components according to the images given below;

 

• Select the whole block left click>drag and drop the required area. It will create a doted square around the circuit.
• Right Click> copy block.
• Right click the mouse and paste the block with the same procedure.

• Repeat the Pasting Process one time more and paste the circuit copy just one below the other.
• Connect the each output carry switch with the input of the next.
• Grab the Logic Toggle from the Pick Library and join it with the input carry wire of the first block.

• Change the input values by the mean of Logic Toggles and check the working.

Working Example of 4-bit Full Adder in Proteus

You can test the circuit with an example. Question: We have two numbers 1100 and 1010. Find the resultant through four bits Full Adder. Answer: Let A=1100 B=1010

Logic about For bit Full Adder

The 1st Logic Toggle of each XOR 1 switch is called A bit. The 2nd Logic Toggle of each XOR 1 represents the B bit. Turning of LED means the HIGH (1) and vise versa. We start to input from down to up and the output as well. Hence start the observation from block D to A.  For the Question, the circuit should be set as: Hence we got the answer that is:

A	1	1	0	0
B	1	0	1	0
Result	(1 carry)0	1	1	0

Consequently, we made a Four bit Full Adder. Stay tuned for other Logical Circuits.

2-Bit Full Adder using Logic Gates in Proteus

Hello Learners! I hope you are doing great. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. In our previous lecture, we discussed How to design Half Adder with Universal Gates. In today's tutorial, we are going to design Full Adder with Logical Gates.

In today's tutorial, we will learn the complete information about:

1. What is Adder?
2. What is Full Adder?
3. How is the Truth Table of Full Adder?
4. How can we design Full Adder in Proteus ISIS?
5. What are the uses of Full Adder?

What is Adder?

Recalling from our previous lectures:

• The Adders are simple Logical Circuits that take the bits in as the input, sum the bits together and generate the sum and the carry at the output.
• Adders are present in computer architecture, mainly to control the addressing of the Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU).

We classify the Adders into two types:

1. Half Adder.
2. Full Adder.

We have discussed half Adder in detail in our previous two lectures. Today we'll stress the Full Adder:

What is Full Adder?

There are two types of Full Adders:

• 2-bit Full Adder.
• 4-Bit Full Adder. (We will discuss in the next lecture)
  

We define the Full Adder as:

•  A Full Adders is a simple Logical Circuit, that takes 3 inputs(1-bit each) and generates two outputs i.e. the Sum(1-bit) and the Carry(1-Bit).
• A Full Adder takes 2 inputs A and B, while the third input is actually the Carry Input.

• We have seen in the Half Adder that we took 2 inputs and calculated the Sum and the Carry but we have no way of adding that Carry back into the Sum.
• This problem is solved by the Full Adder, which takes the Carry and adds it in the Sum to get a final Sum.
• That's why, we can use multiple Full Adders in series to add any amount of Bits.
• For example, we can serially attach 8 Full Adders to add 8 Bits of data(1-byte).

The Full Adder plays an important role in computer hardware calculations i.e. ALU control, register addressing etc. Here's a simple 2-Bit Full Adder Circuit using Logic Gates:

Truth Table of 2-bit Full Adder

As discussed above, there are three inputs and two outputs present in Full Adder. Therefore, the Truth Table of Full Adder will have 5 columns in total:

The input combinations of the Truth Tables are followed through the formula:

Numbers of Combinations= 2^n

where n is the number of inputs. In our case,

n=3

hence,

Numbers of Combinations=8

We start the truth table from zero bit. The right most input has the alternative inputs after each combination. The middle contains the alternative bits after two combinations. By the same token the left most changes the input bit after four combinations.

The Truth Table of Full Adder looks like this:

A	B	Cin	Sum	C0
0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0
0	1	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	0	1
1	1	1	1	1
Carry+A+B			Sum	Carry out

Simulation of Full Adder in Proteus ISIS

To design a Full Adder in Proteus, get these components from the library:

Components Required

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. OR Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Get the first five components from the Pick Library through the "P" button.
• As shown in the below figure, I have placed the 5 Logic Gates in our Proteus workspace.
• We have 2 XOR Gates at the top, after that we have 2 AND Gates and finally an OR Gate at the end.
• The circuit should look like this:

• Now, connect two Logic Toggles with the inputs of Logic Gate 1.
• Connect one Logic Toggle with the 2nd input of Logic Gate 3.
• Attach the LED with the Gate 3 output and ground the LED with Ground Terminal present in "Terminal Mode" on the leftmost bar of the screen.
• Repeat the above step for Logic Gate 5.
• Connect all the Logic Gates according to the diagram given next:

• Change the Input bits and record your own truth table.
• To understand the working better, we'll design a Truth Table that describes the output of each Logic Gate.

Input			Output
A	B	Cin	Gate1	Gate2	Gate4	Gate3(Sum)	Gate5 C0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1	0	0	1
1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1
Carry+A+B						Sum	Carry out

Truss, we got a Full Adder circuit through which we can make the calculations.

Uses of Full Adder

1. Full adders are paramount for the on-chip Libraries.
2. They are used in computers for table indices.
3. They are used by the processor to add the addresses.
4. Full adders are used in Arithmetic Logic Unit.
5. Full Adders are used in the Computer for the series calculations. For this purpose, they may be connected in the way given next in the image. Observe it from bottom to top.[TEPImg6]
6. It can be designed so, that we can input eight bits together that collectively work as a byte.

So, that was all for today. We discussed What are Adders? What are Full Adders? Truth Table of Full Adder and how can we design Full adder in the Proteus software. I hope this article was useful. In our next lecture, we will discuss 4-Bit Full Adders in detail. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE. Arduino Nano 33 BLE is an advanced version of Arduino Nano board that is based on a robust and powerful processor the nRF52840 from Nordic Semiconductors, a 32-bit ARM® Cortex™-M4 CPU. It comes with a crystal oscillator frequency of around 64MHz. It features 32 times bigger program memory than the Arduino Uno board, helping you store programs with much larger memory. With this device, you can produce a lot more variable as it comes with RAM that is 128 times bigger than the RAM of Arduino Uno. Before you move further, I recommend you read this article on the Introduction to Arduino Nano which we have published a while ago. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE

• Arduino Nano 33 BLE is an advanced version of Arduino Nano board that is based on a powerful processor the nRF52840.
• The crystal oscillator frequency is 64MHz which is used to synchronize all internal functions.

• It carries 14 digital I/O pins these all pins can be used as PWM pins and there are 8 analog pins incorporated on the board.
• The board features a USB port which is used to test and program this board through a USB cable. Simply, connect your board with the computer through this cable and start playing with it.
• The Arduino Nano 33 BLE comes with a flash memory of 1MB which is 32times bigger than the program memory of the Arduino Uno board. The SRAM is 256KB and there is no EEPROM. The flash memory is used to store the Arduino program (sketch). The SRAM is used to manipulate and produce variables when it is activated.
• The board features built-in LED at pin 13 and one is the power LED which turns on when power is supplied to this board.

• The Nano 33 BLE incorporates a 9-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU) that contains a gyroscope, an accelerometer, and a magnetometer with a 3-axis resolution each. This unit makes the board an ideal pick for more advanced robotics and embedded experiments.
• You can buy this board with or without headers that will help you incorporate this board into wearables.
• This board is a revised version of the Arduino Nano board. In the improved version, you’ll get a micro-USB connector, a better and efficient processor, and a 9-axis IMU.
• The board contains tessellated connectors and carries no components on the B-side. This will help you solder the board directly onto your design, reducing the height of your entire project.
• The best part – this revised version costs less than the main Arduino Nano board.
• And don’t fear experimenting with this device, in the worst-case scenario you’ll end up burning this device which you can replace in few dollars.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout of Arduino Nano 33 BLE. There are two LEDs incorporated on the board. One is a basic built-in LED connected with pin 13 and the other is a power LED.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Arduino Nano 33 BLE. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the board.

Digital Pins

The number of digital I/O pins are 14 which receive only two values HIGH or LOW. These pins can either be used as an input or output based on the requirement. When these pins receive 5V, they are in a HIGH state and when they receive 0V they are in a LOW state.

Analog Pins

Total 8 analog pins installed on the board A0 – A7. These pins get any value as opposed to digital pins that only receive two values HIGH or LOW. These pins are used to measure the analog voltage ranging between 0 to 5V.

PWM Pins

All digital pins can be used as PWM pins. These pins generate analog results with digital means.

SPI Pins

The board supports SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol. This protocol is employed to develop communication between a controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two pins are used for SPI communication i.e. MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) are used for SPI communication. These pins are used to send or receive data by the controller.

I2C Pins

The board carries the I2C communication protocol which is a two-wire protocol. It comes with two pins SDL and SCL. The former pin is used to carry the data while the latter is used to synchronize all data transfer over the I2C bus.

UART Pins

The board features a UART communication protocol that is used for serial communication and carries two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is a receiving pin used to receive the serial data while Tx is a transmission pin used to transmit the serial data.  

External Interrupts

All digital pins can be used as external interrupts. This feature is used in case of emergency to interrupt the main running program with the inclusion of important instructions at that point.

LED at Pin 13 and AREF

There is an LED connected to pin 13 of the board. And AREF is a pin used as a reference voltage for the input voltage.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Features

The following are the main features of Arduino Nano 33 BLE.

• Microcontroller = nRF52840
• Input Voltage (limit) = 21V
• Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• Clock Speed = 64MHz
• Flash memory = 1MB
• SRAM = 256KB
• EEPROM = No
• DC Current per I/O Pin = 15mA
• Digital Input / Output Pins = 14
• PWM pins = 14 (all digital pins)
• UART = 1

• SPI = 1
• I2C = 1
• Analog pins = 8
• USB = Native in the nRF52840 Processor
• External interrupts = all digital pins
• Built-in LED = at Pin 13
• Size = 18x45 mm
• Weight = 5gr.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Programming

• The Arduino IDE software is used to program this Arduino board. This software is used to program all Arduino boards and it is open-source software, which means you can use this software and hardware free of cost. Anyone can modify and edit the existing programs and hardware to get the desired results.
• This board comes with a USB port that is used to program the board. The USB cable is used to connect this board with the computer. You can send plenty of instructions to the Arduino board using Arduino IDE software.
• Know that this board features an internal Bootloader that sets you free from the need of getting an external burner to burn the Arduino program inside the controller.

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Applications

The Arduino Nano 33 BLE is used in the following applications.

• Real-Time Face Detection
• Arduino Metal Detector
• Automation and Robotics
• Medical Instruments
• Virtual Reality Applications
• Industrial Automation
• Android Applications
• Embedded Systems
• GSM Based Projects
• Home Automation and Defense Systems

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a clear insight into the Introduction to Arduino Nano 33 BLE. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll give you a detailed Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010. The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is a solution to your basic IoT applications. Using this device, you can develop a WiFi-connected sensors network or can produce a BLE device connected to your cell phone. This board is based on the SAMD21 microcontroller and comes with a clock speed of around 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz. There are 8 digital pins, 13 PWM pins, and 7 analog pins incorporated on the board. The operating voltage is 3.3V while the voltage through USB or Vin is 5V. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll detail the complete introduction to Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 covering pinout, pin description, features, programming, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WiFi 1010

• The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is a microcontroller board based on SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM microcontroller.
• The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is an improved version of MKR 1000 and is mainly developed for IoT applications. The secure element ATECC508 ensures a safe and secure WiFi connection.
• This secure element is a crypto device that comes with ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman) key agreement, which is mainly used to include confidentiality to digital systems including Internet of Things (IoT) nodes employed in industrial networking and home automation.

• The board carries a USB port to power up the board with 5V. While the Li-Po charging circuit will make Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 run in two ways i.e. either with an external 5-volt source or with battery power.

• Contains powerful I/O interfaces including 8 digital I/O pins 7 analog pins 13 PWM pins and carries 3.3V operating voltage.
• The operating voltage is 3.3V while the voltage through USB or Vin is 5V. The clock frequency is 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz which guarantees the synchronization of internal functions.
• Comes with internal flash memory of around 256KB which ensures the storage of the Arduino program (sketch). The SRAM is 32KB which is employed to produce and manipulate variables when it’s activated. There is no EEPROM available on the board.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR Wifi 1010.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into Arduino MKR Wifi 1010. In this section, we’ll detail the pin description of each pin available on the board. Let’s get started.

SPI Pins

The board comes with an SPI communication protocol that is mainly used to develop communication with the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two Pins are used for SPI communication. MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) these pins are incorporated for the SPI communication. These pins are used to send or receive data by the controller.

UART Pins

The board comes with serial communication protocol UART. It contains two pins Rx and Tx for serial communication. The Tx is a transmission pin employed to transmit the serial data while Rx is a receiving pin used to receive the serial data.

I2C Pins

I2C is a two-wire communication protocol that comes with two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that guarantees synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus.

Analog Pins

There are 7 analog pins installed on the board. Any voltage value can be included in these pins in contrast to digital pins that only receive two values HIGH and LOW.

Digital Pins

There are 8 digital pins available on the board. These pins receive two values HIGH or LOW. When these pins get 5V they are in the HIGH state and when these pins get 0V they are in a LOW state.

PWM Pins

13 PWM pins incorporated on the board. These pins generate analog results with digital means. These pins are mainly employed to control the speed of the motor.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Features

The following are the main features of Arduino MKR Wifi 1010.

• Microcontroller = SAMD21
• Board Power Supply (USB/VIN) = 5V
• Radio module = u-blox NINA-W102
• Supported Battery = Li-Po Single Cell, 3.7V, 1024mAh Minimum
• Secure Element = ATECC508
• Circuit Operating Voltage = 3.3V
• PWM Pins = 13
• Digital Pins = 8
• Analog Pins = 7
• UART = 1
• SPI = 1
• I2C = 1

• External Interrupts = 10
• Flash memory = 256KB
• SRAM = 32KB
• EEPROM = no
• USB = Full-Speed USB Device and embedded Host
• LED_BUILTIN = 6
• Clock speed = 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz
• Size = 25x61mm
• Weight = 32g.

Programming

• Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 and all other Arduino boards are programmed using Arduino IDE software – A professional software developed by Arduino.cc.
• You can power up your board using a USB port and this is also used to program and test the board. Simply connect the board through a USB cable to your computer and start playing with it.
• You can power up the board by both USB port or through Vin. The board comes with a built-in Bootloader to burn the program, setting you free from using a separate burner to burn the program inside the controller.

Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 Applications

The Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 is mainly introduced for IoT applications. The following are the main applications of this board.

• Used in embedded systems.
• Employed in control systems.
• Used in IoT applications.
• Employed to create a BLE device with a cell phone.
• Used to develop sensor network connected with the home router.

That’s all for today. Hope you like this article. If you have any queries, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share. This helps us create quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

Introduction to Quadratic Equations with it's Graphical Representation

Welcome everyone! In this article, we will have a detailed Introduction to Quadratic Equations. Quadratic equations are simple second degree polynomials, but because of their extensive application, they have been assigned a special name Quadratic and scientists (over a period of time) have designed numerous methods to solve Quadratic Equations. So, today we not only cover the Quadratic Equations but will also have a look these methods & their implication. Here's a summary, which we will be covering today:

• Introduction to Quadratic Equations.
• Solutions of a Quadratic Equation.
• Graphical Representation of Quadratic Equations.
• Methods to solve Quadratic Equation.
• Multiple Graphical Solutions of Quadratic Equations.
• Forms of  Quadratic Equations.
• Comparison between quadratic equations.

So, let's get started with detailed Introduction to Quadratic Equations:

Introduction to Quadratic Equations

When we talk about numbers , it is quite obvious to think about their combination, which are actually polynomials having different degrees. You may think why we are discussing polynomials here while we are interested in quadratic equations, you’ll  get this quadratic equation from polynomials actually.  Since to make some combination we need some constants and variables, so for some constant a  and some variable ‘x’, we can write ‘ax’ which is a product of constant a and variable ‘x’.  Now if we add one more constant   by writing in a way such that ‘ax+b’, so this is a polynomial of  degree 1  , because here power of ‘x’ is 1 and we can call it a linear equation.  Similarly a second degree polynomial will be ‘ax2+bx+c’ with a,b,c constants and you may consider these constants are real numbers. Generally a polynomial of degree n can be written as below:

a0+a1x+a2x2+ . . . +anxn

where all a0, a1, a2, . . . ,an are constants which belong to the set of real numbers. Here we will just talk about 2nd degree polynomial. A 2nd degree polynomial of the form      ‘ax2+bx+c’  is called a quadratic polynomial and by equating equal to 0 we get a quadratic equation, which is:

ax2+bx+c=0 where a,b & c are constants and real numbers.

Here a is not equal to 0, otherwise it will be a linear equation. As a quadratic equation has the form  ax2+bx+c=0  , where a is necessarily not equal to 0, b and c may be 0. So an equations of the form   ax2+c=0  and ax2+bx=0  are also quadratic equations having different graphical representations.

Hitory of Quadratic Equations

After studying simple linear equations, mathematicians put their minds towards 2nd degree equations. The Egyptian Mathematician, Berlin Papyrus, gave the idea of a two-term quadratic equation. After that, Chinese mathematicians used geometric methods to solve quadratic equations with positive roots, by defining on the real line.

Possible Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

As in the quadratic equation, we have highest degree 2 of a term , known as quadratic term and shows that this equation may have at most two solutions. These two solutions of a quadratic polynomial are called zeros or positive roots of the equation. Some times we can find both solutions easily but some times it is hard to find exactly 2 solutions and in that case root does not lie on the real line. We may get 0, 1 or 2 solutions of a quadratic equation.

Solutions of a quadratic equation

In general, there are only  2 solutions exist for a quadratic equation because it is a 2nd degree polynomial and are named as positive roots.

Graphical Representation of Quadratic Equation

Yes! You can analyze Quadratic Equations graphically. Quadratic equations represent a parabola, if it meets at some points on the real line then those points are roots of the equation, otherwise it has no solution. Here the following figure is showing a graph of quadratic equation. As in the above figure we can see that a parabola on the right side with yellow colour meets at point 1 and 6 on the real line so these two points are the roots and solution of this quadratic equation. Well , it’s not always possible to draw all the solutions graphically. You can see from the above figure of parabola having pink color does not meet at any point on the real line so it means that parabola has no solution.

How to Solve Quadratic Equations ?

Now, let's have a look at How to solve quadratic equations and get its roots (if exist). There are different methods to solve these quadratic equations and here I am going to discus three of them, which are most commonly used.

1. Quadratic Formula

• We can find solutions/roots of a quadratic equation by using simple a well known formula which is known as quadratic formula and is given below:

2. Method of Factorization

• Secondly, we can solve quadratic equation by another method which is known as method of Factorization. This method is more clear from the following figure which shows step by step procedure to apply on some quadratic equation.

3. Method of Completing Square

• We can find roots of a quadratic equation by using method of Completing Suqare.

Comparison between Quadratic Equations

Suppose you have 2 different quadratic equations x2+x+-12=0 and the other equation  3x2+3x+-36=0 and you want to compare these equations. To check we must have to focus on their roots and graphical representation , let’s solve this equation by using method of factorization.

3x2+3x+-36=0              ,              x2+x+-12=0           

3(x2+x+-12)=0               ,             x2+4x-3x+-12=0      

 x2+x+-12=0                  ,              x (x+4) – 3 (x+4) =0

                                                      (x-3) (x+4)=0   and this shows x=3 and x=-4.

From both above equations, we see that both equations have same roots but we cannot say these both equations are exactly equal, because we are not sure about all those points of the parabola other than roots. But by drawing parabolas of these equations we can judge easily and the following figure is showing these parabolas have only those common points  which are their roots. So we cannot say these are equal quadratic equations because their behaviour is not same graphically. From here, we can also say that if roots are same for some quadratic equations then it doesn’t mean all those equations will be the same.    So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. If there's some issues, let me know in comments and I will try to resolve them. Thanks for reading. Have a good day !!! :)

Innovative Engineering Solutions Improve Efficiency in the Offshore Oil Industry

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, I’ll detail how Innovative Engineering Solutions Improve Efficiency in the Offshore Oil Industry. Despite ambitious global goals to reduce carbon emissions, fossil fuels such as gas and oil still provided over 80% of the world’s energy in 2019.  The petroleum industry is still vital for global energy supplies, and, according to the International Labor Organization, directly employs almost 6 million people around the world. To improve levels of safety and productivity while at the same time meeting ambitious targets for a low-carbon future, the industry is making significant changes. Innovative technologies are required to maximize the recovery of fossil fuels while at the same time reduce the environmental impact of extraction, and improve the safety and efficiency of offshore rigs. The work of engineers from a range of specialist engineering fields contributes to cutting-edge developments to improve construction, extraction, and production. However, as offshore rigs become increasingly digitized, it is technopreneurs and electronic engineers who develop solutions to safely maintain equipment, minimize unnecessary emissions, and ultimately improve the safety of offshore oil rigs through increased automation.

Maintaining Safe and Reliable Systems

Working on offshore rigs is dangerous and accidents and injuries are common. In 2018, there were over 170 injuries reported within the offshore energy industry located on the US Outer Continental Shelf. From the design of a rig to the installation of generators, electronic engineers are accountable for ensuring power and distribution systems are maintained and operate reliably. Although the majority of injuries on a rig occur through the use of heavy equipment, fires and explosions can be triggered by faulty electrical equipment. This can lead to serious and potentially devastating injuries as workers are electrocuted, burned, or even crushed.  Specialist offshore accident attorneys can provide support when accidents and injuries occur. Improving training for roughnecks and drillers and minimizing the risks from equipment failure must be a priority for electronic engineers.

The Benefits of Unmanned Rigs

With the increased use of automation on rigs, the risk to personnel is considerably reduced. Already, the majority of engineers involved with oil rigs are based onshore, and through the use of innovative and cutting edge technologies, removing the other workers is now possible. For several years, the technology for remote surveillance and control has been implemented in the offshore industry, but with increasingly automated control systems, fully remote operations are becoming a reality. Enabling more remote operations has become essential recently, and the pressures of the past year have prompted the increased development and adoption of AI on rigs. As well as monitoring systems, robot roughnecks will be able to interact with equipment, inspecting machinery, and carry out simple physical tasks. This increased automation will drastically improve safety levels and significantly lower production costs. Efficiency is also increased as remote sensors and controls allow for a quicker and more targeted response to any changes, resulting in fewer shutdowns.

Implementing Smart Technology to Enhance Efficiency

A drop in the price of oil has encouraged companies to look at innovative ways to save money. Other digital technologies including smart sensors have increased the production from oilfields by 6% while at the same time significantly lowering running costs. Offshore oil rigs have increasingly been fitted with sensors that can measure sensitive field conditions such as temperature and pressure. This information is then sent to engineers on land who can quickly make necessary adjustments to equipment. Other environmental changes such as commonly occurring methane leaks can also be detected remotely with the use of cloud-based machine learning software.

Environmental Engineers Reduce Harmful Emissions

Minimizing the amount of methane leaked into the atmosphere is one of the best ways for the industry to reduce emissions, and preventing waste from leaks is just one of the roles of environmental engineers within the petroleum industry. Sophisticated AI and unmanned rigs may improve efficiency and safety levels on offshore rigs. However, the negative impact of the oil and gas industry on the environment is still enormous. Roughly 15% of carbon emissions associated with the petroleum industry is created during extraction and production processes, and several major oil companies have promised to reduce these emissions in the range between 50% and 65% by 2050. To help to achieve this, environmental engineers look at ways to reduce the need for controlled burning of oil and gas, known as flaring. In addition, the emissions created by building new rigs and other developments can be reduced by using low-carbon electricity from renewable energy. The petroleum industry is making significant changes to adapt to a safer and cleaner low-carbon future. These changes require increasingly innovative technology to improve exploration and drilling in challenging environments, lower the costs of extraction and production, and create automated and unmanned rigs, where costly downtime is reduced and the risk to personnel is minimized. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WAN 1310

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino MKR WAN 1310. The Arduino MKR WAN 1310 includes Lora connectivity that can perform very long-range transmission operations consuming low power. This device is an ideal pick for the hobbyists requiring to develop IoT devices using the minimum networking experience using low power devices. The MKR WAN 1300 is incorporated with the Microchip® SAMD21 which is the low-power processor, the MKR family’s characteristic crypto chip (the ECC508), and the Murata CMWX1ZZABZ LoRa® module. Before you read further, I recommend you have a look at Introduction to Arduino Nano Every and Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 that I have uploaded previously. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll cover the complete Introduction to Arduino MKR WAN 1310 covering pinout, features, pin description, programming, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to Arduino MKR WAN 1310

• The Arduino MKR WAN 1310 includes Lora connectivity that can perform very long-range transmission operations consuming low power.
• A range of technologies available for the communication between IoT devices including WiFi and Bluetooth. But there is one major problem with these technologies – they consume a lot of power.

• This leads to the introduction of Lora technology that not only offers communication between devices using low power but it is also cost-effective and efficient compared to other technologies.
• The MKR WAN 1310 is an improved version of its predecessor, the MKR WAN 1300. It is still incorporated with the Microchip® SAMD21 which is a low-power processor, the MKR family’s characteristic crypto chip (the ECC508), and the Murata CMWX1ZZABZ LoRa® module. This board features a new battery charger, a 2MByte SPI Flash, and the board’s power consumption is incorporated with improved control.

• The operating voltage of the circuit is 3.3V while the voltage through Vin and USB is 5V.
• There are total 8 digital I/O pins incorporated on the board while the number of analog pins is 7. And the pins that can be used for the PWM motor control are 13.
• The board controller comes with a flash memory of 256KB while the SRAM memory is 32KB. There is no EEPROM memory available on the board. The flash memory is mainly reserved to store the Arduino program (sketch). While the SRAM memory is reserved to generate and manipulate variables when it runs.
• Interface this MKR board with Arduino IoT cloud that guarantees safe communication between all connected devices.
• The carrier frequency of this board is 433/868/915 MHz which is termed as the frequency of a carrier wave, calculated in cycles per second, or Hertz, mainly modulated to transmit signals.

Arduino MKR WAN 1310 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR WAN 1310.

Arduino MKR WAN 1310 Pin Description

This is the brief idea of the WAN board. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin available on the board. Let’s jump right in.

Analog Pins

There are 7 analog pins available on the board. These pins can get any number of values in opposed to Digital pins that get values in two states only i.e. HIGH or LOW

Digital Pins

Total 8 digital pins are installed on the board which you can use either as an input or output based on the requirement. These pins offer only two states HIGH or LOW. When voltage is 5V these pins are in the HIGH state and when the voltage is 0V these pins remain in a LOW state.

PWM Pins

The number of pins that can be used as PWM pins is 13. These pins generate analog results with digital means when PWM pins are activated.

UART Pins

The board contains two pins Rx and Tx for the serial UART communication. The Rx line is used to receive the serial data and the Tx pin is used to transfer the serial data.

SPI Pins

This device also offers an SPI communication protocol that is mainly used to develop communication between the microcontroller and other peripheral devices like shift resistors and sensors. Two pins: MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) are employed for SPI communication between devices. These pins are used to send or receive data by the controller.

I2C Pins

The WAN board comes with a two-wire communication protocol known as the I2C protocol. This features two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that is mainly employed for the synchronization of all data transfer through the I2C bus.

Arduino MKR WAN 1310 Features

Microcontroller = SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM MCU Radio module = CMWX1ZZABZ Supported Batteries = rechargeable Li-Ion, or Li-Po, 1024 mAh minimum capacity Digital I/O Pins = 8 Circuit Operating Voltage = 3.3V Board Power Supply (USB/VIN) = 5V PWM Pins = 13 UART = 1 SPI = 1 I2C = 1 Analog Pins = 7 SRAM = 32KB CPU Flash Memory = 256 KB (internal) LED_BUILTIN = 6 EEPROM = no USB = Full-Speed USB Device and embedded Host QSPI Flash Memory = 2MByte (external) DC Current per I/O Pin = 7mA Carrier frequency = 433/868/915 MHz Size = 25x67mm Weight = 32 gr. External Interrupts = 10 (0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16 / A1, 17 / A2)

Related Boards

If you’re getting confused about buying the right device for wireless communication, the Arduino MKR series also offers other boards that you can pick for wireless communication.

• MKR NB 1500
• MKR GSM 1400
• MKR WAN 1300
• MKR FOX 1200

Programming

• This board is programmed using Arduino IDE software which is an official software to program all Arduino boards.
• When you open the software, you’ll be offered a basic LED blinking program which you can use to test the board if it’s working fine.
• The WAN board carries a USB port which is used for direct communication with the computer system. You can send a number of instructions to the Arduino board using this USB protocol.
• This device incorporates a built-in Bootloader that is used to burn the program inside the board. This means you don’t need to buy an external burner to program the microcontroller inside the board.

Arduino MKR WAN 1310 Applications

The WAN board is used in a range of applications. And it is the best pick for the development of IoT devices that require low power. The addition of Lora technology makes this device cost-effective and efficient for developing communication between devices compared to devices that only use WiFi or Bluetooth for communication. That’s all for today. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share, so we keep producing quality content based on your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino Nano Every

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to Arduino Nano Every. Arduino Nano Every is a tiny powerful board that is based on the ATMega4809 AVR processor. It comes with a clock speed of around 20MHz and flash memory of around 48KB. It carries two 15 pin connectors on each side of the board that are pin-pin compatible with the Arduino Nano Every. The low price and small size make this board an ideal pick for the range of electrical projects like electronic musical instruments, low-cost robots, and general development of the small parts of the large projects. Needless to say, Arduino has been a cornerstone of many electronic projects ranging from simple student projects to complex automation and embedded projects. The working of this tiny beast is simple and straightforward. It takes the input like a finger on a button or light on a sensor and converts it into an output like turning on the motor, activating LED blinking, and something sharing online. You can use Arduino IDE software to program the Arduino board. In other words, you can control the board by sending a lot of instructions to the microcontroller of the board. The Arduino comes with easy to use hardware and software platform that even a non-tech person can get a hands-on experience without having prior technical knowledge about these boards. I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to Arduino Nano Every covering datasheet, pinout, pin description, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino Nano Every

• Arduino Nano Every is a tiny powerful board that is based on the ATMega4809 AVR processor.
• The Arduino Nano Every is almost similar to the Arduino Nano board with the addition of a more powerful processor like Atmega4809.

• This board comes with more program memory compared to Arduino Uno and RAM is 200% bigger, helping you create a lot of variables.
• If you’ve used Arduino Nano earlier for your project, you’ll come to know the Arduino Nano Every board is a pin-equivalent substitute of Arduino Nano. The difference lies in the addition of a micro-USB connector and a more powerful processor.

• Arduino Nano Every is available in two versions: with or without headers, helping you incorporate this board into hard-to-reach places including wearables.
• No components are available on the B-side, this gives you the ability to solder the board directly into your main PCB design, reducing the height of the entire project.
• It carries a crystal oscillator with a clock speed of around 20MHz which is necessary to synchronize all internal functions of the board.
• The SRAM memory is 6KB while the flash memory and EEPROM memories are 48KB and 256bytes respectively.
• The flash memory is the location where the Arduino program (sketch) is stored. While SRAM is used to generate and manipulate variables when it starts running. And the EEPROM is a non-volatile memory which means data stays stored inside the board even if the board power is removed.

Arduino Nano Every Datasheet

While working with this board, it’s better to look into the datasheet of the board that features the main characteristics of the board. Click the link below to download the datasheet of Arduino Nano Every.

Arduino Nano Every Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino Nano Every.   There is a built-in LED at pin 13 and it also features one power LED that turns on when the board is supplied with power.

Arduino Nano Every Pin Description

Still reading? Perfect. I hope you’ve read the brief intro of this Every board. In this section, we’ll highlight the description of each pin incorporated on the board. Let’s get started.

Digital Pins

20 digital I/O pins are incorporated on this device which you can use as an input or output based on the requirements. These pins are either in a HIGH state or LOW state. When they are LOW they receive V0 and when they are HIGH they receive 5V.

Analog Pins

The number of analog pins incorporated on the board is 8. These are analog pins which projects they can receive any number of values in contrast to Digital pins that only receive two values i.e. HIGH or LOW

PWM Pins

The number of PWM pins incorporated on the board is 5. The board creates analog results with digital means when these pins are activated.

I2C Pins

This board incorporates a two-wire communication protocol which is known as I2C protocol. It carries two lines i.e. SCL and SDA. The SCL is a serial clock line mainly used for the synchronization of all data transfer through the I2C bus and the SDA is a serial data line mainly used to carry the data.

SPI Pins

This device comes with SPI (serial peripheral interface) pins that are mainly used to lay out the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices such as sensors or shift registers. There are two pins: MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) used for SPI communication. These pins are employed to receive or send data by the controller.

UART Pins

The UART pins are used for serial communication. It carries two lines Tx and Rx. The Tx is used to transmit the serial data while Rx is used to receive the serial data.

Arduino Nano Every Features

The following are the main features of Arduino Nano Every. Operating Voltage = 5V Microcontroller = Atmega4809 Vin range = 7 to 21 V D/C current per 3.3V pin = 50mA D/C current per I/O pin = 20mA Oscillator = 20MHz EEPROM = 256bytes SRAM = 6KB Flash Memory = 48KB LED_BUILTIN = 13 USB = 1 UART = 1 SPI = 1 I2C = 1 Digital Pins = 20 Analog Pins = 8 PWM pins = 5 Size = 18x45 mm Weight = 5g

Programming

• Arduino IDE (integrated development environment) is used to program this board. This software is used to program all kinds of Arduino boards.
• This device contains a built-in Bootloader which is used to burn the program inside the controller. Yes, you don’t need a separate burner to burn and transfer the program into the controller.

• Moreover, it also carries a micro USB port which is used to connect the device with the computer. Using this port, you can test and run the program directly from the computer.

Difference between Arduino Nano Every and Arduino Nano

• The Nano carries microcontroller ATmega 328p which is the same as Uno.
• While the Nano Every and Uno WiFi Rev 2 are incorporated with a modern version of the AVR based MCU known as megaAVR_0-series, an ATmega4809.
• It carries the same AVR CPU architecture in the base of the MCU so initially, both MCUs (Atmega 328p and Atmega 4809) share the same compiler but there lies a difference in MCU peripherals configuration. So know that the previous knowledge about AVR MCU peripherals won’t help here.
• The Arduino Nano Every is priced lower than Arduino Nano.

Arduino Nano Every Applications

The small size of this board makes it a good pick for a number of applications. Following are some applications of this board.

• USB Trackpad
• Automatic Pill Dispenser
• USB Joystick
• Electric Bike
• Creating a wireless keyboard
• Water Level Meter

That was all about the Introduction to Arduino Nano Every. If you have any queries, you can approach me in the comment section below. I’d try to help you according to the best of my expertise. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content based on your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Arduino MKR Vidor 4000

Hey Everyone! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to Arduino MKR Vidor 4000. The Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 is a powerful board with which you can develop your own controller board. The inclusion of FPGA makes this device unique and separate from other Arduino boards available in the market. With this FPGA feature, you can do audio and video processing which is not possible with other Arduino boards. Using this device, you can design a real-time computer reading sensor information and the best part is this board is compatible with all other Arduino boards. With this board, you can make all pins PWM signals (on the FPGA block side) for handling the speed of motors. Moreover, you can develop a sound effect pedal for your guitar by capturing the sound in real-time. With Arduino IoT cloud, you can also handle the complex laboratory machine connected with a number of motors. Before moving further, I suggest you read the Introduction to Arduino MKR NB 1500 that I’ve uploaded previously. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll walk you through the complete introduction to Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 covering datasheet, pinout, features, programming, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to Arduino MKR Vidor 4000

• The Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 is a powerful board with which you can develop your own controller board.
• This board is incorporated with SAMD21 microcontroller and Intel® Cyclone® 10CL016 (FPGA).
• The inclusion of the most powerful reprogrammable chip FPGA makes this device unique and separate from other Arduino boards available in the market.
• With this FPGA feature, you can do audio and video processing which is not possible for other Arduino boards.

• The FPGA carries 504Kbit of embedded RAM, 16K Logic Elements, and 56 18x18 bit HW multipliers that are employed for high-speed DSP (digital signal processing).
• Every pin is activated at over 150 MHz and normally configured for functions such as (Q)SPI, high res/ high freq PWM, UARTs, quadrature encoder, Sigma Delta DAC, I2C, I2S, etc.
• Using this Vidor device you can do an experiment with precision as it comes with the RESET button which you can use in case anything goes wrong. As you press and release this button, the board gets reset, helping you program the board from scratch.
• The operating voltage of this board is 3.3V and one Mini PCI express port with programmable pins is also installed on the board that carries up to 25 user-programmable pins.

• The board also features a MIPI (mobile industry processor interface) camera connector which is nothing but a set of standards that allow implementing important features of smartphones including displays and imaging devices. In simple words, the MIPI standard is employed to offer connectivity in mobile, multimedia, automotive, augmented reality, and virtual reality, and other related applications.
• Other features include - Wifi & BLE powered by U-BLOX NINA W102 module, Micro HDMI connector, the MKR interface where all pins are controlled by both SAMD21 and FPGA.
• The flash memory of FPGA on this Vidor board is 2MB and SDRAM memory is 8MB. There is no EEPROM memory. The flash memory is used to store the Arduino program (sketch) and SDRAM memory is used to produce and manipulate variables when it runs.
• The flash memory on the microcontroller side is 256KB and the SRAM memory is 32KB. There is no EEPROM memory on the microcontroller side.
• The power to the board by USB is 5V. Moreover, the board also features a Li-Po charging circuit that runs the board in two ways: either from the external 5V source or from battery power.

Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of Arduino MKR Vidor 4000.

Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief idea about this Vidor board. In this section, we’ll cover the description of each pin installed on the microcontroller block side and FPGA block side. Let’s jump right in.

Digital Pins

There are total 22 headers + 25 Mini PCI Express pins installed on the FPGA block side. The PCI Mini Express is a port with programmable pins. There are total 8 Digital pins on the microcontroller block which remain in two states i.e. either HIGH or LOW. When these pins are HIGH they are considered ON and receive 5V and when these pins are LOW they are considered OFF and receive 0V.

Analog Pins

It is important to note that the analog pins on board are not routed through FPGA. These pins are attached to both - FPGA and SAMD. Moreover, using these pins on the SAMD side is totally fine, as long as you're not using these pins as outputs on the FPGA side. On the FPGA block, there is no analog pin applicable. While on the microcontroller block there are 7 analog pins.

PWM Pins

The PWM feature in this board is unique. You can use all pins on the FPGA as PWM pins to control the speed of motors. When these PWM pins are activated, the board produces an analog result with digital means. There are 13 PWM pins on the microcontroller block.

UART Pins

There are two UART pins installed on the microcontroller block side. The Rx is a pin used to receive serial data while Tx is a pin used to transfer serial data. On the FPGA side, up to 7 UART are used depending on the FPGA configuration.

I2C Pins

Two pins SDA and SCL are used for I2C communication. The SDA is a serial data line that carries the data and SCL is a serial clock line used for the synchronization of all data transfer through the I2C bus. Again on the microcontroller block side, there is only one I2C protocol. While on the FPGA side up to 7 I2C protocols can be used.

SPI Pins

The Vidor board comes with one SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol that is mainly used to develop the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices such as sensors or shift registers. There is only one SPI protocol on the microcontroller’s side while up to 7 SPI protocols are used on the FPGA side depending on the FPGA configuration. Two pins… MISO (Master Input Slave Output) and MOSI (Master Output Slave Input) are employed for SPI communication. These pins are used to receive or send data by the controller.

Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Features

Microcontroller = SAMD21 Cortex®-M0+ 32bit low power ARM MCU FPGA = Intel® Cyclone® 10CL016 Camera Connector = MIPI camera connector PCI = Mini PCI Express port with programmable pins Digital I/O Pins on FPGA = 22 headers + 25 Mini PCI Express Digital I/O Pins on MCU side = 8 PWM pins on FPGA = all pins PWM pins on MCU side = 13 pins Analog Pins on FGPA = n/a Analog Pins on MCU side = 7 UART for FGPA = up to 7 depending on the FPGA configuration SPI for FGPA = up to 7 depending on the FPGA configuration I2C for FGPA = up to 7 depending on the FPGA configuration UART for MCU = 1 SPI for MCU = 1 I2C for MCU = 1 Board power supply (USB, Vin) = 5V Circuit operating voltage = 3.3 V Flash Memory on FGPA = 2MB SDRAM Memory on FGPA = 8MB Flash memory on MCU = 256KB SRAM memory on MCU = 32KB Clock speed for FGPA = 48 MHz - up to 200 MHz Clock speed for MCU = 32.768 kHz (RTC), 48 MHz USB = Full-speed USB device and embedded host Size = 25x83mm Weight = 43.5 gm

Programming

The Vidor board is programmed using the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment) software. This software is used to program all Arduino boards. This board carries a USB port through which you can connect this device with the computer and send a number of instructions to program the board. This device contains Bootloader which is a built-in feature of this board, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn the program on the microcontroller.

Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Applications

• Vidor is used to making LED sequencer
• Used for audio and video processing
• Employed for making sound effect for guitar
• You can also make Vidor clock
• MIPI used for implementing important features of smartphones

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep generating quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.