The Engineering Projects

INA219 Current Sensor Module Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. Today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to INA219.

The INA219 is a current sensor module that incorporates the I2C protocol for submitting the data obtained through sensing current, voltage, and power. It is a bi-directional zero drift current/ power sensing module mainly used in digital multimeters and power profilers.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to INA219 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to INA219

• INA219 is a current/power sensor module mainly employed to sense the power, voltage or current where up to 128 samples can be averaged together to get filtering in noisy environments. This data is then submitted to a microcontroller using the I2C bus.

• This device features an I2C protocol mainly used to transmit data between devices. The I2C protocol comes with two wires SDA and SCL. The SDL is a serial data line that carries the data while SCL is a serial clock line that carries the clock signal and ensures the synchronization of data transfer over an I2C bus.

• In the I2C protocol, one device acts like a master and the other as a slave. Using this communication protocol you can attach multiple slaves with a single master whereas you can also control single or multiple slave devices with multiple masters.
• INA219 can be easily incorporated with microcontrollers and Arduino boards and with devices that come with an I2C bus interface.
• It also contains a 2W 0.1 Ohms 1% rated shunt resistor mainly employed to fulfill the current measuring requirements.
• This sensor module is a key part of the power monitoring systems. The power input of this device ranges from 3V to 5.5V and the target voltage is up to +26V.

INA219 Datasheet

It is better to go through the datasheet of the device before you embed this device into your electrical project. The datasheet features the main characteristics of the module. Click the link below to download the datasheet of INA219.

INA219 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of INA219. The following table represents the pin description of each pin incorporated into the module.

Pin Description of INA219
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Sensed Input line -	VIN-
2	Sensed Input line +	VIN+
3	Input voltage	VCC
4	Connected to ground	GND
5	Serial clock line that carries the clock signal	SCL
6	Serial data line that contains the data	SDA

INA219 Features

• Contains 2C- or SMBus-compatible interface
• Comes with up to +26V target voltage
• Power Input Range = 3.0V-5.5V
• Can Sense Bus Voltages ranging from 0 to 26 V

• Up to 128 samples are averaged to get filtering in noisy environments.
• Capable of up to ±3.2A current measurement, with ±0.8mA resolution
• Contains ohm 1% 2W current sense resistor
• Board Dimension = 0.8 x 0.9 inch (l x w x h)

INA219 Applications

• Used in power monitoring systems
• Employed in power profiler
• Used in digital multimeter

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Web 101, Hosting, and domain names, how they work together?

Hello! welcome to The Engineering Projects. Are you a business owner? A content creator? A college student looking for a place of free expression? Then do not worry! All you need to take your ambitions to the next level is a new website to establish a substantial internet presence from the first day of your new adventure. Having a website is an excellent way to increase community engagement and have a platform that exists solely for your work to be visible to the general audience. However, if you’ve been thinking and going around the internet to look for a procedure, there’s a strong chance that you’re feeling overwhelmed right now. Complicated words like web hosting and choosing a domain name scare away a newcomer. Hence, we’re here to help you figure out the process of making your website and clear all your confusions surrounding the matter. What do you need for a website? It sounds like a simple question, and we’ll try to give you a simple answer to it. To have a website up and running, you essentially need two things to begin. They are:

• Domain Name.
• Web hosting service.

We will go into great detail about these terms because these two terms will pop up at every step of the way, and you will need a comprehensive understanding of what they mean. For now, you should know that a domain name and a web hosting service is crucial to your beginning. While both are two different things and completely unrelated, they cannot function without one another.

Understanding a domain name

A domain name is the name of your website. An excellent way to understand what it means is to think of it as the address where people can access your website. Technically, it is used for finding and identifying IP addresses on the internet. IP addresses are convenient for computers but hard for us to remember for a long time. Because of this, domain names were created and are now used to identify entities on the internet.   You have to pick a domain name for your website and then get it registered against your credentials to reserve it for your use. Usually, buying a domain name allows you to use it for a year, but you can always pay in advance and look up offers and discounts to lock up your domain name for years to come. However, buying a domain name does not mean getting an entire website. You still have to get web hosting and get a website designed from scratch by a reliable web design agency. Keep some things in mind while buying a domain name. Think long and hard to pick the right domain name because it will be visible everywhere, and your regular users will remember it. In case you discover that your preferred domain name is unavailable, you can always use a temporary one till your preferred option becomes available.

What is web hosting?

A web host is essentially a company that has many devices connected to the internet. When you upload your web pages on their systems, everyone across the world will be able to connect, view, and use them. You will need to sign up for an account with a web host to give your website a home for its files and functioning. Take this analogy for a simpler understanding. If a domain name is similar to getting a business name in the ordinary world, getting a web hosting account is equivalent to renting an office or shop premises for your business operations and inventory. Selecting a web hosting company is much more complicated than choosing a domain name. Choosing the right web hosting service is a lengthy task that requires a lot of research. People choose different web hosts based on their particular needs, and you need to identify your requirements to select a service that works for you.

How do you pick the right web hosting service?

Before we begin, you should know that there are two types of web hosting services - free and commercial. Free web hosting services allow you to host your website on the internet without any charge, whereas you have to pay a subscription charge if you avail of commercial web hosting solutions. There are advantages and disadvantages to both solutions. Let’s try to go through the most critical differences so that you can decide which hosting solution fits your needs. A free web hosting solution usually imposes advertising on your website. Companies hire advertising agencies to cover the costs of providing your site the free web-space and associated services. It also allows them to earn revenue through the traffic on your website and profit over time. Some services place a banner on your pages, while others display a window that pops up every time a page on your site loads. Some solutions even pose a pop-up on your website randomly. Ensure that you are comfortable with their mode of advertising beforehand. Also, free hosting solutions only give you a limited amount of cloud space, and the storage limits put a cap on your website’s contents. You may not be able to have many images and videos on your website in a limited cloud space. A commercial web hosting service will allow your users to have an ad-free experience on your website. Moreover, in some hosting services, you can also have the option to put ads on your website and directly earn revenue through ad traffic. Most blog writers make a living through ad traffic on their websites. It will also allow you to select the amount of storage space you want for your website. As you keep updating your website, it is bound to get heavier and see the entry of additional web pages. In this case, you can always select higher cloud storage with the company. Moreover, be on the lookout for their bandwidth/data transfer. It correlates how to the speed of your website’s opening and the number of bytes transferred from your site to visitors when they browse your site. Carefully go through the bandwidth terms and conditions of your provider to see any hidden costs attached.

Bachelor of Science

Hello friends, I hope you are are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss Bachelor of Science. The Bachelor of Science is a three to four years undergraduate academic degree offered at universities worldwide. It enables the students to develop his or her interests in a science subjects by choosing major. However, the main aim of Bachelor of Science degree is to develop and enhance student’s mathematical, analytical, problem-solving skills. Today, in this article, you will get to know the detail of popular BSc programs of 2021, their duration, benefits and career opportunities.

Bachelor of Sciences

Students have the option to choose their major subject with other science subjects according to their interest. Research abilities are mostly tested in the last year, and at that time students have to write a thesis to complete their degree.

Enrolling in Bachelor of Science degree program leads to make a significant investment in one’s professional career. Additionally, Bachelor of Science programs not only enhance career prospects of students but also develop their skills and fulfil a vital requirement to Master studies. The key academic fields of BSc degree programs are Biological and Life Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Business, and the Natural Sciences.   There are a variety of different Bachelor of Science programs offered by universities. Are you interested to know these programs? Great! We listed popular programs below.

Major Subjects in Bachelor of Science

Here are some popular major subjects areas listed, for a Bachelor of Science degree you must major in at least one of the following. These programs can be varied according to universities.

• Biochemistry
• Botany
• Chemistry
• Ecology
• Economics
• Computer Science
• Anatomy
• Electronics
• Food Science
• Sport Science
• Energy Science and Technology
• Genetics
• Geography
• Human Nutrition
• Mathematics
• Microbiology
• Pharmacology
• Physics
• Phycology
• Information Science
• Plant Biotechnology
• Zoology

Minor Subjects in Bachelor of Science

In some universities, selecting a minor subject is not compulsory. Or there can be other combinations of papers that are more appropriate to your degree offered. But in some universities, you also have to take minor subjects as well. Mainly, the students have to pay more attention to their major subjects rather than minor. Some of the minor subjects are listed below:

• Agriculture Innovation
• Anthropology
• Music
• Accounting
• Asian studies
• Chemistry
• Chinese
• Cultural study
• Classics
• Buddhist Studies
• Agriculture and Fisheries
• Christian History
• Communication Studies
• Community Health Care
• Computational Modelling
• Computer Science
• Consumer Food Science
• Criminology
• Dance
• Economics
• Education
• English
• Environment and Society
• Finance
• Entrepreneurship
• Islamic Studies
• Environment toxicology
• Film and Media Studies
• Exercise and Sports Study
• French
• Gender Studies
• Geographic Information Systems
• Geography
• German
• History
• Land Planning and Development
• Latin
• Arabic
• Management
• Maori Health
• Marine Science
• Marketing
• Mathematics
• Philosophy
• Physical Activity and Health
• Politics
• Science Communication
• Tourism
• Writing

You can select these minor to complete you BSc degree along with major subjects. Before Bachelors of Science were started, all undergraduate programs were related to Bachelor of Arts. Then, in 1860 University of London started offering BSc degrees. And now these programs are offered in all over the world. Typically it starts for Computer Science, Engineering, and Health Sciences. But now if you noticed you can find BSc degrees even in Nursing, Law, and Business.

Popular Bachelor of Science Programs of 2021

Let’s discuss in detail the most studied programs selected by students.

• Bsc Computer Science

Computers, the most effective and new form of technology, are quickly developing and advancing every day. A bachelor’s degree holder in computer science will be able to play a role in managing, researching, and promoting this technology. Do you want to know the benefit of BSc degree in computer science? Let’s discuss it. This degree teaches and trained students a variety of different technologically-based subjects. Students will learn about different programming languages, including Java and C, computer architecture, operating systems, software engineering, and so on. So, if you complete this degree, you can become remarkably expert in web development and programming. Besides, you will also be able to effectively work on both small and large scale programming projects. We know that computer science has become a rapid changing and more desirable field. It provides more career opportunities as compared to their peers without a degree who tries to work in a related field. Moreover, the cost of doing Bachelor degree in computer science depends on university, and also varies on several different factors. Such as program type, duration of program, and location of university. The graduated students work in a position that needs them to work through problems daily and discover ways to fix them. Further, the most common jobs are software engineer, technical analyst, and web development engineer.

• Bachelor of Science in Biology

Many students want to get a degree in biology, and avail an expert level knowledge and laboratory experience in cells and organisms. After graduation in Biology, they can do specialization in graduate studies that will lead to careers in the health sciences and experimental research. What is exactly a BSc degree in Biology? This is an undergraduate degree that made the foundation about zoology, botany, and ecology along with molecular and cell biology and microbiology. Students not only take courses but also go to lab for practical work. Different experiments were being performed by students. Additionally, the courses such as organismal and cell biology, chemistry, genetics, as well as their laboratory work, make the base of students and then they can continue their degree in Master. Students have to choose an area of specialization toward their focus such as field microbiology or botany.   The duration of this degree will vary depending on the universities, and cost also varies accordingly. If you are interesting in doing your Bachelor of Science in Biology, then search university website. The courses and laboratory experiments enables the students to choose the careers in laboratory work, education, scientific research industries, and government positions. They can also move on to the career in medicine.

• Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Nowadays, all companies started completely rely on computers. This sometimes may have drawback when system go down, and workers are essentially left struggling to complete their work. But if you are an information technology professional degree holder, that’s a great thing. It ensured you that your services will always be in high demand. The use of digital information technology is growing fast, and the demand for graduates in this degree has increased a lot. Mostly the students who are interested in computer technology choose this program to have a bright career. A BSc in Information Systems trains students to learn the complexities of data storage, security, and distribution. The students will learn about how to design databases, connect the database to systems, execute the hardware to support the databases, and many more tasks. Therefore, an IT expert is crucial for every business that stores data, including the businesses that support and distribute digital media, law offices that maintained large and sensitive information, online booksellers. So graduates in IT are in high demand in many companies. Importantly, students have to pay tuition, devices such as laptop fees, and lab fees. The program itself usually complete in three to five years. Fresh graduates are chosen to start their careers in the IT department of a large company. By diagnosing problems, upgrading information control software, and managing physical connections, they get a special position in companies. You can also get jobs in a small company to design and maintain the company database. Almost everyone wish to become computer experts. So here is the question arise that why you need a Bachelor degree in this field. This will give you a basic knowledge of information systems and how they link with larger networks. That knowledge will be very useful when systems fail and those links need to be repaired. The courses you will take during degree will enable you to deal real-world scenarios with systems as well as clients to restore their information. Thus, when network or system fails and need to integrated, then IT experts are in high demand. The owners of companies want IT professionals who have experience. Your degree will offer you opportunities to work with industry professionals, and give you experience to satisfy the clients. There are several universities offering this program available on an international level. Many programs are fully online. The cost of IT degree is little higher. But it will be worth in future, because the demand of IT professionals has been increasing. After graduation, you will be qualified to work in literally any field, such as business, finance, and both private and governmental companies. Are you thinking of choosing IT a career? Then do it. You will never regret to have this degree.

• Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

A Bachelor of Science is typically an undergraduate degree that mostly focuses on the science, but now it is also rewarded for non-science programs by certain universities. This type of degree normally takes three to five years for completion. So what is a BSc in Business Administration? It gives students the building blocks that are needed to start their own business, or work as mid-level managers. This degree is also getting popular because new generation is really interested in starting their own business. Many universities offer a BSc in Business Administration with a specialization in accounting, finance, and entrepreneurship management. These program elements can modify from one university to another, and required courses may include global policy and approach, organizational innovation, business law, and professional communication. This course is useful because it enables students to enter the business world by providing the necessary technical knowledge and skill. The innovative training makes students familiar with important software programs and applications. With this degree, you will be able to enter the professional world in a management position.   Again, the cost of a BSc in Business Administration is also depends on the country and institution. A degree in Business Administration is intended to train students for a variety of jobs in the business world. You can start your own business or become an international sales representative, tax preparer, portfolio manager, finance controller, management consultant, global sourcing manager, financial accountant, or financial advisor.

• Bachelor of Science in Accounting

Accounting is basically the language of business, which is considered a useful foundation for anyone who is in search of pursuing a profession in the business world. If you are interested in the financial aspect of business and passionate to manage a company’s bottom line and other financial matters, then a BSc degree in accounting will be beneficial for you. So you may want to know in detail “What is a BSc in Accounting?” This degree program provides students the basic information on every aspect of accounting standards, subjects, and policies. Moreover, if talk about the courses, that cover the following subjects such as taxes,  income tax preparation, auditing, management services, and many more. One of the main advantages of taking this bachelor’s degree is that it enables students to be qualified for the job in the financial sector. Usually, employers need candidates having a minimum of this degree for selection for the job. So this not only enhances the chances of getting a job, but this program will also qualify students to seek higher education or become Certified Public Accountant. After completing this advanced training, students can move on to better career opportunities and earn a high income. Accordingly, the cost of a degree in accounting depends on the institution attended. The tuition and fees depend on every school and its location, the duration of the program, and many other factors. Lastly, if you have a bachelor’s degree in accounting, you can work in a different position, such as you can apply for a public accountant, government accountant, management accountant, or internal auditor. Every position has its own benefits and salaries, but all of them massively deal with finances and basic accounting principles. Generally, before starting any degree program, you should carefully study the main advantages and disadvantages of that particular degree. you must have complete knowledge about the opportunities and positions that will be available for you after completing the degree.  So, search for your program in a selected university or contact the staff directly to get information.

• BSc Mechanical Engineering

Many students who have skills for physical systems and in repairing devices can apply for this program. For example, if you enjoy car repairing or constructing machines, then apply for Mechanical degree. If you also enjoy designing and have the ability to perform a wide range of physical activities from small-scale businesses to large-scale equipment factories, then select this program. This is also getting very popular among students and gives them great opportunities to achieve a splendid career. Let's discuss this degree in detail. A mechanical engineering program prepares students for all aspects of physical systems, like repairing and managing the operations of machines to gas and liquid flow. A mechanical engineer learns how to build parts of machines, select the proper material, examine stress, and determine reliability. Some students specialize in fluid systems, and design transport systems for a specific fluid flow at precise temperatures and pressures. Students get deep knowledge about the specifications for a physical system and interpret them into working parts. Hence, mechanical engineers really make the heart of the design team of a parts house. In an electronics factory, they design the housings, hardware, mounting, and interface hardware for components. They implement related functions in many types of construction firms. Thus, as key team members, they are important employees for any mechanical firm. Furthermore, the costs for a mechanical engineering degree vary according to the school. However, along with tuition fees students also have to pay lab and material fees for the projects. The duration of this degree is usually from three to five years.   Mechanical engineers deliver essential functions in a range of businesses. For example, the antenna builder seems to be primarily an electronic design, but a mechanical engineer has to specialize in designing the metal structures which make the heart of the antennas. Also, the parts and material must be selected that can bear environmental factors such as heat and wind. The designs should be cost-effective as well. They can make similar designs in a variety of companies. Today, many universities are offering excellent Mechanical Engineering programs on an international scale. Usually, a vital portion of the coursework can also be performed online.

• Bachelor of Science in Marketing

Next, I am going to discuss another popular degree that is Marketing Management. This degree focuses on providing the fundamental of marketing and branding, especially at a managerial level. The program is intended to train students with a basis in theoretical and applied knowledge of marketing, developing and making strategies to enhance marketing, or building new brands. Students are also interested in choosing retail marketing. Several courses are studied like proper use of social media to market the products, build public relations, making strategies, retail merchandising, and many more. Some classes also offered finance or managerial accounting, economics, marketing research, operations management, basic principles of marketing, as well as business plans and strategies. Also, the students that graduated with this degree have benefited from several business-related and managerial experiences. These skills are important in the business world and will help the students to get high pay and more successful job opportunities in the marketing industry. Again the tuition fee of this program differs from school to school. Considered students are prompted to contact the admissions office of the institution directly. Besides, the marketing industry is no doubt highly competitive, and the graduates in Marketing are in high demand for several managerial positions. Students can improve their problem-solving skills, strategy planning, and decision-making skills, to get better chances of landing a successful career.

• Bachelor of Science in Chemistry

Are you looking for the answer that what is a BSc in Chemistry? You must first know about the topics that are covered by taking a degree in chemistry. Chemistry is divided mainly into two categories, organic and inorganic. Organic chemists focus mainly on chemical compounds that exist in nature. While the inorganic chemists make new compounds artificially. Most Bachelors of Chemistry programs are interested in focusing on organic chemistry because it offers a good summary of different aspects of the subject. The jobs most in the field of chemistry have requirements of at least a four-year program. Though, many jobs need candidates to have a postgraduate degree to be considered. Moreover, to prepare students for the workforce, a BSc degree in Chemistry also opens the door to postgraduate work. The degree usually takes four years to complete. This course has additional fee of lab fee. The jobs for chemistry graduates are mostly teaching or working in research laboratories. You may also have the opportunity to get a job and use your talents in making artificial flavors and fragrances for consumer products. You can also get a position in environmental security or protection. Many universities are offering this program online as well. Many students now considered studying online as an ideal way of getting a degree.

• Bachelor of Science in Mathematics

So want to know what is a BSc in Mathematics? Firstly you have to understand that how broad mathematics field is. It covers various disciplines, all of which are big and complex in their own way. In addition, a BSc degree holder in Math is usually the selected choice for those students who are interested to focus on number theory instead of applied mathematics. After graduation in Mathematics you can either continue research or can be hired on teaching positions. Researchers are going to eligible for work in private or government labs.

Top Countries offer Bachelor of Science Programs

Finally, here listed the top countries offer these degree. Select the country you like to study and do research all the basic requirements. The duration of time and courses offered are varied according to different universities in different countries.

• USA

• United Kingdom

• Germany

• Pakistan

• China

• Turkey

• United Arab Emirates

• Netherlands

• South Africa

• Nigeria

• Malaysia

• Poland

I hope, this post will help you to know the detail information of your BSc program that you want to persue. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

FDV301N N-channel MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Everyone! I welcome you on board. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to FDB301N.

The FDV301N is an N-channel MOSFET using Fairchild's proprietary and high cell density, DMOS technology. The cell’s high density helps to minimize the on-state resistance. This device is mainly developed for low-voltage applications. This N-channel MOSFET replaces different digital transistors and provides different bias resistor values.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to FDV301N covering datasheet, pinout, features and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to FDV301N

• The FDV301N is an N-channel MOSFET mainly used for switching and low-voltage applications.
• It carries low on-state resistance and can be used in place of different transistors for a range of applications.

• This device contains three terminals named gate, drain, and source. The source is the terminal from which electrons enter the channel and drain is the area where electrons leave the channel. While gate terminal is used for biasing the device.

• The MOSFETs are mainly divided into two main types i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. The N-channel MOSFETs carry electrons as major charge carriers and P-channel MOSFETs contain holes as the major charge carriers.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFETs better than P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications, especially for high-load applications.
• The drain-source voltage of this device is 25V and gate-source voltage is 8V and maximum power dissipation is 0.35W. This is the amount of power it dissipates during the working of this device.

FDV301N Datasheet

It’s wise to go through the datasheet before you apply this component to your electrical project as using this datasheet you can get a hold of the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of FDV301N.

FDV301N Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of FDV301N. This chip comes with three terminals called source, gate, and drain.

Pin Description of FDV301N
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source (S)
2	Used for biasing the device	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through the source terminal	Drain (D)

FDV301N Features

The following are the main features of FDV301N.

• The RDS (on-state resistance) is a resistance between drain and source terminal that is 5? at gate-source voltage VGS of 2.7V and it’s 4? at VGS of 4.5V.
• The gate-source voltage (VGS-th) is 8V
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) is 25V
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) is 220mA

• Level gate drive requirements are very low, helping direct operation in 3V circuits.
• The high-density cell process ensures low on-state resistance RDS (ON).
• This device is reliable and rugged.
• The operating and storage temperature range is -55C to 150C.
• Comes in a compact industry-standard SOT-23 surface-mount package.

FDV301N Applications

This N-channel MOSFET chip is used in the following applications.

• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Used in automotive electronics.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.
• Used in servo motor control.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to FDV301N. If you have any query, you can share your comment in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

IRF520 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. Today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF520.

The IRF520 is an N-channel power MOSFET mainly used for switching and amplification purposes. It comes with a breakdown voltage of around 100V and a low gate threshold voltage is 4V, making it an ideal pick for microcontroller applications.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF520 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to IRF520 MOSFET

• The IRF520 is an N-channel power MOSFET mainly used for switching and amplification purposes.
• It comes with three terminals named: gate, source, and drain and is available in the TO-220 package.
• It is important to note that the gate terminal is electrically insulated and contains no current and is normally called an Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).

• As it’s an N-channel MOSFET so here major charge carriers are electrons as opposed to P-channel MOSFET where major carriers are holes.
• The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFET better than P-channel MOSFET.
• Due to better movement of electrons, N-channel MOSFETs with high loads remain cool while P-channel MOSFETs turn hot in the presence of high loads.

• The major charge carriers i.e. electrons enter the channel through the source terminal while they exit the channel through the drain terminal. And the gate terminal controls the biasing of this MOSFET.
• This N-channel MOSFET comes with low on-state resistance of around 0.27 ohm, allowing it to dissipate less energy as heat and consequently increasing the efficiency of the device.
• IRF520 contains a low threshold voltage of around 4V which projects it can be turned on with 5V on the GPIO pins on the microcontroller.
• This chip comes with a decent switching speed, making it an ideal pick for DC-DC converter circuits.
• The continuous drain current (ID) of this device is 9.2A while the drain-to-source breakdown voltage is 100V. The Rise time is 30ns and the fall time is 20nS.

IRF520 Datasheet

Before you apply this component to your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of IRF520.

IRF520 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF520 Mosfet. The IRF520 comes in three terminals named Gate, Drain, and Source.

Pin Description of IRF520
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through a drain terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source

IRF520 Features

The following are the main features of IRF520 mosfet.

• N-Channel Power MOSFET
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 9.2A
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 100V
• Rise time is 30ns and the fall time is 20nS.

• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 0.27 Ohms (also known as on-state resistance)
• Since it contains low threshold voltage, it is commonly employed with Arduino applications.
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 4V (max)
• Available Package = TO-220 package

IRF520 Applications

The following are the main applications of this device.

• Employed to control the speed of motors
• Used in converters or Inverter circuits
• Used in high power devices
• Incorporated in high-speed switching applications
• Used in LED dimmers or flashers

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into Introduction to IRF520 mosfet. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

BSS138 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Everyone! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to BSS138.

The BSS138 is an N-Channel Logic Level Enhancement Mode Field Effect Transistor that is available in surface mount package SOT-23. It features a low input capacitance of around 40pF and a low on-state resistance of around 3.5. High switching speed and low threshold voltage make this device an ideal pick for level shifter circuit applications.

I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll walk you through the complete Introduction to BSS138 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to BSS138

• The BSS138 is an N-Channel MOSFET mainly used in low current and low voltage switching applications.
• It contains three terminals called, drain, source, and gate. At times the body is also included in the terminals, making it a four-terminal device.

• It is important to note that the gate terminal is electrically insulated and contains no current and is normally called an Insulated Gate FET (IG-FET).
• MOSFETs are categorized into two main types i.e. N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This chip BS138 falls under the category of N-channel MOSFET where electrons are major carriers. While holes are major carriers in P-channel MOSFETs.
• The electron movement is better than the hole movement. The reason, N-channel MOSFETs are preferred over P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications.

• During working with high loads the P-channel MOSFETs turn hot while the N-channel MOSFETs remain cool.
• BSS138 comes in a continuous drain current of around 200mA and drain-source VDS voltage is 50V.
• The on-state resistance of this chip is 3.5, while the turn-off and turn-ON time is 20ns each.
• The compact and robust nature of this device makes it an ideal choice for portable applications including power management circuits and cell phones.
• The BSS138 is costly compared to its alternative 2n7002. Picking the alternative, you have to compromise with the threshold voltage and on-state resistance.

BSS138 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this component into your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of BS138 by clicking the link below.

BSS138 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of BSS138. This device contains three terminals called source, drain, and gate.

Pin Description of BSS138
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Electrons enter the channel through the source terminal	Source (S)
2	Controls the biasing of the component	Gate (G)
3	Electrons leave the channel through the drain terminal	Drain (D)

BSS138 Features

The following are the main features of BSS138.

• Logic Level N-Channel MOSFET
• Turn ON and Turn OFF time = 20ns each
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 200mA
• Comes in low on-state resistance

• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 0.5V
• On-state Resistance = 3.5?
• Drain Source Voltage (VDS) = 50V
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 1.5V
• Available Package = SOT23 SMD

BSS138 Alternatives

The following are the alternatives to BSS138.

• IRF540N
• IRF3205
• IRF1010E
• 2N7000
• BS170N

Before you incorporate these alternatives, double-check the pinout of these equivalents as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of BSS138.

BSS138 Applications

This chip is used in the following applications. Used in automotive electronics.

• Employed as switching devices in electronic control units.
• Incorporated in low voltage low current applications.
• Used in automotive electronics.
• Used as power converters in modern electric vehicles.
• Used in servo motor control.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to BSS138. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus ISIS

Hey Learners! I welcome you on the behalf of The Engineering Projects. I hope you are doing Great. If you are seeking for the best information about the T Flip Flop along with some small concepts and the Practical Performance, then you are at the right article. In this session you will get the following topics:

• What are T Flip Flops?
• What are the Functions of Preset and Clear Input in T Flip Flop?
• How can we Design the Truth Table of T Flip Flop?
• How can you perform the T Flip Flop simulation in very simple and useful way?

Moreover, you will also get some pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW sections. so without wasting time, lets Jump into the answer of 1st Question.

T Flip Flop

T Flip Flop belongs to the family of Flip Flops and Latches and we define the T Flip Flop as:

"T Flip Flops are bi-stable sequential Logic Circuits that are the modification of SR Flip Flops and contain just one input called T and two outputs called Q and Q' and a Clock input in the circuit. "

The Circuit is similar to the JK Flip Flop but the inputs are connected with the same Logic toggle and we control the Circuit with the help of Preset and Clear inputs. Furthermore, a Clock is used to synchronize the signals. we'll talk about this feature in upcoming sections.

DID YOU KNOW????????????????

The T Flip Flop is the modification in the JK Flip Flop that has two inputs and two outputs.

Function of Preset and Clear inputs in T Flip Flops

The Function of Preset and Clear is important. Both of these are the Synchronous Inputs. By saying this, we mean that these inputs are out of the Influence of the Clock. We change the values of these inputs, the working mechanism change according to the conditions. It seems that these inputs are not important yet they are important because one can use the circuit in different ways according to the requirements. In out Circuit and Truth Table, we denote the Preset as "P" and Clear as "C". You can Make a circuit without these inputs but it may have less functionality and working.

Working mechanism of T Flip Flop

The T Flip Flop work very similar to the JK Flip Flop but it has the difference that it can toggle with the situation of JK Flip Flop. Let's have a look at the situations in T Flip Flops.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

The T Flip Flops also called the Toggle Flip Flops. the toggling action is the presses in which the circuit is changed from 1 to 0 and vise versa.

When P=1 and C=0

In this condition, the Circuit is in the Set Condition. It means, the condition of Q will be same as the T . if T=1 then Q=1 and vise versa.

When P=0,C=1

This is the condition where the Circuit is in the RESET condition. The Q remains HIGH irrespective of the value of T. Toggle input have the influence on the Q'. the Output Q' follows the same condition as the T.

When P=0,C=0

In this Condition, the value of Toggle input does not have any effect on the Output, they remain open always.

When P=1,C=1

for this situation. the output is of Q is HIGH for a while then low and Q' is High.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

You can also use an IC for the T Flip Flop. It will be more easy and effective but it has a fixed working that is not good for the learning purpose.

T Flip Flop Truth Table

If we look at the discussion above, we'll get an idea that the T Flip Flop work according to the values of synchronous Inputs. Here's the T Flip Flop Truth Table:  

Condition	P	C	CLK	T	Q	Q’
SET	1	0	High	0	0	1
	1	0	High	1	1	1
Reset	0	1	High	0	1	0
	0	1	High	1	1	1
invalid	0	0	High	0	1	1
			High	1
Invalid	1	1	High	0	0	1
			High	1	1	1

Hence, now we have a great idea what does T Flip Flop do. Let's design the circuit of T Flip Flop in Proteus using all these concepts.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????????

When Clock is LOW, one can examine a totally different behavior of the Circuit.

T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus ISIS

• Now we will design T Flip Flop Circuit Diagram in Proteus Software.
• Here's the components list, which will be required for this simulation:

Components Required

1. 3 input NAND Gate.
2. 2 Input NAND Gate.
3. Logic Toggle.
4. LED-red.
5. Ground Terminal.
6. Connecting Wires.

• Choose the 1st four components from the Pick Library through "P" Button one after the other.
• Set Four 3 input NAND Gate at the screen vertically just like shown in the image below:

 

• Take two Logic Toggles and set them just before the Gate 1 and one in between Gate 1 and 2 one by one.
• Take 1 logic Toggle and set it just upper side of the system.
• Repeat the step with the lower area of the Circuit.
• Get the LED and place it after the Gate Q.
• Repeat the step with the Q' Gate.
• Grab the Ground Terminal From the Terminal Mode>Ground present at the left side of screen and connect 1 with the end of LED of Q and Q'.
• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires according to the image given below:

 

• Change the Values at the Logic toggles and observe the result.

DID YOU KNOW?????????????????

One can use the Clock Terminal present in the pick Library. But it will be difficult to understand the conditions and outputs because it is less demonstrative.

Truss, today we saw what are the T Flip Flops, How does Preset and Clear work in the T Flip Flops, how can we design the Truth Table of T Flip Flop and how can we design the whole simulation of T Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS. If you want to learn more about the circuits and simulation of Logical and Electronic Circuits, you can check our other tutorials and experiments as well.

D-Type Flip Flop Circuit Diagrams in Proteus

Hey Mentees! Welcome from the team of The Engineering Projects. We hope You are having a reproductive day. To add more reproduction, let's learn another Logical Circuit from scratch. In this Tutorial, we'll grasp the following topics:

1. What are D-Type Flip Flop?
2. Which is the IC of D Flip Flop in Proteus ISIS?
3. How is the working of D Flip Flop?
4. How can we design the Truth Table of D Flip Flop?
5. How can we Perform the formation of D Flip Flops in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, we'll have small chunks of information in DID YOU KNOW Sections. At this instance, Let's start the learning.

D-Type Flip Flops

D-Type Flip Flops are important Logical Circuits and we Introduce it as:

"The D-Type Flip Flop is a type of Flip Flop that captures the value of D input for a specific time of the Clock edge and show the output according to the value of D at that time."

D-Type Flip Flops have the ability to Latch or delay the DATA inputs and therefore are the improved version of the SR Flip Flop (In which the data shows the Invalid output when the inputs are HIGH) . Recall that Flip Flops are the Logical Circuits that can hold and store the data in the form of bits and are important building blocks of many of electronic devices and circuits.

DID YOU KNOW???????????????????????? The D Flip Flop is also known as the Data Flip Flop.

When we observe the circuit of D Flip Flop we observe 2 Important points in the D flip Flops:

1. The D Flip Flop is the circuit of active High SR Flip Flop that have the S and R inputs connected together with an invertor gate so that both S  and R (looking with the point of view of SR Flip Flop) will always have the opposite state to each other.
2. The circuit has only one input called D input and it always has a clock that has one of the major effect at the output of D Flip Flop.

D Flip Flop IC

IC's play a magical role in the world of electronics. They make the circuit so simple and decrease the chances of the errors in the circuit. for D Flip Flop, the IC Used has a number CD4013 and for better understanding, D Flip Flop IC named 4013 is shown in the Proteus software in the image below: The S and R are the additional pins to use it for the higher level Experiments. Yet for the simplicity and core information, we'll use Logic Gates when we'll perform in the practical section.

Working of D Flip Flop

In the working of D type Flip Flop, we observe that the D is the only input of the D Flip Flop. yet, the Clock also has the effect in the output of the circuit. Due to the Latched Circuit of Flip Flops, all this discussion would be pointless if we took the concept in the mind that at every pulse, the data of the Flip Flop is changed. Truss, we use an Enabler or Clock in the Circuit through which we can separate the circuit from the input at the instance of our will. When clock is HIGH: Thus, when the D is set HIGH the circuit is said to be in the "Set" State. By the same token, when the D input is LOW the circuit is said to be in the "Reset" position. Unlike SR Flip Flop, the output Q is same as the value of D input and Q' is the vise versa. When Clock is LOW: During the operation when the Clock or Enable input is LOW, any value at the D does not have any effect on the circuit's output. This position is called the "Don't Care" State of D Flip Flop.

Truth Table of D Flip Flop

Based upon the Concepts given above, one can easily design the Truth Table of the D Flip Flop. Let's have a look at the Truth Table.

Inputs		Output
CLK	D	Q	Q’
0	X	No Change
1	0	0	1
1	1	1	0

For the purpose of best understanding, we are going to check these concepts and the circuit information in the simulation Software. We are using the Proteus ISIS here.

Performance of D Flip Flop i Proteus ISIS

To perform the experiment in the software, just follow the simple steps given next.

Material Required

1. NAND Gate
2. NOT Gate
3. Logic Toggle
4. LED-RED
5. Ground Terminal
6. Connecting wires

• Fire up your Proteus ISIS.
• Pop the "P" button present at the screen and Write the name of 1st four devices and select them one after the other.
• Arrange four NAND gates and the inverter gate (NOT Gate) at the working area just according to the image given below:

• Take Logic Toggles and arrange them just at the left side of the system.
• Get the LED's for the output and connect one of them with the output of switch Q and Q'.
• Go to Terminal mode>Ground, attach the one ground Terminal with each the LEDs.
• Connect all the devices according to the diagram given next:

• Change the value of the Clock and observe does the value of the output change?
• Turning the LED on means the output is HIGH and vise versa.
• For convenience, the D Flip Flop can also be obtained by using a NAND as NOT in the Circuit as shown in figure:

DID YOU KNOW?????????????

In real life, the Clock is used in the place of Logic Gate (as shown in the image above) because it automatically changes the direction and change the output of the D Flip Flop. 

NOTE: You can also use the Logic Probe instead of the Grounded LED. Truss, in this session, we saw what are the D Flip Flops, how does they work, how an we design the Truth Table of D Flip Flop and how can we perform it practically in Proteus ISIS. In the next session, we'll know what are T Flip Flop and how is its Simulation in Proteus ISIS.

74LS76 Dual JK Flip-Flop Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Folks! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. Today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to 74LS76.

The 74LS76 comes with separate J, K, clock pulse, direct clear inputs, and direct set. These flip-flops are developed in such a way when the clock is set HIGH, data will be received enabling inputs.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to 74LS76 covering datasheet, pinout, features, alternatives, and applications.

Introduction to 74LS76

• The 74LS76 comes with separate J, K, clock pulse, direct clear inputs, and direct set. These flip-flops are developed in such a way when the clock is set HIGH, data will be received enabling inputs.
• This IC contains two JK flip-flops and each flip-flop can be utilized individually for the required applications.

• These flip-flops are mainly employed in control registers, shift registers, and storage registers and are termed as latching devices due to their ability to remember every single bit of data.
• These devices latch the output based on the stored binary data.
• It is important to note more than one flip-flop can be combined in series for storing a small amount of data as an EEPROM.

• The operating voltage range of this dual JK flip-flop is 2V to 6V and comes in 14-pin PDIP, GDIP and PDSO packages.
• This JK flip-flop is termed the best pick for practical applications as it possesses stable output for all types of inputs.
• The J and K inputs logic levels will be performed as per the Truth Table as long as minimum set-up times are taken into observation.
• Know that the Input data is converted to the outputs when the HIGH-to-LOW clock transition occurs.
• This IC houses two JK flip-flops and is powered by +5V.

74LS76 Datasheet

Before you apply this component to your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of the component that highlights the main characteristics of the chip. Click the link below to download the datasheet of 74LS76

74LS76 Pinout

The following is the pinout diagram of 74LS76. The following table represents the pin description of each pin integrated on the chip.

Pin Description of 74LS76 Dual JK Flip-Flop
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1,6	These pins should be provided with a clock pulse for the flip flop	Clock-1/ Clock-2
2,7	Preset input pins drive Flip Flop to a set state.	Preset-1 / Preset-2
16,12	Input pin of the Flip Flop	1K/ 2K
4,9	Another Input pin of the Flip Flop	1J / 2J
14,10	The inverted output pin of Flip Flop	1Q(bar) / 2Q (bar)
15,11	Output Pin of the Flip Flop	1Q / 2Q
3,8	Clear input pin drives Flip Flop to a reset state.	1 CLR (bar)/ 2 CLR (bar)
13	Connected to the ground	Ground
5	Powers the IC with 5V	Power (+Vs)

74LS76 Truth Table

The clear and preset are termed as the asynchronous active-low inputs. When they are set LOW, they result in overriding the J-K and clock inputs allow the output to remain in the steady-state levels. The truth table of 74LS76 is shown below.

74LS76 Features

The main features of the chip are described below.

• Operating Voltage Range = 2V to 6V
• Low-Level Output Voltage Max. = 0.25V
• High-Level Output Voltage Min. = 3.5 V
• Dual JK Flip Flop Chip

• Operating Temperature Range = -55 to -125°C
• Low-Level Input Voltage Max. = 0.8 V
• High-Level Input Voltage Min. = 2 V
• Available Packages = 14-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO

74LS76 Applications

The following are the main applications of flip-flop 74LS76.

• Employed in Memory/Control Registers
• Used in Shift Registers
• Used in Latching devices
• Incorporated in EEPROM circuits

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a clear insight into the Introduction to 74LS76. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

CD4011 NAND Gate Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to CD4035.

CD4011 IC belongs to the CD40xx CMOS IC series. The CD4011 chip comes with four independent NAND gates. This device is used to perform the Boolean function Y = A × B or Y = A + B in positive logic. This IC is widely used in many applications including Portable Audio Docks, AV Receivers, and Blu-Ray Players.

I suggest you read this entire post till the end as I’ll walk you through the complete introduction to CD4011 covering datasheet, pinout, features, truth table, alternatives, and applications. Let’s jump right in.

Introduction to CD4011

• CD4011 IC belongs to the CD40xx CMOS IC series. The CD4011 chip comes with four independent NAND gates.
• It is important to note that the output voltage and the operating voltage of this IC are equal.

• This chip is widely used in many electrical circuits including mp3 players, AV receivers, Blu-ray players, and home theater.

• If you want to use this chip as a logic inverter, you can reconfigure the NAND gates into NOT gates.
• Less transition time makes this device the best pick for high-speed applications.
• The typical operating voltage of this device is 5V which comes in 14-pin PDIP, GDIP and PDSO packages.
• The operating voltage range is -55 to 125C and the propagation delay time is 60ns.

CD4011 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this component into your electrical project, it’s better to scan through the datasheet of the component that comes with the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of CD4011 by clicking the link below.

CD4011 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of CD4011. The following table represents the pin description of each pin available on the chip.

Pin Description of CD4011
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1,2,5,6,8,9,12,13	First Input pin of the NAND gate	NAND Gate Input pins
3,4,10,11	The Inverting input pin of the Op-Amp A	NAND Gate Output pins
14	5V is used to power the IC	Vcc (Vdd)
4	Connect to the ground	Ground Vss

CD4011 Features

The following are the main features of CD4011.

• Typical Operating Voltage = 5V
• Operating Temperature Range = - 55 C to + 125 C
• Low-Level Output Current = 1.5mA
• High-Level Output Current = - 1.5 mA

• Propagation Delay Time = 60 ns
• Dual Input NAND Gate – Quad Package
• Available Packages = 14-pin PDIP, GDIP, PDSO

CD4011 Truth Table

The following figure shows the truth table of CD4011. You can see from the truth table that the output of the device will only be LOW when both inputs of the device are HIGH, in other cases, it will be HIGH.

CD4011 Circuit Diagram

The CD4011 circuit diagram is shown in the figure below. You can see from the image above that this IC comes with four independent NAND gates. It carries 12 input-output pins available for four NAND gates. Power up the IC with VCC and Ground pins. The operating voltage of this device is 5V but it can also work at 7V.

CD4011 Equivalents

The following are the alternative to CD4011.

• SN54LS00
• SN74HC00

Before incorporating these alternatives into your project, double-check the pinout of the alternatives as the pinout of the CD4011 might differ from the pinout of the equivalents.

CD4011 Applications

The CD4011 chip is used in the following applications.

• Employed in portable Audio Docks
• Used in AV Receivers
• Used in MP3 Players or Recorders
• Applied in Home Theater
• Incorporated in Blu-Ray Players
• Employed in Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to CD4011. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. You’re most welcome to share your feedback around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.