The Engineering Projects

Half Subtractor in Proteus ISIS

Hey Pals! We hope you are doing Great. Today, we are going to design another application of DLD Logical Gates i.e. Half Subtractor. In our previous lectures, we covered Adders in detail, where we studied both Half Adders & Full Adders. Now its time to discuss its reciprocal i.e. Subtractors.

In this session, we'll seek the answers to the following topics:

1. What is Half Subtractor?
2. Working Principle of Half Subtractor.
3. Truth-table of Half Subtractor.
4. Simulation of Half Subtractor in Proteus using three Logic Gates.
5. Designing of Half Subtractor with NOR gate.

So, let's get started:

What is Subtractor?

The functionality of Subtractors is exactly the opposite of Adders(we discussed in previous lectures) and defined as:

• A Subtractor is a simple DLD Electronic circuit, designed using logic gates and is used to subtract binary numbers from one another.
• A DLD Subtrator generates two outputs(1-bit each) called Difference Bit and Borrow Bit.
• There are two types of Subtractors available:
• Half Subtractor. (We are discussing today)
  
• Full Subtractor. (We will discuss in the next lecture)

Now, let's have a look at the Half Subtractor:

Half Subtractor

DLD Half subtractors(same as Half Adders) are designed using logic gates and are quite simple in construction. We can define Half Subtractor as:

• "Half Subtractors are simple digital logical circuits, used to subtract two binary numbers from each other and generate two outputs called Difference Bit and Borrow Bit.
• The Half Subtractor takes two Inputs A and B and performs the subtraction operation i.e. A - B, where A is called Minuend Bit and B is called Subtrahend Bit.
  

Working Principle of Half Subtractor

The Half Subtractor has a boolean circuit. It means it works only with the two digits i.e, 0 and 1. The 0 describes the LOW bit and vise versa. It take two bits through the input Terminals and calculate the whole system then shows us the result at the Output Terminals.

Difference in Half Subtractor

The difference is obtained when we perform the minus operation with the second bit from the first bit. the calculator give us the output that is the remaining value of the 1st bit when we deduct the value of 2nd bit from it.

Borrow in Half Subtractor

In the case, when the second bit is higher then the 1st bit, the subtractor borrows a bit from the circuit. this is an essential operation because without this, subtraction can not be proceed further.

Half Subtractor Truth Table

In binary digit difference, the subtraction of 0 with 0 produces the difference 0 and the borrow 0. when the Value is change to A=0 and B=1 then the circuit borrows a bit and both the bits becomes 1 hence we get Difference=1 and borrow=1. When the inputs are A=1 and B=0 then we simply get the value Difference=1 and Borrow=0. At the same token, when A=1, B=1 then the result we get is Difference=0, Borrow=0. Using all these concepts we get the Truth Table as:

A	B	Difference	Borrow
0	0	0	0
0	1	1	1
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	0

In this tutorial we'll learn to design Half subtractor in two ways:

1. Half Subtractor using three Logic Gates.
2. Half Subtractor using only NAND Gate.

DID YOU KNOW???????????

Half subtractors are used to limit the force of audio or Radio signals.

Half Subtractor Using three Logic Gates

In this type of formation we use three Logic Gate given below:

1. XOR Gate
2. NOT Gate
3. NAND Gate

When we look at the working of the Half Subtrator, we'll find that the working of the Difference mode of the Half Subtractor is same as the XOR Gate because we that that XOR Gate is the one that gives the output HIGH only when the inputs have different values from each other and vise versa. Just have a look at its Truth Table:

A	B	A XOR B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

Therefore, we simple use the XOR Gat for the function of Difference. When we look at the Function of Difference. we use one AND Gate. A NOT Gate is attached with the one of the input of AND Gate. One may wonder, why we are using the two Gate when we can use the NAND Gate. but the point is, we just need the inverse condition of just one input. Therefore we use this arrangement.

Proteus simulation for Half Subtractor sing Three Gates

Material Required

1. XOR Gate
2. AND Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting Wires

DID YOU KNOW?????????????

Arithmatic Logic Unit uses the Half Subtractor for the functioning.

• Begin you Proteus Software.
• Choose first four Components from Pick Library through "P" Button.
•  Arrange the Logic Gates one after the other one the working area just as shown in the image:

• Arrange two Logic Toggles Just in front of the XOR Gate.
• Get one LED and Set it Just after the XOR Gate.
• Repeat the step with the with AND Gate.
• Go to Terminal Mode>Ground attach a ground Terminal with each LED.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

One can also use the Logic Probe to Get the output instead of LED.

• Connect all the Components through wires in accordance with the image below:

• Change the values at the Input one after the other and notice the output.

Half Subtrator using NOR Gate

Sometimes, you need to make the Circuit as simple as you can. Or you can only use one gate then it is also possible to make the whole circuit using just one gate i.e, NOR Gate. when we look at the definition, it says A NOR Gate is the one that shows the output HIGH only when the Input are LOW. So, one can use the NOR Gate in different ways just by using the connection in a specific way. Let's see how can we do this.

Proteus Simulation of Half Subtractor using NOR Gate

Material Required

1. NOR Gate
2. Logic Toggle
3. LED-RED
4. Ground Terminal
5. Connecting Wire

• Choose the Required Material.
• Arrange the NOR Gates with respect to the image given next:

 

• Set Logic Toggles in front of Gate 1.
• Attach the LED's with the output of Gate two and 5.
• Ground each LED.
• Join all the devices through Connecting wires with the help of this image:

You will Observe that this circuit works as the half subtrators when you will change the Value of Logic Toggles. Thus today we Learned what are Half Subtrator, How does the Truth table of Half Subtractor is designed, How can we design the Circuit of Half Subtractor with three Gates as well as using just a NOR Gate. If you want to learn more, you can visit the site for other tutorials as well.

Moving into your New Build: Tips and Tricks

Hello Learners! We welcome you on the Board. We hope you are doing Great. Today we'll talk about the Tips that will be useful and functional Tips that will work best for you if you are thinking to shift in the new build. If statistics are to be believed, the UK is something of a new-build heaven. Every year an estimated 247,000 more houses are built than demolished. On the face of things, new-build properties seem the dream. Remember the days of worrying about a lack of damp-proof course in older properties. Or, what about that chimney stack that can't be moved, but acts as a total eyesore in your front room. While more traditional problems might have been erased, new ones have come in their place. Today's guide is all about showcasing how you can extract the most from your new-build, and not join the army of movers that are riddled with problems with these properties each year.

Make snagging your top priority

Our first piece of advice is to hold fire with moving your belongings in (if you’re really struggling, look at a self storage company). The reason? Snagging. This is a term that you’ll know plenty about by the time your move is complete. Put simply, it involves identifying all of the minor problems that affect a new-build property. The list can be well and truly endless; it might be a door that doesn’t shut properly, or a socket that doesn’t work. It’s not uncommon to uncover hundreds of these small problems. With furniture in place, it’s difficult to carry out. Start on an empty room and see how you go. If you’re allowed (some developers won’t permit it), source a snagging company before completing.

Bonus tip: some problems ARE expected

Want some 'good' news? Some problems are expected. For example, let's talk about condensation. As your house is still drying out, you will see signs of it and in the short-term at least, it's not a major problem. You may also spot a salty substance on bricks. Again, this forms part of the drying out process, and needn't be taken seriously in the early days.

Be cautious with the heating

On the subject of drying out, we would urge you to exercise caution when it comes to turning the heating on. Your move might be in the middle of winter, but if you ramp up the thermostat too much you’ll find that cracking soon starts to occur because of shrinkage. Again, this is one of those unfortunate issues that occur with new builds.

You won't have everything included

Finally, this is where you need to double-check every piece of documentation that your developers have sent over. Contrary to popular belief, your new property probably isn’t going to resemble the beautiful showroom you were given the grand tour of. Instead, there will be all sorts that is missing. This could range from blinds and curtains, right the way to house numbers, door bells and everything in-between. There will be some items that are included, but are probably not up to your specification either. In other words, prepare for magnolia walls and cream carpets. If you can establish what is included in advance, you can even negotiate for higher-spec items before the basics are installed.

IRF1010E MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF1010E.

The IRF1010E is an N-channel power MOSFET that comes with low turn-on resistance and is mainly used in fast-switching applications. The maximum power dissipation of this device is 170W and the pulsed drain current is quite high i.e. 330A.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF1010E covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to IRF1010E

• The IRF1010E is an N-channel power MOSFET mainly employed for fast-switching applications.
• This chip is a three-terminal device with terminals drain, source, and gate. It is a voltage-controlled device as opposed to a bipolar junction transistor that is a current-controlled device and comes with terminals: base, collector, and emitter.

• The gate terminal in IRF1010E is used for the biasing of the device while the source terminal is the area from where electrons enter the channel while the drain terminal is the area from where electrons leave the channel.
• The gate terminal stands between the source and drain terminals. And the channel width is handled by the voltage on the gate terminal.
• The main principle of this device is based on controlling the voltage and current between drain and source terminals. The MOS capacitor is the key component that plays a crucial role in the functionality of the device.

• The MOSFET works in two ways i.e. in depletion mode and enhancement mode. During depletion mode, when no voltage is applied across the gate terminal, there is maximum conductance across the channel. However, when the voltage is applied across the gate terminal, it results in decreasing the channel conductivity.
• While, on the other hand, the enhancement mode works exactly opposite to the depletion region. Here when there is no voltage, there is no conductance across the channel. While when voltage is applied, it results in increasing the conductance.
• There are two types of MOSFET available in the market i.e. P-channel MOSFET and N-channel MOSFET. This device IRF1010E falls under the category of N-channel MOSFET where electrons flow as the charge carriers in contrast to P-channel MOSFETs where holes are the major charge carriers.
• This IRF1010E MOSFET comes with low turn-ON resistance, making it a right fit for low-drop switching applications. The low drop results in low power loss, hence ensuring greater efficiency. This device is also used for high-efficiency applications.

IRF1010E Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet before incorporating this device into your project. This datasheet features the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below to download the datasheet of IRF1010E.

IRF1010E Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of IRF1010E.   The following table details the pin description of each pin embedded on the chip.

IRF1010E Features

The following are the main features of IRF1010E.

• Developed with advanced process technology
• Used in Fast switching
• Fully avalanche rated
• Operating Temperature Max. = 175ºC

• The voltage across GATE and SOURCE Max. = 20 V
• Continuous current allowed through DRAIN Max. = 81A
• The voltage across DRAIN and SOURCE Max. = 60V
• It’s a Fifth generation HEXFET
• Pulsed DRAIN current Max. = 330A
• Power dissipation Max. = 170Watt

IRF1010E Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to IRF1010E.

• IRFB4110
• IRFB4310Z
• IRFB4115
• IRFB4410
• IRF1407
• IRFB4110G
• IRFB4310ZG

Double-check the pinout of the alternatives before incorporating them into your project as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of IRF1010E.

IRF1010E Applications

This device is used in the following applications.

• Employed in speed control units
• Incorporated in PWM applications
• Used in Relay drivers
• Employed in Switch mode power supply
• Used in Lighting systems
• Used in any switching applications

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’ll try to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

CA3130 MOSFET BiMOS Op-Amp Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Everyone! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to CA3130.

The CA3130 is a BiMOS Operational Amplifier that comes with MOSFET at the output. The term BiMOS suggests that it projects the advantage of both Bipolar and CMOS op-amp technology.

This IC comes with high bandwidth due to bipolar op-amps and consumes less current due to CMOS op-amp, making it a perfect fit for mobile jammers and voltage follower circuits.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to CA3130 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to CA3130

• The CA3130 is a BiMOS Operational Amplifier that contains MOSFET at the output. This chip consumes less current and features high bandwidth.
• This device has high input impedance due to MOSFETs which implies that when an output voltage of the sensor is connected to the inverting or non-inverting terminals of the op-amp, the output voltage from the sensor will not be disturbed since the op-amp will not act as a load to the sensor.

• If you’re looking for a device with high input impedance, less power consumption, and high bandwidth, this chip might be the answer.

• CA3130 is an eight-terminal electronic IC that comes with a Common Mode Rejection Ration (CMRR) of 80dB.
• It is widely used in frequency generators and noise detectors.
• The input terminal current of this device is 1mA and the supply current is 10mA.
• The CA3130 features inverting and non-inverting pins like other op-amps. If the voltage at the non-inverting pin is high, the output across the inverting pin will be high, otherwise, it will be low.
• Pins 1 & 5 are offset null pins used to nullify the offset produced when two input pins are combined. When the input pins of the op-amp are combined with each other, the voltage at the output should be zero. But no operational amplifier is ideally perfect. So when two inputs are combined together, it results in the offset. The offset null pins are used to null that effect.
• Pin 8 is called Strobe that is mainly used to turn off the output stage. It is also employed for phase compensation in comparators.

CA3130 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of CA3130.

CA3130 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of CA3130. The following table shows the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin Description of CA3130
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1,5	When the input pins of the op-amp are combined with each other, the voltage at the output should be zero. But no operational amplifier is ideally perfect. So when two inputs are combined together, it results in the offset. The offset null pins are used to null that effect.	Offset Null Pins
2	The Inverting pin is also given a fixed voltage which is compared with the (IN+)	Inverting Input (IN-)
3	The Non-Inverting Pin of the comparator gives a variable  voltage to compare	Non-Inverting Input (IN+)
4	This pin is connected to the ground of the system (Negative voltage can also be used)	Ground (VCC-)
6	This is the output pin of the op-amp	Output
7	This VCC pin offers the operating voltage for the Op-Amp. For CA3130 it is up to +16V	VCC+
8	Allows you to turn off the output stage	Strobe

CA3130 Features

• Op-amp laced with MOSFET at the output
• Input Terminal current = 1mA
• Wide power supply Range i.e. for single supply – 5V to 16V and for dual supply – ±2.5V to ±8V
• Sink current Max. = 20mA
• Source current Max. = 22mA

• Output Voltage Max. = 13.3V
• Supply current = 10mA
• Common Mode Rejection Ration (CMRR) = 80dB

CA3130 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to CA3130.

• LM311
• LM324
• LM358
• LM741
• LM339

Check the pinout of the alternatives before incorporating them into your electrical project as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of the CA3130.

CA3130 Applications

The CA3130 is used in the following applications.

• Incorporated in DAC circuits
• Used in voltage follower circuits
• Employed in mobile jammers
• Employed in Oscillator circuits
• Used in frequency generator/distorter
• Used in Peak Signal/Noise detectors

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

INA219 Current Sensor Module Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. Today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to INA219.

The INA219 is a current sensor module that incorporates the I2C protocol for submitting the data obtained through sensing current, voltage, and power. It is a bi-directional zero drift current/ power sensing module mainly used in digital multimeters and power profilers.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to INA219 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to INA219

• INA219 is a current/power sensor module mainly employed to sense the power, voltage or current where up to 128 samples can be averaged together to get filtering in noisy environments. This data is then submitted to a microcontroller using the I2C bus.

• This device features an I2C protocol mainly used to transmit data between devices. The I2C protocol comes with two wires SDA and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that carries the clock signal and ensures the synchronization of data transfer over an I2C bus.

• In the I2C protocol, one device acts like a master and the other as a slave. Using this communication protocol you can attach multiple slaves with a single master whereas you can also control single or multiple slave devices with multiple masters.
• INA219 can be easily incorporated with microcontrollers and Arduino boards and with devices that come with an I2C bus interface.
• It also contains a 2W 0.1 Ohms 1% rated shunt resistor mainly employed to fulfill the current measuring requirements.
• This sensor module is a key part of the power monitoring systems. The power input of this device ranges from 3V to 5.5V and the target voltage is up to +26V.

INA219 Datasheet

It is better to go through the datasheet of the device before you embed this device into your electrical project. The datasheet features the main characteristics of the module. Click the link below to download the datasheet of INA219.

INA219 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of INA219. The following table represents the pin description of each pin incorporated into the module.

Pin Description of INA219
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Sensed Input line -	VIN-
2	Sensed Input line +	VIN+
3	Input voltage	VCC
4	Connected to ground	GND
5	Serial clock line that carries the clock signal	SCL
6	Serial data line that contains the data	SDA

INA219 Features

• Contains 2C- or SMBus-compatible interface
• Comes with up to +26V target voltage
• Power Input Range = 3.0V-5.5V
• Can Sense Bus Voltages ranging from 0 to 26 V

• Up to 128 samples are averaged to get filtering in noisy environments.
• Capable of up to ±3.2A current measurement, with ±0.8mA resolution
• Contains ohm 1% 2W current sense resistor
• Board Dimension = 0.8 x 0.9 inch (l x w x h)

INA219 Applications

• Used in power monitoring systems
• Employed in power profiler
• Used in digital multimeter

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Web 101, Hosting, and domain names, how they work together?

Hello! welcome to The Engineering Projects. Are you a business owner? A content creator? A college student looking for a place of free expression? Then do not worry! All you need to take your ambitions to the next level is a new website to establish a substantial internet presence from the first day of your new adventure. Having a website is an excellent way to increase community engagement and have a platform that exists solely for your work to be visible to the general audience. However, if you’ve been thinking and going around the internet to look for a procedure, there’s a strong chance that you’re feeling overwhelmed right now. Complicated words like web hosting and choosing a domain name scare away a newcomer. Hence, we’re here to help you figure out the process of making your website and clear all your confusions surrounding the matter. What do you need for a website? It sounds like a simple question, and we’ll try to give you a simple answer to it. To have a website up and running, you essentially need two things to begin. They are:

• Domain Name.
• Web hosting service.

We will go into great detail about these terms because these two terms will pop up at every step of the way, and you will need a comprehensive understanding of what they mean. For now, you should know that a domain name and a web hosting service is crucial to your beginning. While both are two different things and completely unrelated, they cannot function without one another.

Understanding a domain name

A domain name is the name of your website. An excellent way to understand what it means is to think of it as the address where people can access your website. Technically, it is used for finding and identifying IP addresses on the internet. IP addresses are convenient for computers but hard for us to remember for a long time. Because of this, domain names were created and are now used to identify entities on the internet.   You have to pick a domain name for your website and then get it registered against your credentials to reserve it for your use. Usually, buying a domain name allows you to use it for a year, but you can always pay in advance and look up offers and discounts to lock up your domain name for years to come. However, buying a domain name does not mean getting an entire website. You still have to get web hosting and get a website designed from scratch by a reliable web design agency. Keep some things in mind while buying a domain name. Think long and hard to pick the right domain name because it will be visible everywhere, and your regular users will remember it. In case you discover that your preferred domain name is unavailable, you can always use a temporary one till your preferred option becomes available.

What is web hosting?

A web host is essentially a company that has many devices connected to the internet. When you upload your web pages on their systems, everyone across the world will be able to connect, view, and use them. You will need to sign up for an account with a web host to give your website a home for its files and functioning. Take this analogy for a simpler understanding. If a domain name is similar to getting a business name in the ordinary world, getting a web hosting account is equivalent to renting an office or shop premises for your business operations and inventory. Selecting a web hosting company is much more complicated than choosing a domain name. Choosing the right web hosting service is a lengthy task that requires a lot of research. People choose different web hosts based on their particular needs, and you need to identify your requirements to select a service that works for you.

How do you pick the right web hosting service?

Before we begin, you should know that there are two types of web hosting services - free and commercial. Free web hosting services allow you to host your website on the internet without any charge, whereas you have to pay a subscription charge if you avail of commercial web hosting solutions. There are advantages and disadvantages to both solutions. Let’s try to go through the most critical differences so that you can decide which hosting solution fits your needs. A free web hosting solution usually imposes advertising on your website. Companies hire advertising agencies to cover the costs of providing your site the free web-space and associated services. It also allows them to earn revenue through the traffic on your website and profit over time. Some services place a banner on your pages, while others display a window that pops up every time a page on your site loads. Some solutions even pose a pop-up on your website randomly. Ensure that you are comfortable with their mode of advertising beforehand. Also, free hosting solutions only give you a limited amount of cloud space, and the storage limits put a cap on your website’s contents. You may not be able to have many images and videos on your website in a limited cloud space. A commercial web hosting service will allow your users to have an ad-free experience on your website. Moreover, in some hosting services, you can also have the option to put ads on your website and directly earn revenue through ad traffic. Most blog writers make a living through ad traffic on their websites. It will also allow you to select the amount of storage space you want for your website. As you keep updating your website, it is bound to get heavier and see the entry of additional web pages. In this case, you can always select higher cloud storage with the company. Moreover, be on the lookout for their bandwidth/data transfer. It correlates how to the speed of your website’s opening and the number of bytes transferred from your site to visitors when they browse your site. Carefully go through the bandwidth terms and conditions of your provider to see any hidden costs attached.

Bachelor of Science

Hello friends, I hope you are are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss Bachelor of Science. The Bachelor of Science is a three to four years undergraduate academic degree offered at universities worldwide. It enables the students to develop his or her interests in a science subjects by choosing major. However, the main aim of Bachelor of Science degree is to develop and enhance student’s mathematical, analytical, problem-solving skills. Today, in this article, you will get to know the detail of popular BSc programs of 2021, their duration, benefits and career opportunities.

Bachelor of Sciences

Students have the option to choose their major subject with other science subjects according to their interest. Research abilities are mostly tested in the last year, and at that time students have to write a thesis to complete their degree.

Enrolling in Bachelor of Science degree program leads to make a significant investment in one’s professional career. Additionally, Bachelor of Science programs not only enhance career prospects of students but also develop their skills and fulfil a vital requirement to Master studies. The key academic fields of BSc degree programs are Biological and Life Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Business, and the Natural Sciences.   There are a variety of different Bachelor of Science programs offered by universities. Are you interested to know these programs? Great! We listed popular programs below.

Major Subjects in Bachelor of Science

Here are some popular major subjects areas listed, for a Bachelor of Science degree you must major in at least one of the following. These programs can be varied according to universities.

• Biochemistry
• Botany
• Chemistry
• Ecology
• Economics
• Computer Science
• Anatomy
• Electronics
• Food Science
• Sport Science
• Energy Science and Technology
• Genetics
• Geography
• Human Nutrition
• Mathematics
• Microbiology
• Pharmacology
• Physics
• Phycology
• Information Science
• Plant Biotechnology
• Zoology

Minor Subjects in Bachelor of Science

In some universities, selecting a minor subject is not compulsory. Or there can be other combinations of papers that are more appropriate to your degree offered. But in some universities, you also have to take minor subjects as well. Mainly, the students have to pay more attention to their major subjects rather than minor. Some of the minor subjects are listed below:

• Agriculture Innovation
• Anthropology
• Music
• Accounting
• Asian studies
• Chemistry
• Chinese
• Cultural study
• Classics
• Buddhist Studies
• Agriculture and Fisheries
• Christian History
• Communication Studies
• Community Health Care
• Computational Modelling
• Computer Science
• Consumer Food Science
• Criminology
• Dance
• Economics
• Education
• English
• Environment and Society
• Finance
• Entrepreneurship
• Islamic Studies
• Environment toxicology
• Film and Media Studies
• Exercise and Sports Study
• French
• Gender Studies
• Geographic Information Systems
• Geography
• German
• History
• Land Planning and Development
• Latin
• Arabic
• Management
• Maori Health
• Marine Science
• Marketing
• Mathematics
• Philosophy
• Physical Activity and Health
• Politics
• Science Communication
• Tourism
• Writing

You can select these minor to complete you BSc degree along with major subjects. Before Bachelors of Science were started, all undergraduate programs were related to Bachelor of Arts. Then, in 1860 University of London started offering BSc degrees. And now these programs are offered in all over the world. Typically it starts for Computer Science, Engineering, and Health Sciences. But now if you noticed you can find BSc degrees even in Nursing, Law, and Business.

Popular Bachelor of Science Programs of 2021

Let’s discuss in detail the most studied programs selected by students.

• Bsc Computer Science

Computers, the most effective and new form of technology, are quickly developing and advancing every day. A bachelor’s degree holder in computer science will be able to play a role in managing, researching, and promoting this technology. Do you want to know the benefit of BSc degree in computer science? Let’s discuss it. This degree teaches and trained students a variety of different technologically-based subjects. Students will learn about different programming languages, including Java and C, computer architecture, operating systems, software engineering, and so on. So, if you complete this degree, you can become remarkably expert in web development and programming. Besides, you will also be able to effectively work on both small and large scale programming projects. We know that computer science has become a rapid changing and more desirable field. It provides more career opportunities as compared to their peers without a degree who tries to work in a related field. Moreover, the cost of doing Bachelor degree in computer science depends on university, and also varies on several different factors. Such as program type, duration of program, and location of university. The graduated students work in a position that needs them to work through problems daily and discover ways to fix them. Further, the most common jobs are software engineer, technical analyst, and web development engineer.

• Bachelor of Science in Biology

Many students want to get a degree in biology, and avail an expert level knowledge and laboratory experience in cells and organisms. After graduation in Biology, they can do specialization in graduate studies that will lead to careers in the health sciences and experimental research. What is exactly a BSc degree in Biology? This is an undergraduate degree that made the foundation about zoology, botany, and ecology along with molecular and cell biology and microbiology. Students not only take courses but also go to lab for practical work. Different experiments were being performed by students. Additionally, the courses such as organismal and cell biology, chemistry, genetics, as well as their laboratory work, make the base of students and then they can continue their degree in Master. Students have to choose an area of specialization toward their focus such as field microbiology or botany.   The duration of this degree will vary depending on the universities, and cost also varies accordingly. If you are interesting in doing your Bachelor of Science in Biology, then search university website. The courses and laboratory experiments enables the students to choose the careers in laboratory work, education, scientific research industries, and government positions. They can also move on to the career in medicine.

• Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Nowadays, all companies started completely rely on computers. This sometimes may have drawback when system go down, and workers are essentially left struggling to complete their work. But if you are an information technology professional degree holder, that’s a great thing. It ensured you that your services will always be in high demand. The use of digital information technology is growing fast, and the demand for graduates in this degree has increased a lot. Mostly the students who are interested in computer technology choose this program to have a bright career. A BSc in Information Systems trains students to learn the complexities of data storage, security, and distribution. The students will learn about how to design databases, connect the database to systems, execute the hardware to support the databases, and many more tasks. Therefore, an IT expert is crucial for every business that stores data, including the businesses that support and distribute digital media, law offices that maintained large and sensitive information, online booksellers. So graduates in IT are in high demand in many companies. Importantly, students have to pay tuition, devices such as laptop fees, and lab fees. The program itself usually complete in three to five years. Fresh graduates are chosen to start their careers in the IT department of a large company. By diagnosing problems, upgrading information control software, and managing physical connections, they get a special position in companies. You can also get jobs in a small company to design and maintain the company database. Almost everyone wish to become computer experts. So here is the question arise that why you need a Bachelor degree in this field. This will give you a basic knowledge of information systems and how they link with larger networks. That knowledge will be very useful when systems fail and those links need to be repaired. The courses you will take during degree will enable you to deal real-world scenarios with systems as well as clients to restore their information. Thus, when network or system fails and need to integrated, then IT experts are in high demand. The owners of companies want IT professionals who have experience. Your degree will offer you opportunities to work with industry professionals, and give you experience to satisfy the clients. There are several universities offering this program available on an international level. Many programs are fully online. The cost of IT degree is little higher. But it will be worth in future, because the demand of IT professionals has been increasing. After graduation, you will be qualified to work in literally any field, such as business, finance, and both private and governmental companies. Are you thinking of choosing IT a career? Then do it. You will never regret to have this degree.

• Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

A Bachelor of Science is typically an undergraduate degree that mostly focuses on the science, but now it is also rewarded for non-science programs by certain universities. This type of degree normally takes three to five years for completion. So what is a BSc in Business Administration? It gives students the building blocks that are needed to start their own business, or work as mid-level managers. This degree is also getting popular because new generation is really interested in starting their own business. Many universities offer a BSc in Business Administration with a specialization in accounting, finance, and entrepreneurship management. These program elements can modify from one university to another, and required courses may include global policy and approach, organizational innovation, business law, and professional communication. This course is useful because it enables students to enter the business world by providing the necessary technical knowledge and skill. The innovative training makes students familiar with important software programs and applications. With this degree, you will be able to enter the professional world in a management position.   Again, the cost of a BSc in Business Administration is also depends on the country and institution. A degree in Business Administration is intended to train students for a variety of jobs in the business world. You can start your own business or become an international sales representative, tax preparer, portfolio manager, finance controller, management consultant, global sourcing manager, financial accountant, or financial advisor.

• Bachelor of Science in Accounting

Accounting is basically the language of business, which is considered a useful foundation for anyone who is in search of pursuing a profession in the business world. If you are interested in the financial aspect of business and passionate to manage a company’s bottom line and other financial matters, then a BSc degree in accounting will be beneficial for you. So you may want to know in detail “What is a BSc in Accounting?” This degree program provides students the basic information on every aspect of accounting standards, subjects, and policies. Moreover, if talk about the courses, that cover the following subjects such as taxes,  income tax preparation, auditing, management services, and many more. One of the main advantages of taking this bachelor’s degree is that it enables students to be qualified for the job in the financial sector. Usually, employers need candidates having a minimum of this degree for selection for the job. So this not only enhances the chances of getting a job, but this program will also qualify students to seek higher education or become Certified Public Accountant. After completing this advanced training, students can move on to better career opportunities and earn a high income. Accordingly, the cost of a degree in accounting depends on the institution attended. The tuition and fees depend on every school and its location, the duration of the program, and many other factors. Lastly, if you have a bachelor’s degree in accounting, you can work in a different position, such as you can apply for a public accountant, government accountant, management accountant, or internal auditor. Every position has its own benefits and salaries, but all of them massively deal with finances and basic accounting principles. Generally, before starting any degree program, you should carefully study the main advantages and disadvantages of that particular degree. you must have complete knowledge about the opportunities and positions that will be available for you after completing the degree.  So, search for your program in a selected university or contact the staff directly to get information.

• BSc Mechanical Engineering

Many students who have skills for physical systems and in repairing devices can apply for this program. For example, if you enjoy car repairing or constructing machines, then apply for Mechanical degree. If you also enjoy designing and have the ability to perform a wide range of physical activities from small-scale businesses to large-scale equipment factories, then select this program. This is also getting very popular among students and gives them great opportunities to achieve a splendid career. Let's discuss this degree in detail. A mechanical engineering program prepares students for all aspects of physical systems, like repairing and managing the operations of machines to gas and liquid flow. A mechanical engineer learns how to build parts of machines, select the proper material, examine stress, and determine reliability. Some students specialize in fluid systems, and design transport systems for a specific fluid flow at precise temperatures and pressures. Students get deep knowledge about the specifications for a physical system and interpret them into working parts. Hence, mechanical engineers really make the heart of the design team of a parts house. In an electronics factory, they design the housings, hardware, mounting, and interface hardware for components. They implement related functions in many types of construction firms. Thus, as key team members, they are important employees for any mechanical firm. Furthermore, the costs for a mechanical engineering degree vary according to the school. However, along with tuition fees students also have to pay lab and material fees for the projects. The duration of this degree is usually from three to five years.   Mechanical engineers deliver essential functions in a range of businesses. For example, the antenna builder seems to be primarily an electronic design, but a mechanical engineer has to specialize in designing the metal structures which make the heart of the antennas. Also, the parts and material must be selected that can bear environmental factors such as heat and wind. The designs should be cost-effective as well. They can make similar designs in a variety of companies. Today, many universities are offering excellent Mechanical Engineering programs on an international scale. Usually, a vital portion of the coursework can also be performed online.

• Bachelor of Science in Marketing

Next, I am going to discuss another popular degree that is Marketing Management. This degree focuses on providing the fundamental of marketing and branding, especially at a managerial level. The program is intended to train students with a basis in theoretical and applied knowledge of marketing, developing and making strategies to enhance marketing, or building new brands. Students are also interested in choosing retail marketing. Several courses are studied like proper use of social media to market the products, build public relations, making strategies, retail merchandising, and many more. Some classes also offered finance or managerial accounting, economics, marketing research, operations management, basic principles of marketing, as well as business plans and strategies. Also, the students that graduated with this degree have benefited from several business-related and managerial experiences. These skills are important in the business world and will help the students to get high pay and more successful job opportunities in the marketing industry. Again the tuition fee of this program differs from school to school. Considered students are prompted to contact the admissions office of the institution directly. Besides, the marketing industry is no doubt highly competitive, and the graduates in Marketing are in high demand for several managerial positions. Students can improve their problem-solving skills, strategy planning, and decision-making skills, to get better chances of landing a successful career.

• Bachelor of Science in Chemistry

Are you looking for the answer that what is a BSc in Chemistry? You must first know about the topics that are covered by taking a degree in chemistry. Chemistry is divided mainly into two categories, organic and inorganic. Organic chemists focus mainly on chemical compounds that exist in nature. While the inorganic chemists make new compounds artificially. Most Bachelors of Chemistry programs are interested in focusing on organic chemistry because it offers a good summary of different aspects of the subject. The jobs most in the field of chemistry have requirements of at least a four-year program. Though, many jobs need candidates to have a postgraduate degree to be considered. Moreover, to prepare students for the workforce, a BSc degree in Chemistry also opens the door to postgraduate work. The degree usually takes four years to complete. This course has additional fee of lab fee. The jobs for chemistry graduates are mostly teaching or working in research laboratories. You may also have the opportunity to get a job and use your talents in making artificial flavors and fragrances for consumer products. You can also get a position in environmental security or protection. Many universities are offering this program online as well. Many students now considered studying online as an ideal way of getting a degree.

• Bachelor of Science in Mathematics

So want to know what is a BSc in Mathematics? Firstly you have to understand that how broad mathematics field is. It covers various disciplines, all of which are big and complex in their own way. In addition, a BSc degree holder in Math is usually the selected choice for those students who are interested to focus on number theory instead of applied mathematics. After graduation in Mathematics you can either continue research or can be hired on teaching positions. Researchers are going to eligible for work in private or government labs.

Top Countries offer Bachelor of Science Programs

Finally, here listed the top countries offer these degree. Select the country you like to study and do research all the basic requirements. The duration of time and courses offered are varied according to different universities in different countries.

• USA

• United Kingdom

• Germany

• Pakistan

• China

• Turkey

• United Arab Emirates

• Netherlands

• South Africa

• Nigeria

• Malaysia

• Poland

I hope, this post will help you to know the detail information of your BSc program that you want to persue. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

FDV301N N-channel MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Everyone! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to FDB301N.

The FDV301N is an N-channel MOSFET using Fairchild's proprietary and high cell density, DMOS technology. The cell’s high density helps to minimize the on-state resistance. This device is mainly developed for low-voltage applications. This N-channel MOSFET replaces different digital transistors and provides different bias resistor values.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to FDV301N covering datasheet, pinout, features and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to FDV301N

• The FDV301N is an N-channel MOSFET mainly used for switching and low-voltage applications.
• It carries low on-state resistance and can be used in place of different transistors for a range of applications.

• This device contains three terminals named gate, drain, and source. The source is the terminal from which electrons enter the channel and drain is the area where electrons leave the channel. While gate terminal is used for biasing the device.

• The MOSFETs are mainly divided into two main types i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. The N-channel MOSFETs carry electrons as major charge carriers and P-channel MOSFETs contain holes as the major charge carriers.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFETs better than P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications, especially for high-load applications.
• The drain-source voltage of this device is 25V and gate-source voltage is 8V and maximum power dissipation is 0.35W. This is the amount of power it dissipates during the working of this device.

FDV301N Datasheet

It’s wise to go through the datasheet before you apply this component to your electrical project as using this datasheet you can get a hold of the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of FDV301N.

FDV301N Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of FDV301N. This chip comes with three terminals called source, gate, and drain.

Pin Description of FDV301N
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source (S)
2	Used for biasing the device	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through the source terminal	Drain (D)

FDV301N Features

The following are the main features of FDV301N.

• The RDS (on-state resistance) is a resistance between drain and source terminal that is 5? at gate-source voltage VGS of 2.7V and it’s 4? at VGS of 4.5V.
• The gate-source voltage (VGS-th) is 8V
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) is 25V
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 220mA

• Level gate drive requirements are very low, helping direct operation in 3V circuits.
• The high-density cell process ensures low on-state resistance RDS (ON).
• This device is reliable and rugged.
• The operating and storage temperature range is -55C to 150C.
• Comes in a compact industry-standard SOT-23 surface-mount package.

FDV301N Applications

This N-channel MOSFET chip is used in the following applications.

• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Used in automotive electronics.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.
• Used in servo motor control.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to FDV301N. If you have any query, you can share your comment in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

IRF520 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. Today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF520.

The IRF520 is an N-channel power MOSFET mainly used for switching and amplification purposes. It comes with a breakdown voltage of around 100V and a low gate threshold voltage is 4V, making it an ideal pick for microcontroller applications.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF520 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to IRF520 MOSFET

• The IRF520 is an N-channel power MOSFET mainly used for switching and amplification purposes.
• It comes with three terminals named: gate, source, and drain and is available in the TO-220 package.
• It is important to note that the gate terminal is electrically insulated and contains no current and is normally called an Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).

• As it’s an N-channel MOSFET so here major charge carriers are electrons as opposed to P-channel MOSFET where major carriers are holes.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFET better than P-channel MOSFET.
• Due to better movement of electrons, N-channel MOSFETs with high loads remain cool while P-channel MOSFETs turn hot in the presence of high loads.

• The major charge carriers i.e. electrons enter the channel through the source terminal while they exit the channel through the drain terminal. And the gate terminal controls the biasing of this MOSFET.
• This N-channel MOSFET comes with low on-state resistance of around 0.27 ohm, allowing it to dissipate less energy as heat and consequently increasing the efficiency of the device.
• IRF520 contains a low threshold voltage of around 4V which projects it can be turned on with 5V on the GPIO pins on the microcontroller.
• This chip comes with a decent switching speed, making it an ideal pick for DC-DC converter circuits.
• The continuous drain current (ID) of this device is 9.2A while the drain-to-source breakdown voltage is 100V. The Rise time is 30ns and the fall time is 20nS.

IRF520 Datasheet

Before you apply this component to your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of IRF520.

IRF520 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF520 Mosfet. The IRF520 comes in three terminals named Gate, Drain, and Source.

Pin Description of IRF520
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through a drain terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source

IRF520 Features

The following are the main features of IRF520 mosfet.

• N-Channel Power MOSFET
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 9.2A
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 100V
• Rise time is 30ns and the fall time is 20nS.

• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 0.27 Ohms (also known as on-state resistance)
• Since it contains low threshold voltage, it is commonly employed with Arduino applications.
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 4V (max)
• Available Package = TO-220 package

IRF520 Applications

The following are the main applications of this device.

• Employed to control the speed of motors
• Used in converters or Inverter circuits
• Used in high power devices
• Incorporated in high-speed switching applications
• Used in LED dimmers or flashers

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into Introduction to IRF520 mosfet. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

BSS138 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Everyone! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to BSS138.

The BSS138 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that is available in surface mount package SOT-23. It features a low input capacitance of around 40pF and a low on-state resistance of around 3.5. High switching speed and low threshold voltage make this device an ideal pick for level shifter circuit applications.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to BSS138 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to BSS138

• The BSS138 is an N-Channel MOSFET mainly used in low current and low voltage switching applications.
• It contains three terminals called, drain, source, and gate. At times the body is also included in the terminals, making it a four-terminal device.

• It is important to note that the gate terminal is electrically insulated and contains no current and is normally called an Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).
• MOSFETs are categorized into two main types i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This chip BS138 falls under the category of N-channel MOSFET where electrons are major carriers. While holes are major carriers in P-channel MOSFETs.
• The electron movement is better than the hole movement. The reason, N-channel MOSFETs are preferred over P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications.

• During working with high loads the P-channel MOSFETs turn hot while the N-channel MOSFETs remain cool.
• BSS138 comes in a continuous drain current of around 200mA and drain-source VDS voltage is 50V.
• The on-state resistance of this chip is 3.5, while the turn-off and turn-ON time is 20ns each.
• The compact and robust nature of this device makes it an ideal choice for portable applications including power management circuits and cell phones.
• The BSS138 is costly compared to its alternative 2n7002. Picking the alternative, you have to compromise with the threshold voltage and on-state resistance.

BSS138 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this component into your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of BS138 by clicking the link below.

BSS138 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of BSS138. This device contains three terminals called source, drain, and gate.

Pin Description of BSS138
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source (S)
2	Controls the biasing of the component	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through the drain terminal	Drain (D)

BSS138 Features

The following are the main features of BSS138.

• Logic Level N-Channel MOSFET
• Turn ON and Turn OFF time = 20ns each
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 200mA
• Comes in low on-state resistance

• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 0.5V
• On-state Resistance = 3.5?
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) = 50V
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 1.5V
• Available Package = SOT23 SMD

BSS138 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to BSS138.

• IRF540N
• IRF3205
• IRF1010E
• 2N7000
• BS170N

Before you incorporate these alternatives, double-check the pinout of these equivalents as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of BSS138.

BSS138 Applications

This chip is used in the following applications. Used in automotive electronics.

• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Used in automotive electronics.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.
• Used in servo motor control.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to BSS138. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.