The Engineering Projects

BSS123 N-Channel MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to BSS123.

The BSS123 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that comes in surface mount package SOT-23. It is a rugged and reliable device that comes with a drain-source voltage of around 100V while the gate-source voltage is -+20V. It is mainly used in low voltage and low current applications like servo motor control and switching and amplification applications.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to BSS123 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to BSS123

• The BSS123 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that comes in surface mount package SOT-23.
• This field-effect transistor is widely used in amplification and switching applications in a range of electronic devices.
• This is a three-terminal device with terminals named: gate, source, and drain. Sometimes, the body part is also considered as terminal, making it a four-terminal device.

• The drain current of this component is 170mA and it comes with a low threshold voltage of 1.7V.
• Know that the gate terminal is electrically insulated since it carries no current and is commonly called as Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).

• There are two types of MOSFET i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This BSS123 chip falls under the category of N-channel MOSFET where electrons are the major charge carriers. In P-channel MOSFETs, holes are the major carrier.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, so N-channel MOSFETs are better than P-channel MOSFETs and possess less resistance. The reason… with high loads the N-channel MOSFETs remain cool while P-channel MOSFET goes hot in the presence of high loads.
• The charge carriers (electrons in this case of N-channel MOSFET) enter the channel through the source terminal and leave the channel through the drain terminal.
• The gate terminal stands between the source and drain terminal and the voltage on the gate terminal controls the width of the channel.
• This N-channel MOSFET is commonly termed a transistor and is used in both digital and analog circuits.
• The operating temperature and storage junction temperature range of this device is -55C to 150C.
• The low on-state resistance makes this device the best pick for switching applications.
• The one drawback of this MOSFET is its low drain current. It offers a peak current of up to 1A at the maximum threshold voltage and a continuous current of 170mA.
• If you apply ratings more than the required absolute maximum ratings, it will damage the device.

BSS123 Datasheet

While working with this component in your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of BSS123.

BSS123 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of BSS123. This MOSFET carries three terminals gate, source, and drain.

Pin Description of BSS123
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through Source	Source (S)
2	Controls the biasing of the MOSFET	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through Drain	Drain (D)

BSS123 Features

The following are the main features of BSS123.

• The resistance between drain and source terminal RDS (on-state resistance) is 6? at gate-source voltage VGS of 10V and it’s 10? at VGS of 4.5V.
• High-density cell design leads to extremely low on-state resistance RDS (ON).
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) is 100V
• This chip is rugged and reliable.
• Comes in a compact industry-standard SOT-23 surface-mount package.

• The gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) is 1.7V typically
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 170mA
• Turn ON and Turn off delay time is 1.7ns and 17ns respectively

BSS123 Applications

This MOSFET device is used in the following applications.

• Used in automotive electronics.
• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Used in servo motor control.
• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Emerging Opportunities In Stocks Trading With Innovative Ideas

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the emerging opportunities in stocks trading with innovative ideas. 2020 has unleashed the entire world on the battlefield of uncertainty. You cannot assure how companies and firms will evolve in the coming days. With this pandemic, influencing both personal and professional life, our future is not certain. This uncertainty has affected stock trading and the factors influencing it.

Emerging Opportunities In Stocks Trading With Innovative Ideas

Trading is generally considered a risk profession but this is not the case as per innovation in technology. Now, you can easily trade to make profits even if you have little to no money. There are many online services available like Automatic Fortunes, which help users in emerging opportunities in the stock trading market. Participating in a potential growth stock can help you grow financially With trading, you can generate passive income or take it as a full-time job or part-time opportunity, either way, you have a massive chance to make a handsome amount of money.

1. Innovative Technology

Needless to say, advancement in technology has produced plenty of low barriers-to-entry trading opportunities. You can do trading with no money in some cases. While in other cases, little money is needed to put you on the steering wheel of trading. Anyone with patience and commitment can make a killing in this profession. Innovation is introducing a new idea to bring ease and comfort to people’s life. New internet technology has turned the entire world into a global village, interlinking the global market and giving you the ability to make money right from the comfort of your home. Even if you have a full-time job or have a family to support, you can join stock trading to make a living.

2. Trading Opportunities

Normally stock prices are based on technical indicators that mainly influence the large price movements. This is true, such combinations occur once in a while, but when they do, they bring scores of opportunities for everyone. They are mainly termed as trading opportunities. The opportunities in stock trading generally come with a low downside while the upside is high. Every opportunity in stock trading is measured with a score ranging from 0 to 100. The higher score is linked to better trading opportunities and as a result ensuring more profit with the trade. Still, a higher score doesn’t ALWAYS guarantee more profit because some factors like volume balance, trend direction, support, and resistance also influence the technical aspect of stock. It is, therefore, preferred to see the entire picture of stock trading and, more importantly, audit the basic information before trading. Know that risk factor has nothing to do with the score calculation. Two different stocks that contain the same score may face entirely different risks. Some people assume stock trading is a walk in the park; this is not the case in reality. The success of this business is entirely dependent on you. It involves so many paths, where anybody can join the business. You need to well prepare yourself in advance for all the ups and downs of the stock trading.

A. Trading from Home

This seems like the best and easiest way to earn a living because you have flexible hours to work but there is a catch. The minimum equity required for trading to work as a pattern day trader is 25000$. And you need to maintain this amount all the time. If your account fails to retain this minimum, your account will be put on hold until you hit the minimum once again.

B. Proprietary Trading Firms

These firms have become famous among the masses due to their attractive and low-free strategies. If working from home is not your cup of tea, you might want to join the trading floor where you can typically work as a contractor. You’ll never get a daily wage in firms like these, just the commission you make bringing clients to the firm for trading. There are plenty of benefits to working in a trading company including exposure to trading ideas, meeting with successful traders, free training, performance monitoring, and easy access to capital.

C. Other Options

When you don’t have enough money to invest, it’s wise to get a hold of other trading options that demand less capital. The currency markets and foreign exchange are the best alternatives that require less capital where you can open an account in just $100, helping you control a large amount of money with this capital. These markets work 24/7, giving you the flexibility to collaborate from anywhere anytime. These markets are mainly introduced for the traders who don’t have time to work in regular working hours.

Conclusion

Once you’ve got to know which trading option suits you the best, stick with it. If trading from home resonates with you, make sure the markets you trade with will lie within your interests and capital. And come up with a comprehensive trading plan to get a hold of all complexities in your trading business. This is now your business. You need to apply everything in this business you would otherwise apply in regular business. Work with online brokers and explore other options. If you have a laptop and internet connection, you can make a living trading. Last not least, don’t hesitate to get help from the mentors. They will help you stay on track and how to deal with the challenges you might face in trading. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. You’re most welcome to share your feedback in the section below. Thank you for reading the article.

74LS74 Dual D Flip-Flop Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll describe the Introduction to 74LS74. 74LS74A flip-flop IC carries the Schottky TTL circuitry to generate high-speed D-type flip-flops. Every flip-flop in this chip comes with individual inputs, and also complementary Q and Q`(bar) outputs. Flip-Flops are normally considered as the basic building blocks of modern digital electronics. These flip-flops are used to store the binary data where stored data can be varied by applying the different inputs. I suggest you buckle up as in this post I’ll walk you through the complete introduction to 74LS74 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to 74LS74

• 74LS74A flip-flop IC carries the Schottky TTL circuitry to generate high-speed D-type flip-flops. Every flip-flop in this chip comes with individual inputs, and also complementary Q and Q`(bar) outputs.

• A flip-flop is a circuit that comes with two stable states and is mainly employed to store binary data.
• These flip-flops are widely used in communication systems and computers.

• The working of 74LS74 is simple and straight forward. In order to activate the chip, power the GND and Vcc pin of the chip. In this dual D flip-flop, each flip-flop works independently.
• To achieve the output at pins 5 and 6, you’ll need to use 1^st flip-flip by connecting the input signals 2 and 3. The clock source is produced using MCU or 555 timers and is provided to pin 3. When you keep pin 3 HIGH, it will reset the flip-flop and clear the data.

74LS74 Flip-Flop Table

You can get a hold of the working of this chip by observing the table below where X represents ‘don’t care’

74LS74 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the component. You can download the datasheet of 74LS74 by clicking the link below.

74LS74 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of 74LS74. The following table shows the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin Description of 74LS74
Pin No. & Name	Description	Symbol
5,9 Output	Output Pin of the Flip Flop	1Q / 2Q
6,8 Complementary Output	The inverted output pin of Flip Flop	1Q’(bar) / 2Q’(bar)
3,11 Clock Input Pin	These pins should be provided with a clock pulse for the flip flop	1CLK / 2CLK
1,13 Clear data	Resets the flip flop by clearing its memory	1CLR (bar) / 2CLR (bar)
2,12 Data input pin	Input pin of the Flip Flop	1D /2D
4,10 PRE Input	Another Input pin for Flip Flop. Also referred to as a set pin	1PRE (bar) / 2PRE (bar)
7 Ground	Connected to the ground	Vss
14 Supply Voltage	Power Supply	Vdd/Vcc

74LS74 Features

The following are the main features of 74LS74.

• Low-Level Input Voltage maximum = 0.8V
• Operating Voltage range = 2V to 15V
• Operating Temperature range = 0 to 70°C
• Dual D Flip Flop Package IC

• High-Level Output Current = 8mA
• High-Level Input Voltage minimum = 2 V
• Propagation Delay = 40nS
• Available packages = 14-pin SO-14, SOT42

74LS74 Equivalents

The equivalents to 74LS74 are:

• HEF40312B
• 74LVC2G80

74LS74 Applications

• Buffer Circuits
• Latching devices
• Used as Shift Registers
• Sampling Circuits
• Memory/Control Registers

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

CD4035 Shift Register Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Everyone! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to CD4035.

The CD4035 is a shift register that is mainly used in counters, control circuits, and registers. It contains clocked signal serial chip that is a four-stage register. Synchronous Parallel inputs are provided to each stage and serial inputs are offered to the first stage via JK logic.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete introduction to CD4035 covering datasheet, pinout, features, alternatives, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to CD4035

• The CD4035 is a shift register that is a 16-pin device and is mainly used in control circuits, counters, and registers.
•  It is a four-stage register that comes with synchronous parallel inputs provided to each stage and is available in 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, and PDSO packages.

• The CD4035 chip contains two 4-bit Parallel-In & Parallel-Out Shift Registers which project that it is used to receive (input) data parallel and can control 4 output pins in parallel.
• Simply put, it extracts data from four parallel inputs, and as a result, shifts them and then offers that data on four parallel outputs.
• It carries the clock input edge that is used for data shifting where data is shifted on every positive clock edge.

• This four-stage register stage comes with D Flip Flops in each stage that are connected with each other.
• This chip seems to be the right fit for the applications where microcontrollers don’t have enough GPIO pins to handle the number of outputs.
• Since this chip can operate as the data bit for LCD, CD4035 can be employed for interfacing LCD screens
• The frequency of this chip is 12MHz at Vdd = 10V and the propagation delay time is 500ns.
• While the operating voltage range is 3V to 18V and the operating temperature range is -55C to 125C.

CD4035 Datasheet

Before you integrate this component into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below and download the datasheet of CD4035.

CD4035 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of CD4035. The following table shows the pin number, name, and description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin Description of CD4035
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
2	True/Complement Control pin which displays the complement of the data on the output when this pin is LOW	T/C (True/Complement)
3,4	Serial Inputs	J, ~k
5	This pin is used to reset the output values to 0.	R (Reset)
6	Clock input puls	C (Clock)
7	Parallel or serial control	P/S (Parallel/Serial Control)
8	Ground Pin	Vss
9,10,11,12	Parallel data inputs	Inputs PI-1 to PI-4
1,13,14,15	Outputs	Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3
16	Positive supply terminal	Vdd

CD4035 Features

The following are the main features of a CD4035 shift register.

• Operating Voltage range = 3V to 18V
• Operating Temperature Range = - 55 C to + 125 C
• Chip is a Dual 4-bit,  Parallel In – Parallel out Shift register
• Propagation Delay Time = 500 ns

• Frequency = 12 MHz (Typ.) at VDD = 10 V
• Available packages = 16-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO

CD4035 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives of CD4035.

• 4014
• 74LS379
• 74LS323
• 74LS166
• 74HC595
• 74LS164
• 74LS299

Before working with the alternatives, double-check the pinout of the alternatives, as the pinout of equivalents might differ from the pinout of CD4035.

CD4035 Applications

The following are the main applications of this four-stage shift register.

• Shift-left — shift right registers
• Counters, Registers
• Sequence generation
• Code conversion
• Serial-to-parallel/parallel-to-serial conversions
• Arithmetic-unit registers
• Control circuits

That was all about the Introduction to CD4035. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

How to Leverage the Full Benefits of B2B e-Commerce for Your Business

Hello Pals! We welcome you at The Engineering Projects. We Hope you are fine. We are going to learn about the Benefits of B2B e-commerce. Despite the rapid growth of the B2B market, especially compared to its B2C counterpart, we’re still seeing a surprisingly low adoption rate of modern e-Commerce solutions on that front. Which is unfortunate for the companies that are still failing to adopt those solutions, as it’s resulted in many of them lagging behind their competitors. On the bright side, this has created a great opportunity for those willing to go the extra mile, as investing in a competent, modern B2B e-Commerce solution can result in numerous benefits, some of which will be visible almost immediately. 

Focus on the Customer’s Experience

A lot can be done to improve the customer experience in a typical B2B operation, and ensuring that people have everything they need to do their research under one roof can go a long way towards improving your standing with your users. A good B2B e-Commerce system can provide your customers with various valuable insights, including product reviews, aggregate scores, detailed information, as well as specifics related to your business itself, like shipping rates, handling details, and more. Customers are used to doing their own research in these areas nowadays, but this doesn’t mean that you can’t provide them with an enticing reason to stick to your own storefront for those purposes. What’s more, you can make each customer’s experience customized and fine-tailored to their specific needs and interests, driving up your retention rates far above what can be accomplished with a static storefront.

Easy Handling of Growth

While every business strives for growth in the long term, it can also be a double-edged sword for those who are not adequately prepared for it. Uncontrolled growth can even kill your entire business in more extreme cases. With a good e-Commerce solution, you can negate many of the dangers that come with rapid growth, allowing you to quickly open new stores, expand your current ones, and leverage different selling modes to ensure that you’re covering all your fronts. This is something you can typically do on your own, admittedly – but it will cost you significantly more in terms of time and other resources needed to get there. You can more easily focus on the complex parts of your business that require your constant attention when your mind is not constantly preoccupied with the issues that arise in the course of expanding.

More Informed Decisions

The ability to make accurate decisions based on reliable information and analysis is crucial for staying afloat in the B2B market, and that’s another point which can be assisted greatly by the use of a modern B2B e-Commerce solution. You can easily consolidate all the data you’re generating from your different areas of operation, and ensure that you’re always seeing the big picture when making any critical decisions for the development of your company. In some cases, you’ll even have a better idea of what’s coming up ahead compared to the majority of your competitors, thanks to advanced approaches to data analysis. You won’t have to worry about introducing new data collection and aggregation points either, as you’ll have reassurance that you’ll be able to work with all new pieces of information that come your way.

The Power of Automation

Many of the tasks you perform in your day-to-day operations can be automated nowadays – and that’s something which can increase your productivity by a large margin if handled correctly. Your B2B e-Commerce solution will handle all standard parts of the shopping and purchase process, sometimes even including basic interaction with your customers (e.g. through the use of AI-driven chatbots). This will allow you to invest more of your time into the areas that actually require critical thinking and an informed approach, instead of wasting your time on menial, repetitive tasks. The same goes for everyone else working in your organization. In fact, a comprehensive e-Commerce suite can help you decrease your need for employees overall, giving you a good opportunity to streamline your operations even further. This can synergize with other points we’ve already mentioned, like your ability to expand into new markets without having to invest that much into each new storefront.

Flexibility in a Dynamic Market

You’re no longer limited to operating within the limits of your physical location these days, and in fact, many of your customers will expect a customized experience that matches their own region if your company is large enough. With the right B2B eCommerce solution, you can effortlessly expand your operations to new areas without constantly having to research new tax laws, country-specific regulations, and other similar details which can change significantly from one place to another. Expanding into a new market altogether is something that would normally require a large investment, but with the help of the right e-Commerce solution, many of the difficult parts of the process can be streamlined. Smooth Integration of Payment Services A common roadblock for many B2B and B2C companies is the wide range of payment services that customers expect to be supported. This gets even more complex as you begin to expand into new markets, many of which may have their own local payment solutions. Your B2B e-Commerce solution should be able to handle most of that for you, providing your customers with a unified payment front that ties into all relevant points of your backend seamlessly. You’ll no longer have to worry about how a certain payment method will be integrated with your accounting software, for example, or bother yourself with processes like identity verification. In many cases, technical issues related to payment providers will be handled by the e-Commerce platform as well. The initial integration of an e-Commerce solution can take a while, but after you’ve gone through that initial effort, you’ll find that everything else usually becomes much more streamlined. And the more you continue to integrate your operations with your B2B e-Commerce solution, the easier it will be to keep the ball rolling and ensure that you continue to offer an experience that’s aligned with your customers’ expectations.

2-to-1 Multiplexer using Logic Gates in Proteus ISIS

Hi Mentees! I welcome you on behalf of The Engineering Projects. In this section of this DLD Logic gates series, we are discussing different applications of logic gates. We have discussed DLD Adders and Subtractors in our previous lectures and now it's time to have a look at DLD Multiplexers.

1. What are Multiplexers?
2. What are the types of Multiplexers?
3. What are the two input Multiplexers?
4. How can we simulate the Circuit of 2 to 2 MUX in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can we use the 2 to 1 MUX as OR, AND and NOT gates?

What are Multiplexers?

When I heard the word Multiplexer, I thought that as Adder adds numbers, Subtractor subtracts numbers, similarly, the Multiplexer will multiply binary numbers but that's not the case. Multiplexer is defined as:

• A Multiplexer(also called MUX or MPX) is a simple digital electronic circuit, designed using DLD Logic Gates and is used to select a single input from multiple inputs provided to it.
• The input selection is controlled by a separate Input called Select Input(S).
• The selected Input is then forwarded to the Output Terminal.
• In a simple two Input(A₁, A₂) MUX,
1. If S = 0, the output(Y) will be A₁
2. If S = 1, the output(Y) will be A₂.

A Multiplexer is also called Data Selector, Universal Logic Selector, Many-to-one Logic converter and Parallel-to-Serial Convertor because it has the ability to select a single input from multiple inputs.

Let's understand the working principle of Multiplexer in detail:

Multiplexer Working Principle

Let's take the example of the simplest multiplexer i.e. 2-to-1 MUX. It has 2 normal inputs(A₁ , A₂ ) and 1 Select Input(S) and it generates single Output(Y). Here's the block diagram of a simple 2-to-1 Multiplexer:

As discussed above, the selection of inputs is controlled by the Select Pin(S). So, if S = 0, the output will be A₁ and if S = 1, the output will be A₂. The relation between Select Input and Output is shown in the below truth table:

Select Input(S)	Output(Y)
0	A1
1	A2

We can understand from the above truth table that we can control maximum 2 inputs from a single Select Input. So, in order to control more than 2 inputs, we need to increase the number of Select Inputs. For example, 2 Select Inputs can control a maximum of 4 Normal Inputs. So, the relation between Select and Normal Inputs can be described by the following formula:

Normal Inputs = 2ⁿ

where, n represents the Select Inputs.

So, if we have 5 Select Inputs, we can easily control 2⁵ = 32 Normal Inputs.

We have discussed its types in our Lecture. 2-to-1 Multiplexer As the name justifies, the 2 to 1 Multiplexer is the one where we have two inputs and only one output. Let's find what are 2:1 MUX. " The kind of Multiplexer or MUX that contains two inputs, one Selector and one Output is called 2-to-1 MUX or multiplexer. The inputs are usually named as D0 and D1, the selector is termed as S and the output is called Y." You can change the names of the inputs and output according to your choice.

Truth Table of 2-to-1 MUX

As we have discussed earlier, the inputs of Multiplexer depends upon a Selector S. therefore, when we design a Truth Table, we include a Selector also in it. While designing a 2-to-1 MUX, we follow the expression given below:

Y=D0S' + D1S

Considering the expression above we get the Truth Table of 2-to-1 Multiplexer as follow:

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	0
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	0
1	0	0	0
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1

  On the basis of above discussion, I am going to Produce a 2-into-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS.

Implementing 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

To Design a 2-to-1 Multiplexer, we need the following material:

Material Required

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate
4. Logic Toggle
5. LED
6. Ground Terminal

• Grab the required Material from the Pick Library one after the other by Pressing a "P" button present at the screen.
• Hit and hold the Name of the chosen Logic Gates one by one and arrange them at the screen according to the given image:

• Get Three Logic Toggles and set them just before the Logic Gates.
• Arrange an LED below the OR Gate's output.
• To have a ground Terminal, left click the mouse >Go to Place>Terminal>Ground.
• Join all the Components according to given image below:

• Pop the Play button just at the left corner of the screen and change the input.

NOTE: If your circuit shows the error of duplication, Simply change the names of gate by double clicking them and give them the desired name.

• Change the conditions of the System by changing the values of inputs and observe the output.

One can Use the 2-into-1 Multiplexer as the other Logic Gates. We discuss the usage of 2-into-1 MUX for the following Gates:

1. AND Gate
2. OR Gate
3. NOT Gate

Let's have a detailed way to use the 2-to-1 Multiplexer in the following way.

Implementing OR Gate through 2-to-1 Multiplexer in Proteus ISIS

The MUX Can easily be used to implement Basic Logic Gate. But before that Recall that what is an OR Gate.

"An OR Gate is a two input Logical Gate that give the output LOW only when both the outputs are LOW."

Procedure for the conversion of 2-to-1 Multiplexer into OR Gate

• Fix the value of D0 to 1 all the time.
• Change the Value of the S and D2 according to the Truth Table given below and match the result.

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1

Notice that the value of output is equals to the AND Gate.

Implementing AND Gate through 2-to-1 MUX in Proteus ISIS

Recall the definition of AND Gate:

" The AND Gate is the one that consist of two inputs and gives the input HIGH only when both the Inputs are HIGH."

Follow the simple steps to use 2-to 1 MUX as an AND Gate.

Steps to use 2-into-1 MUX as AND Gate

• Set the value of D0 as 1.
• Change the values of S and D0 according to table and record your observations.

 

S	D0	D1	Y
0	0	0	0
0	1	0	0
1	0	0	0
1	1	0	1

You can clearly see that the output is same as the AND Gate hence, you can use it as AND Gate.

NOT Gate through 2 to 1 MUX

Prior to start, Let's refresh the definition of NOT Gate in our minds:

"The NOT Gate is a 1 input invertor Logic Gate that gives the output 1 when input is zero and vice versa."

To use the 2 to 1 MUX as NOT Gate, just follow the steps:

• Set the D0 input as 0.
• Set D1 as 1.
• Change the value of S as 1 and zero  one after the other.
• You will Observe that when S=1 the output is 0 and vice versa.
• Hence this is our required result.

You can check our website for the XNOR, XOR and NOR Gate from 2 to 1 MUX in our Tutorials. Consequently, today we leaned interesting Circuits. We saw what are 2 to 1 Multiplexers. We made a circuit of the 2 to 1 MUX and from the circuit, we found how can we use them as OR, AND and NOT logic Gates along with the truth tables of each.

TDA7294 Power Amplifier Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to TDA7294. TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage. It is primarily used for the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications containing self-powered loudspeakers. The fault protection circuitry used in this device protects against short circuits. I suggest you read this post all the way through, as I’ll detail the complete introduction to TDA7294 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA7294

• TDA7294 is a monolithic class AB power-based audio amplifier that comes with a DMOS output stage.
• This device comes with a wide voltage supply range and can drive loads of 4V to 8V.

• This chip comes in multi-watt 15V and 15H packages and offers protection against thermal shutdown.
• It is widely used in the amplification of audio signals in Hi-Fi field applications.
• The high-power loudspeakers incorporate this chip for producing the perfect bass sound.
• You can attach this device with a heat sink and it is capable of generating an output power of around 100 watts.

• Producing audio signals with high efficiency and high power is the main goal of this amplifier.
• This chip comes with standby and mute functions with the main aim of removing the noises generated as a result of switching.

TDA7294 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your project, it’s wise to have a look at the datasheet of the component that details the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief idea about this device. In this section, we’ll cover the pin description of each pin incorporated on the chip.

Pin - 01: Stand-by-GND

This is an output pin that is attached to the ground.

Pin - 02, 03: Inverting input, Non-inverting input

These are the audio amplifier input pins.

Pin - 04: SVR

SVR stands for supply voltage rejection pin that is mainly used to remove the noise from the output signal.

Pin - 05, 11, 12: NC

These are non-connected pins.

Pin - 06: Bootstrap

The bootstrap pin is mainly employed to boost the output swing with a capacitor attached to this pin.

Pin - 07, 08: -, +

We will attach these pins to the positive and negative leads of the voltage supply.

Pin - 09: Stand by

This pin is used to run output in a low current mode.

Pin - 10: Mute

It is mainly employed to disable the output signal.

Pin - 13: 15: -, + Power supply

These pins represent the power supply terminals.

Pin - 14: Out

This is an output pin that offers an amplified audio signal.

TDA7294 Features

The following are the main features of TDA7294.

• Contains high operating voltage range of +40V to -40V
• Low distortion and low noise.
• Comes with a DMOS output stage.

• The threshold voltage for Standby OFF is 3.5V and standby ON is 1.5V.
• High power output around 100W.
• Maximum peak output current = 10A.
• Features built-in protection circuitry against thermal shutdown and short circuit.
• Additional functions include mute and stand-by.
• Open-loop gain = 80dB.

TDA7294 Equivalents

The following are the equivalents to the TDA7294.

• TDA2030
• LM386
• LM3886
• LM4871
• TDA2040
• TDA7293
• TDA7295

While working with these equivalents, double-check the pinout of these alternatives, as the pinout of these alternatives might differ from the pinout of TDA7294.

TDA7294 Applications

TDA7294 is employed in the following applications:

• Radio & TV
• Self-powered loudspeakers
• Bridge circuits
• Subwoofers and home stereo systems

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to TDA7294. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

TDA2030 Audio Amplifier, Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to TDA2030. This device incorporates a TDA2030 audio amplifier chip that produces 18 W output power with low harmonic distortion.

I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to TDA2030 covering pinout, datasheet, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to TDA2030

• TDA2030 is a monolithic integrated circuit that comes in a Pentawatt package, mainly used as a low-frequency class AB amplifier.
• The audio amplifier is a basic circuitry used to amplify the audio signal obtained through a device like a microphone.

• Audio amplifiers are widely used in scores of applications including Hi-fi devices, Radio wave transmitters, talking toys, Home audio systems, Robots, and as an acoustic weapon for military operation purposes.
• The main purpose of an amplifier is to convert an electrical signal into an acoustic signal. Any circuit containing an audio signal contains an audio amplifier at the output and the input.
• The TDA 2030 can generate 14W output power (d = 0.5%) at 14V/4O at ± 14V or 28V, producing output power 8W on an 8O and 12W on a 4O load.
• This module comes with a wide supply voltage range of up to 36V.
• It operates on the single or split power supply and protection circuitry against short circuits and offers thermal shutdown.

• The short circuit protection settings automatically limit the dissipated power, keeping the output transistor operating point within a secure operating range.
• The TDA2030 offers high output current and carries very low crossover and harmonic distortion.
• It also features onboard terminal blocks for speakers and an onboard power indicator which indicates the operation of this device when power is provided to this module.
• This device offers storage and junction temperature ranges of -40 to 150 C.
• The differential input voltage is +-15V and the output peak current is 3.5A and power dissipation is 20W.

TDA2030 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the component. Click the link below and download the datasheet of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of TDA2030.

TDA2030 Features

An audio amplifier is generally developed in such a way that it takes input as the low strength audio signal and as a result, produces the output signal comprising high strength value. The following are the main features of TDA2030.

• Contains On-board power indicator
• 18 W mono amplifier circuit design
• Short-circuit protection to ground
• Operating Voltage Range = 6 V to 12 V
• Single or split power supply

• Main pins are routed to a standard pin header
• On-board TDA2030A audio amplifier chip
• Comes with On-board 10K potentiometer for volume adjustment
• Features On-board terminal blocks for speaker
• Module Size = 32 x 24 mm
• Wide-range supply voltage, up to 36 V
• Thermal shutdown

TDA2030 Applications

The following are the main applications of TDA2030.

• Used in Hi-fi devices
• Radio wave transmitter contains an audio amplifier
• Employed in Talking toys
• Used in home audio systems and robots
• An acoustic weapon for military operations

That was all about the Introduction to TDA2030. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

5 Ways to Make Your Automation Testing More Effective

Hey pals! Welcome to the Engineering Project. We hope you are have a good day. First, we need to understand what automation is, and what its objectives are. Automation is simply the integration of technology to process or run its functions with minimal human intervention or assistance. Its objectives are to improve efficiency, speed and precision of hard or long tasks that are usually performed by humans.  For example, accounting and producing and delivery of products, which were formerly and majorly done by humans. But, in the world of modernity and technology, automation was invented to minimize costs and risks while maximizing profits.  Overall, an open line of communication and good management skills are both critical during the implementation or automation testing services.  There are significant issues that always need to be addressed, a fragile interrelationship in a sense. For example, testing to check if the system's configurations and processes are working is one of the most overlooked details of IT projects. The sooner defects are found, the less resources are used to fix said defects. It's crucial to ensure the effectiveness of automation. Here is the factor divided into 5 main issues:

• Knowing What They Want and Need, Take It slow and Start Small.

It's better to take the time and acknowledge what the automation needs and what it needs to do. This is because it's difficult to precisely guess what the requirements, the system design, and how much human interaction it will need while in development as clients usually don't exactly know what they want until they see and use it. So, it's better to start with a small example that can be easily presented to clients. It can then be used as a foundation on what changes or enhancements should be made. 

• Staffing and Expertise

Having the right staff with proper expertise of the functions you want to have for your automation will make it more effective overall as it will be minimizing risks and upping the chance of both satisfaction and profitability. For example, having a project manager with proper knowledge and experience will be of great help in filling positions required for the automation.

• Schedule and Test Reports

It is important to have, at the very least, a concrete schedule when it comes to testing the product and when the final release can be expected. At the end of each week, it should focus on summarizing all the progress on the automation that has so far been done; what the changes are, what errors have been crossed and fixed, and the plan on what to do the following week will be.  

• Automated Testing

All IT projects like automations are encouraged to use Test-Driven Development (TDD) where test cases are simply stated, which are a sequence of steps with an expected outcome or function before starting each step of work. After each phase, testing should not only be done by both dedicated testers, and each member of the team working on the project but also automated test servers which in modern times have been the norm to make test much broader and more frequent.

• Be open and informative

Make sure that your client monitors the progress of the tests, and catches problems earlier rather than late where costs and risks are higher. Provide proof and suggestions, such as:

• Live Demos – Instead of Power-point presentations or a detailed text document, provide the client with working examples or software that shows the progress you’ve done.
• Quality Metrics – In recent years, there have been tools made to generate other types of reports such as those on quality. For example, in Java, the most common programming language for automations, there are many tools that check if there are lines of codes that will lead to errors or bugs, or logic that is too complex, or if code violates standards.
• Charts – It’s useful to have charts to give both the client and the team a general view of their overall progress. For example, a task board that shows which features haven’t started yet, which are currently in progress, which need to be fixed, and which are done can be useful.  

When there is a major mishap or mismatch, the manager must quickly assess how and what resources are necessary. After each test, requirements may evolve or change, which puts more emphasis on communication and management.

Web Design vs. Web Development

Hi Friends! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. At the present time, it is an important to upgrade the technical skills. As we approach a more digital era, the use of the internet has become part of our day-to-day activities. When it comes to looking up for something online, we always go to our chosen and trusted websites for information. Our trusted website, of course, is pleasing to the eyes, with all the functions and settings working perfectly. Although as a browser, we would sometimes not bother to give a second look at the web design or how it was developed. But if by any chance, your mind seeks to know more, to have in-depth knowledge about websites in general, this article seeks to explain the difference between web design and web development.

Web Design and Web Development: Which Is Which?

Web Design

In layman’s terms, web design involves the aesthetic of a particular website. It is how the site looks from an outsider’s point of view. The web designer’s job includes making the website look aesthetically-pleasing to its viewers—these would include a selection of the color scheme to be used, selection of the font and font size, and where the website functions should be placed.  Web design mainly requires the artistic and creative touch of the web designer. Aside from the aesthetic look of a website, there are numerous areas in web design that the web designer should never neglect, including the user interface design (UI), the graphic design, user experience design (UX), and search engine optimization (SEO). To make web design possible, web designers use a bunch of tools that would be perfect for the production process that they would be needing. Web designers normally would use vector and raster graphics editor in order to make design prototypes or web-formatted images. The tools that they use are updated from time to time in order to always have an updated software or standards. Web designers also use technologies to create websites like CSS and HTML. The UI and UX of a website are also considered in the web design. The UX pertains to the layout, including labeling and clear instructions on each function. UI, however, is the more commonly used function of a website, as this pertains to the website’s interface as a whole.

Web Development

As the back end (and front end) of a website, web application development services consist of all the software and programs that are needed in making the website thoroughly and smoothly functioning. A web developer’s main objective is to develop the backend of a website to give a pleasing and smooth web experience for whoever will browse the website. Since web development is a complicated and tedious task, it requires a skilled and skilled web developer, who is also familiar with technical computer languages such as Java, ASP, Coldfusion, and PHP, among others. Web development can be as simple as making a single static page or even making web-based applications of the internet and web apps. Web developers have numerous tasks to accomplish when developing a website. These include web engineering, web content development, client-side or server-side scripting, web server, network security configuration, e-commerce development, and even web design. Web development sometimes uses content management systems (CMS) in order to make the necessary changes in the content easier and more accessible with basic technical skills.  Web Design vs. Web Development: Brief Summary Both web development and web design are important in making a website. These two approaches (front end and back end) when combined, produce, and develop the system and design needed for a completely working and aesthetically-pleasing website. Web development mostly pertains to the back end of a website, making sure that all the systems, functions, and configuration are working properly. This may be unseen by the web browser but can surely experience it upon browsing any given website. The website’s aesthetic look and design, however, is part of the work of a web designer. As a skilled web designer, the graphics, colors, fonts, graphics placement, UI and UX, and features placement are included in the whole web design. Web design and web development work hand-in-hand. You cannot develop a website with just a web design, just as you cannot make your design work with just the web design.