The Engineering Projects

Introduction to Ethereum (ETH) - Complete Guide For Beginners

If you want to know what is Etherum, then you are in the right place. I am going to tell you in detail about what Ethereum is, and how does it work. There will be also the pros and cons of Ethereum. As I discussed in my previous articles about them with complete guide. That bitcoin was created in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. But no one knows who he is and the interesting thing about bitcoin is that it is decentralized and nobody owns it. There is no COE, CMO, CTO, etc. In it. They are all developers who are working from around the world.  So, if you don’t know about them, then start off by reading them. The question that might come up in your mind that what Etherum is and what is the reason behind the existence of Ethereum. Don’t worry, I will explain each and everything in detail down below. You must be aware of the fact that our data are stored on other peoples' computers.  Clouds and servers are owned by Amazon, Google, Facebook, etc. Even this single tiny article is stored on some cloud.   As we all know that our data on the internet is not safe. There are different authorities who can access our data at any time and they can get our personal data, financial and passwords. The hacker and the government can access your data at any time and can modify it. In short word, they can change or leak and steal your data anytime. People from diverts platforms come outside and said that the internet was meant to be decentralized.  That's why blockchain technology emerged to achieve the goal of making the digital world decentralized. And Ethereum is the newest technology to join this trend.

What is Etherum?

• Etherum is an open software program based on blockchain technology. It allows developers to develop and extend decentralized applications.

Is Etherum is related to Bitcoin? No, they are not similar much, but kind of similar in different ways. I will discuss them with you in detail.

Similarities

• Ethereum is a public blockchain network like Bitcoin.

Differences

• Their purpose and capability of doing work are different.
• Etherum is focused on running the programming code of any decentralized application, but bitcoin focuses on only one application.
• The bitcoin blockchain is used to trace the ownership of bitcoin. While Etherum focuses on running the program code.
• There are real people who are working behind this cryptocurrency
• It is based on smart contracts

 

What are smart contracts?

Smart contracts are a digital code well some people call it only code. It is also called “Digital Triggers”. You can implement them online to execute a certain task that you need. Let me explain it with an example.

Virtual vending machine

I put an escrow and add some of certain rules in escrow. Meaning, when certain people will register their five votes into escrow automatically. And then automatically that escrow will open up and send five people this cryptocurrency ether.

vending machine

Or maybe some of you will understand with this simple example. It is the same as a vending machine where you will put a dollar then press a code and that code will execute a trigger. And that triggers in all spin on a different candy bar for you and you will get the one you pressed code for. Smart contracts are based on rules and laws. And it is just a computer code that can help you in exchange money, share, content, and property, etc.  A smart contract is a self-operating computer program that runs when it meets specific conditions. It runs on the blockchain as they programs without the interpretation of any third party.  While blocking programmed have the ability to process code but in very restricted manners. But Ehterum is totally different, they allow developers to build operations they want. That means a developer can build different applications. In the Etherum blockchain miner works to earn Ether.  Ether is a type of crypto token. Notes: Okay let me clear you what Ether is and it is the currency that is used to buying services in Etherum.  And Ether is a digital currency that is used for trading. There is also a one more token too, that is used to pay miners fees to include transactions in their block. And it is called Gas.

History of Etherum

Etherum has a  controversial and significant history. Etherum was founded by the taluk butyrin and got released in 2015. It is becoming better to know cryptocurrency outside Bitocin. It has a completely different blockchain protocol. Recognized for sorting all the computer programs. The purpose behind creating Ethereum was to take advantage of the potential provided by blockchain technology.

What Ethereum can be used for?

It allows developers to build and extend decentralized applications.  Dapp or Decentralized app serves a different purpose to its users. For example, bitcoin is a Dapp that provides its users a peer-to-peer digital cash system and that enables a bitcoin online system. A decentralized application is one that runs on the blockchain network, and it is not controlled by any single person or central hub or entity. Through Ethereum any service that is centralized can be decentralized, for example, voting system, loan provided, etc. Etherenum can also build Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO). DAO is fully decentralized without any leader. It runs on programming code and on a collection of the smart contract written on the Etherum Blockchain. It can be own by anyone who buys its token. But instead of each token equalizing to equality shares and ownership. This token acts as contributing and that contribution give different people voting rights.    It is also used as a platform to launch other cryptocurrencies. Lately, Ethreum has created a new standard to track unique digital assets. Different games are developed recently using this technology like overnight hit crypto-kitties.

Advantages of Etherum

Here is the main advantage of Ethereum that will develop your more interest in it.

• A third party can’t change its data
• All the applications, organizations or projects that are running under Etherum cannot be turned off.
• The security in Ethereum is super strong because of the PoW consensus and cryptographic techniques that are used in the transaction model. The central point network is so strong that protects the model from hacking and manipulations.
• Because of Pow consensus censorship is unfeasible.

Disadvantages of Etherum

• There is nothing in this world that does not have any disadvantages. Everything comes with its own advantage and disadvantages and that makes it more attractive and grab peoples' attention.
• Here is the disadvantage of Etherum:
• It is capable of being attacked by hackers. That can be used through the complexity of the basic programming language used in smart contracts, Solidity.
• The Ethereum main focus is on decentralization and security over Scalability.

Ethereum Mining

As you have read in another article about bitcoin mining. It is similar to bitcoin mining, you will know about it more when you read it. But still, there are few major differences between bitcoin mining and Etherum mining. In Ethereum mining blockchain is not only stored the transaction list of the blockchain but also note down the most recent state of the network.

1. Use Patrica Trees rather than Merkel Trees in its blockchain regulations that enable Ethereum to efficiently store.
2. The block time is 12 seconds.
3. Miner paid for gas expended in blocks.
4. The reward of the static block is 3 ETH.
5. The Ethash Mining Algorithm (Uses DAG).
6. There is an extra reward for including Uncles as blocks.

If you are in a hurry and don’t have much to read all the article. You want to know the answers to the questions. Then read them below, there are few important short questions about Ethereum is available for you.

• What is Etherum? A Blockchain application platform.
• What is Ether? It is the fuel of the Ethereum network.
• How to use Ethereum? By dapps, wallet, and trading.
• Who created Ethereum? Vitalik Buterin.
• How Ether Works? It is work by turning complete programming, EVM and State
• How Etherum Mining Works? It works by “Proof of stake” and “Proof of work”.
• How to Mine Ethereum? By pooling and mining software and GPUs.
• How do Ethereum smart contracts work? It worked with gas, transaction, and fees.

Conclusion

So now you have a clear idea of what is Etherum unless you don’t, then read this conclusion with full concentration. It will help you in understanding different things. As you all know Ethereum is one of the most popular platforms in cryptocurrency and the blockchain world today. Looks like Ethereum is going to stay for a long time in the decentralized application.   It is helping us in changing the way of the usage of the internet. So let us know if you have any questions related to this article. I will love to answer all your questions. And tell us what is your favorite cryptocurrency so I will cover that cryptocurrency in my next post.

What Is Ripple (XPR) - Everything You Need To Know

If you have an interest in cryptocurrency then there is no doubt that you have NOT already heard about Ripple (XPR) or What is Ripplee (XPR). Ripple is not just a cryptocurrency, it is also a platform. Ripple is an open source platform which allows doing cheap and fast transactions. I have put together this complete beginner guide for you. I am going to discuss everything you need to know about Ripple (XPR). Ripple is one of the top five cryptocurrencies and on the top of the list is as usual bitcoin and Ethereum is holding a second position. Ripple is in the third position. We are going to cover every aspect of ripple for you, so have patience and read it till the end. You are going to learn so many new things about Ripple in this article you may have not heard before. For deeper information about Ripple keep reading. The topic I am going to cover are:

• what is Ripple (XPR) ?
• What is RippleNet - How does Ripple Work?
• What is the Ripple protocol Consensus algorithm RPCA?
• Uses of the Ripple.
• Banks Support Ripple.
• Benefits Of Ripple.
• Is it safe to invest in Ripple?
• How is it different from Bitcoin?
• Where can you buy XRP?
• Which wallet to save XRP?
• Conclusion

So, you must be thinking what is Ripple (XPR)? Ripple was founded in  2012 by a San-Francisco Fintech company name Ripple Lab Inc. The aim of this company was to provide instant, secure and affordable transaction platform. Brad is the CEO of Ripple Ripple has built upon the open source an internet protocol. Ripple has an aim to increase the efficiency of the transaction between financial institutions. The word  Ripple is most of the time used to refer its digital currency XRP. But they allow other people to use this platform and create their own RippleNet.

What is RippleNet - How does Ripple Work?

RippleNet is a network that provides payment to different organisations like banks and other money service business. They all use solutions what Ripple has provided them to send money globally with a smooth experience. Might be you have not understood what actually Ripplenet network does and how it helps individuals.  Here is an example for you. Justin lives in Newyork and has a cookie box he does not need. He is just interested in watching a football match. But he does not have a ticket. Adam who lives in a California has a rare book which he would like to giveaway for a cookie box. Annie who lives in Los Angles has a ticket for a football game and has not any interest in a football game. But want to read an interesting or a rare book. We are living in a system where we don’t have sources to find each other and make our not valuable things valuable. But in the Ripple platform, you could by saying “Hey, I have a cookie box but I want a football game ticket”.  Then Ripple network will look for a shortest and efficient way to make it happen. Besides it, it allows making payment in any currency including bitcoin. The minimal transactional fee is $0.00001. It is only because of preventing the system from DDOS attack.

What is the Ripple protocol Consensus algorithm RPCA?

As I told you before that Ripple has a distinctive way of working than Bitcoin and Ethereum. It does not have a blockchain but uses its own technology RPCA to verify transition and make sure everything is ok. Word ‘Consensus’ means that if every node agrees with the rest then it means there is no issue. Here is an example: Suppose there is a place where ten wise man lives and a city need all of them agreed on one thing to make a decision. The decision could be anything like about the release of prisoner or rises of tax etc. But if one of them disagree then nothing will happen until we figure out what is his problem.

Pros of Ripple

• Low commission currency exchange

As you all probably aware of the fact that many currencies can’t convert directly with each other. That's why the banks use the US dollar as a medium to convert currencies. Therefore banks take a double commission for converting money. They will convert A money to US dollar and again US dollar to B money. Ripple also works as mediators but is much cheaper than US dollar.

• Fast Worldwide Transactions

Regardless of cheap commission Ripple is a fast international transaction mediator. The average transaction time of Ripple is 4 second. If we compare it with Bitcoin which takes hours for the transaction and regular banks take days.

• Payment ecosystem

It is an interesting fact that a user can create his/her own currency for transaction. For example, an individual can create a currency to buy a football game.

Banks Support for Ripple

1. Yes Bank
2. Santander
3. Axis Bank
4. Westpac
5. UBS
6. Union Credit
7. NBAD

Benefits Of Ripple

There are so many benefits of Ripple that can amaze you. Here are a few important ones I am going to highlight in this post.

• More powerful than bitcoin because it is a day to the day payment system. Moreover, it is the fattest and efficient platform in a transaction.
• An official organization started Ripple. So their main goal is to be used by a bank.
• Ripple has an ability to change in any currency including gold etc with a minimal commission.

Is it safe to invest in Ripple?

As I told before in 8 Best Cryptocurrency To Invest In 2019 article that what are the best cryptocurrencies for you to invest in. As you all know that there is not a single place in this world where investment is 100% safe. There is always risk include in your any decision. Regardless of all the fact following are some advantage and disadvantages for you.

Advantages:

• As I mentioned above that Ripple is the most trusted digital currencies by many banks. Because it is not a company with no name but there is an organization behind it.
• All the tokens have already existed, and there is no doubt of inflation.
• Ripple currency is climbing the currency chart and now is on 3rd position.
• The XRP value will be increased if banks start to use it as their transaction platform.

Disadvantage:

• It is centralized, but the cryptocurrencies are recognised for decentralization. Ripples developer can control its number of releasing or not releasing. It is like a bank.
• There is also on another drawback that ripples lab has owned it 61 percent of coins.
• There are chances of being hacked despite its open source and very smart built.

Difference between Ripple & Bitcoin

The main contrast between Ripple and Bitcoin is that:

1. Ripple is centralised but Bitcoin is decentralised.
2. Bitcoin is blockchain based technology but Ripple is not.
3. Ripple uses HashTree to compile the data.
4. The main focus of Ripple is to move money across the world fast.
5. Token of Ripple is not mined like Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies.

Where can you buy XRP?

There are different platforms available where you can buy XRP. You can buy it from these exchanges.

• Binance
• Bittrex
• Bitstamp
• Kraken
• Bitfinex

There are many other different places where you can buy but these are the most popular and trusted one.

Which wallet to save XRP?

When you will buy XRP, you must have to hold them in a wallet safely. I am going to share with you the best wallet for XRP. The ledger Nano S is the most used hardware wallet, its support XRP storage. As it is a hardware wallet and it is safer to store your cryptocurrency and easy to use. I will always recommend using a hardware wallet. It is another one of the most used wallets, Toast Wallet is an open source wallet. It is available on Windows, Mac, Linux, IOS and Android. It is a software wallet and I will not recommend you to store a large amount of XRP.

Conclusion

I hope you could understand now What Ripple is and how it's work - It allows almost immediate cross border transaction with cheap cost. Ripple is the 3rd biggest coin by market capitalization. Moreover, Standing at the same position for a long time is not an easy task but XRP is doing it for a long time. Ripple is reaching their goals by doing all the advancements in the system and adding more banks to their system. Ripple holds significant financial capital and doing all the effective partnership with big companies. Besides, if XRP got to succeed in gaining Worldwide adoption then the transaction amount will be tiny as compared to current costs. But nothing is happening like this for now. But we can be hopeful for a change. What do you think about Ripple and XRP? Are you going to invest in XRP in future or have you invested? Let me know by commenting below and if you have any query feel free to ask. I am going to cover many other cryptocurrencies topics that you should know except What is Ripple (XPR) - A complete beginner guide.  So keep visiting our Blog or bookmark our website and visit it daily or weekly for the latest cryptocurrency updates.

Types of Bachelor degree

Hello Friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, In this tutorial, I am going to cover the topic of "Types of Bachelor degree". A bachelor’s degree is a three to four-year undergraduate academic degree that usually has to encompass 40 courses or 120-semester credits. In fact, having a bachelor’s degree is the measurement of the standard to get into many professional careers. Therefore, getting a bachelor’s degree will be the ticket to a more promising career. In this post, I'm going to discuss the types of Bachelor degree, popular programs under these types, and their benefits. Further, I have described the top countries offering Bachelor degree programs.

Types of Bachelor degree

Mostly, you cannot start a professional graduate school in law, medicine, or teacher education without a bachelor’s degree. It means you will always need a bachelor’s before joining a master’s program to open the door to even more career chances. Thinking about the different types of bachelor degrees? However, It is very important to know to choose your major area. You have to mention the specific area on your CV and job application. Broadly, the Bachelor's degree is divided into two categories.

• First is 'Bachelor of Arts'.
• Second is 'Bachelor of Science'.

Let's focus on these types first.

Bachelor of Science

A degree in BS is one of the most common types of bachelor's degrees that many universities offer. If you want to choose a science field, this is the right degree for you. The BS degree is less focused on exploration and more focused on the specific concentration. Bachelor of Science students have to focus particularly on the field of their major. However, they tend to be more career-focused. Here we listed some of the most popular field areas under this degree.

• Biology.
• Chemistry.
• Mathematics.
• Physics.
• Computer Science.
• Business.
• Nursing.
• Engineering.
• Economics.
• Nutrition.
• Natural Sciences.
• Education.

Bachelor of Arts

Another very popular degree type of bachelors is the BA. This degree mainly focuses on the subjects like humanities and human sciences. However, this doesn’t mean you avoided Mathematics, Economy and other exact subjects. Many B.A. studies include them as minors, but the curriculum is easier. Importantly, the point is the main thing about a Bachelor’s of the Art program is that it’s centered on theoretical knowledge. Besides, it still covers some of the natural sciences as well. The common majors within this degree are:

• English.
• History.
• Communication.
• Human Development.
• Education.
• Economics.
• Earth Science.
• Foreign Languages programs.
• Fashion Merchandising.
• Anthropology.
• Geology.
• Interior Design.

Exception: B.A. in the UK

In the UK, for example, in traditional universities such as Cambridge or Oxford, Bachelor of Arts degrees belong to all fields of study, including the scientific ones. Are you confused? Thus, here are some examples:

• B.A. in Graphic Designing in College Contemporary Art (London).
• Business Management in International University American (London).

Bachelor of Fine Arts 

After a Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts, the third common type of bachelor's degree is the BFA. It is not the most popular bachelor's degree type, but still worthy to discuss. It is a great choice if you are interested in the arts. The BFA is a professional or vocational degree. The aim of a BFA program is to enable their students to become professionals in the creative arts. This includes painters, singers, dancers, actors, and sculptors, etc. However, the main difference between a BFA and a BA program is they focus more on their major concentration than on general studies. Are you creative and artistic, then a BFA is the best for you to have a bright future. A degree in fine arts gives devotion to the production of art and aesthetics. Below are the majors in this degree include:

• Creative Writing.
• Dance.
• Ceramics.
• Art (Drawings and Paintings, so on).
• Photography.
• Printmaking.
• Graphic Designing.

These majors usually need to be a portfolio part of the assessment in which you present your collective work to complete your degree. But if you cannot even draw a straight line, you must not choose this degree. But if you have some creative and productive thinking that needs to be set, you can go towards a BFA program. The U.S. Department of Education further approves over 80 types of bachelor’s degrees listed below.

• Bachelor of Architecture.
• Bachelor of Arts.
• Bachelor of Business.
• Bachelor of Science in Business.
• Bachelor of Canon Law.
• Bachelor of Computer Science.
• Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering.
• Bachelor of Criminal Justice.
• Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice.
• Bachelor of Business Administration.
• Bachelor of Divinity.
• Bachelor of Education.
• Bachelor of Science in Education.
• Bachelor of Wireless Engineering.
• Bachelor of Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Computer Science.
• Bachelor of Science in Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Biological Systems.
• Bachelor of Science in Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Biological Engineering.
• Bachelor of Biomedical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Civil Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Manufacturing Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Civil and Infrastructure Engineering.
• Bachelor of Computer Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Computer Science & Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Engineering Management.
• Bachelor of Science in Environmental Engineering.
• Bachelor of Fiber Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Manufacturing Systems Engineering.
• Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Materials Science & Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Materials Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Systems.
• Bachelor of Software Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Software Engineering.
• Bachelor of Systems Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Systems Engineering.
• Bachelor of Electrical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering.
• Bachelor of Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Construction Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Electro-Mechanical Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Technology.
• Bachelor of Fine Arts.
• Bachelor of Science in Drafting Design Technology.
• Bachelor of Science in Electrical/Electronic Technology.
• Bachelor of Forestry.
• Bachelor of Science in Forest Research.
• Bachelor of Hebrew Letters.
• Bachelor of Literature.
• Bachelor of Marine Science.
• Bachelor of Music.
• Bachelor of Nursing.
• Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
• Bachelor of Pharmacy.
• Bachelor of Philosophy.
• Bachelor of Religious Education.
• Bachelor of Science.
• Bachelor of Journalism.
• Bachelor of Laws.
• Bachelor of Liberal Studies.
• Bachelor of Science in Chemistry.
• Bachelor of Technology.

Among all the 3 popular Bachelor programs according to 'The National Center for Education' are:

• Business.
• Health professions.
• Social sciences and history.

These three have been getting dramatically popular and increased in growth over the past ten years, have a look below.

• Business majors have increased by 17 %.
• Health profession majors have increased by 168%.
• Social sciences and history majors have increased by 6%.

Other types of Bachelor Degrees

Some universities choose to name their degrees a little different than the well-known names before. So don't get confused with the names, let's discuss these types also. Actually, these degrees are almost similar in nature and requirements as a BS, BA, or BFA degree program. These are listed below:

• Bachelor of Education.
• Bachelor of Engineering.
• Bachelor of Computer Science.
• Bachelor of Social Work.
• Bachelor of Nursing.

Bachelor degree in Applied Science

Bachelor in Applied sciences program has different criteria, which depends on the country you will select to study. In most of the cases, the Bachelor in this degree mean to cover the study courses which have great practical applications. For example, degree in Nursing. That gives you complete practical knowledge to treat the patients. In some countries like Netherlands and Canada, this is considered as a professional degree. And it is similar to the degree of Bachelor in Engineering. Here, I have listed some other fields of Applied Sciences that you can choose according to your interest.

• Biochemical engineering.
• Architectural Science.
• Applied Physics.
• Applied Mathematics.
• Biological engineering.
• Chemical engineering.
• General engineering.
• Automotive engineering.

Besides, In some universities and colleges from the United States, the Bachelor of Applied Sciences is a professional and technical degree. And loved to choose by many students because it will provide you a stable and bright carrier in future. Moreover, the students who applied to this program will get experienced and professional experts who provide them the practical knowledge to improve their skills. After graduation, students will have an acknowledged certificate and will be able to apply for jobs in advancing their technical skills.

Bachelor degree in Engineering

The Bachelor in Engineering program is basically offered to those students who had studied Engineering sciences in their FSc. Further, it completed mostly in three to four years depend on your specialization in this field. A Bachelor in Engineering programs are considered equal to the BSc in Science degrees academically. After graduation, you can continue your Master studies in these fields. This is further divided into following categories, according to the specialization areas.

• BSc in Engineering.
• Bachelor in Business Administration.
• Bachelor in Business Engineering.

Bachelor in Business Administration

The less known form of MBA degree, the BBA degree gives you an overview of all the subjects related to Business Administration. It helps you to understand how a company works. Regular courses include Economics, Accounting, Management and many more. BBA is normally the most comprehensive management degree in terms of business plan and practice. If you want to focus on a particular aspect of running a business, then go for one of the following types of BBAs: Bachelor’s in Business Management, preparing you for the leadership and control part of running a company Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, teaching you the analytical and math sides of the business. Do you wish to play a vital role in the business world? Bachelor's degree in business offers knowledge of academic business, practical relevance, and personal development. This degree will give you advance analytical and management skills during developing your character.

What do you expect from this degree?

• Academic BSc degree in three years.

• Get full attention from the experts.

• Focus on improving the skills including the leadership and personal abilities.

• Get an International experience Through exchanging programs.

The Bachelor of Laws degree is offered if your study is is on Law. Compared to other Bachelor's degree programs such as the Bachelor of Science or the Bachelor of Arts, the Bachelor of Laws is not that popular, yet. It doesn’t offer in the U. S. But most popular in the UK. For instance, a degree covers your way to becoming a lawyer, giving you get practice experience and pass bar exams.

Joint degree

Also known as a dual or combined degree, the joint degree is actually the collaboration of two universities. Not necessarily found in the same country. That means you have the chance to live in more than one. Isn't this amazing? To get a clearer understanding, here’s one example of a joint degree program:

• Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, at INSA Lyon and the University of Strathclyde.

• The joint degrees have the same duration as a regular program. And usually, the two degrees you’ll get on the same subject at the end. However, there are also options that you can study two different subjects as well.

Associate degree

• The Associate Degree is very common in North America. And granted after a 2-year study.
• Many colleges offer a 2+2 program after finishing an Associate Degree. And students can complete a Bachelor’s degree faster, in just two years.

Except for universities in Ireland, the UK, France, and most of Europe, this Degree is not considered a higher education degree, but a professional certification required for getting specific practical or technical skills.

Preparation degree

The preparatory course also known as a foundation degree is aimed to prepare students for college or university education. Most European countries provide supplemental information to the general education system. And these are designed to improve the chances for a good university organization. Therefore, they are great if you need the required qualification to get admission to a foreign university. Find the program that fits your education level, learning, and career goals, and starts your study abroad adventure today.

Top countries offering Bachelor degrees

Bachelor degree in Europe

Briefly, we will discuss the the top countries offered BS degree. First is Europe is the home of many oldest and prestigious universities in the world. Many universities in Europe have given infinite contributions to society. Also continue providing the best quality education. Students seeking a Bachelors’ degree in Europe have not only benefits from an outstanding education, but also experience a high standard of living, cities, beautiful landscapes, and interesting travel opportunities around the region. In addition, students from all over the world want to do a bachelor’s degree in Europe. Some of the famous programs that students choose to study are political science, economics, art history, international affairs, sociology, engineering, the hard sciences, business philosophy, and information technology. For a bachelor’s degree in Europe, requirements vary from the country and degree program. However, a minimum of three years of full-time study is needed; also have the options of part-time and online studies.

Bachelor degree in USA

The students also get attracted to USA for their graduation. There are so many universities available around the globe offering popular bachelor's degree programs. The USA is also among the top countries offered a large range of programs for study. The universities  offering Bachelor degrees are available in a number of cities range from modern cities to small towns, you can choose according to your interest. Doing a bachelor’s degree from the USA, students get the chance to experience and learn many things. Further it will enhance your learning environment as well. Moreover, they provide high quality knowledge and practical skills in all faculties to their students. Students have many kinds of options to select their major studies. For example, engineering, computer science, philosophy, biology, fine arts, economics, business, architecture, sociology, and many more. A bachelor’s degree in the USA usually needs a minimum of full time four years study. However, the option of part time and online study programs are also available.

Bachelor degree in China

China is also known as a top target for many international students to study for several reasons. The student in China can enjoy, including beautiful views, rich history, and excellent food, interesting art and theatre, beautiful cities, and many more to see. Besides this, China has great programs for study in many different programs. A Bachelor in China degree is becoming popular for study because of China’s position as an economic and world power. In addition, students getting a Bachelor's in China program have many options in different fields of study. Some of the more common Bachelor's programs in China are in the business field, like accounting, marketing, and finance, or the fields like economics, information technology biology, computer science, anthropology, and architecture. Hence, students get benefits from excellent academics and great faculty.

Bachelor degree in Australia

Many students throughout the world liked to choose a BS degree from Australia. Australia is giving a high-quality education and has many universities offering a variety of programs. With a bachelor's degree in Australia, you get international experience as students travel from around the globe. That will enhance the learning experience and allow you to personally grow. Moreover, students of Bachelor in Australia will learn the essentials in their chosen discipline. But they also will gain the skills needed to think critically, creatively, and individually.

Bachelor degree in Malaysia

In the end, bachelor programs in Malaysia give students a different range of study options in Kuala Lumpur, Terengganu, Selangor, Johor, Sarawak, and many other parts of the country. Malaysia has lots of public and private universities, many of these have strong relationships with international institutions overseas. Bachelor students get many opportunities to make a strong network that exceeds boundaries. Further, bachelor's programs in Malaysia normally last for four to five years, depending on the program of study. A different variety of learning styles are used in the educational process, with the aim of all students and their multiple learning modes. Including, Medicine, Dental Surgery, Electrical Engineering, Biotechnology, Finance, and Management are just some of the Bachelor's programs offered at universities and technical colleges in Malaysia.

There are some important points you must read before applying

Think about that:

• Does this degree program you want to choose, fulfil the standards for your planned profession?
• Will your profession need this degree? Is this degree program is certified?
• Will this bachelor’s degree further move on to a master’s degree program if you want to continue your study?
• What is the cost of this program? is this fir for you?
• Does this degree have any financial scholarship available?
• Does the degree is online or on-campus?
• What are the future opportunities of this degree program?

Also, application specifications are varied from university to university. So do complete research on the website of the selected university.  Most colleges require a high school diploma or other test requirements. Truly, you have to complete the requirement on the application form. You may also need to submit additional documents, such as transcripts. I hope this article will help you to understand the types of Bachelor degrees and programs offered by different universities. Have a good day.

Introduction to Cryptocurrency - Complete Beginner Guide

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to Cryptocurrency. You may have heard the term cryptocurrency first time from your friend, family or colleague and you will be confused. What is it? Why would someone need cryptocurrency in their life? They may have told you about it briefly that it is like a dollar or other currency etc.

We have decided to publish a series of articles where we will explain cryptocurrency in simple and easy-to-understand language. So let’s walk through this together.

I am here to help you and going to explain it in the easiest way that anyone could understand. It is a complete beginner guide for the one who does nothing about cryptocurrency and heard about it first time in their life. Besides, you can check out Dchained to find tons of information about cryptocurrencies and how to work with them.

Before we further go into detail. Let me tell you now that maybe there are not many people who do know about cryptocurrency but it is becoming globally phenomenal now.

The topics we are going to cover in this article are:

• What is cryptocurrency?
• History of cryptocurrency.
• What is the story of bitcoin?
• Cryptocurrencies in reality?
• What can we do with cryptocurrency?
• How does Cryptocurrency work?
• Name of the most popular cryptocurrencies.
• Can you transfer cryptocurrency to a bank account or trade for cash?
• Why should you buy a cryptocurrency?

What is cryptocurrency?

The easy answer to this question is: Cryptocurrency is digital money.

• Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency and it doesn’t have any physical form.  It is the medium of exchange in the digital world.

To secure transactions between mediums, it uses cryptography (cryptography is the skill of encoding code). Crypto means hidden and cryptography means hidden code that no one can understand except the sender and receiver. Cryptography makes transactions secure.

The aim of cryptocurrency is to do a transaction with each other without any third party i.e. banks.

History of cryptocurrency

• In 1990, few digital geeks try to make currency through cryptography because they didn’t want to depend on third parties for sharing their money and information.
• They wanted freedom because they thought the government had too much power in their lives. In other words, digital geeks didn’t seem to trust third parties.
• They tried to make digicash and cybercash on those times in the 90s but in the end, got failed in this attempt.
• After that, no one particularly seemed to work in this cryptocurrency field. But in 2009 an unknown entity “Satoshi Nakamoto” created Bitcoin.
• You have to understand what Bitcoin is to understand cryptocurrency.

What is the story of Bitcoin?

• It is a secret who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Because still no one knows either it is he or she or a group of people. He only communicates with others through email and crypto forums.
• Satoshi Nakamoto said in his announcement of bitcoin “A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System is developed for Bitcoin".
• Satoshi Nakamoto published a paper in 2008 and described how Bitcoin actually works. The First Bitcoin transaction was made on January 12 between Satoshi Nakamoto and a coder Hal Finney of 10 BTC.
• Within a time Bitcoin becomes more popular among different people who thought it is important and going to become more popular in the future.  One Bitcoin was worth one dollar in April 2011. But in December 2017 one Bitcoin was worth more than 20,000 Dollars. Today the price of one Bitcoin is 4,991 Dollars.
• Now hundreds and thousands of people are currently using it and there is no third party included in this process. There are different famous websites that are accepting bitcoin currency on their websites like WordPress, Piratebay, ok cupid and Reddit.
• There are many other digital currencies that are working on the same basis but are using different codes for them like Ethereum, XRP, Litecoin, Primecoin, etc.

Cryptocurrencies in reality?

In the simpler word, the reality of cryptocurrencies is that If we take all the problematic equations out of cryptocurrencies and reduced all the noise. Then you will discover that it consists of only on simpler entries or records in the database and no one can change it until meeting a few particular conditions. This maybe seems strange to you or usual, but the reality of the currency is this simpler. Here is an example of your daily life. Let’s talk about your bank account money. The money you have in your bank account is nothing more than entries in a database. These entries of the database only can be changed under some specific conditions.  Hence money is all about verified entries in some sort of database of records and balances.

What can we do with cryptocurrency?

• In the past merchant was not accepting any cryptocurrency.  But now day’s situation is different and merchants are accepting cryptocurrency.                                      
• Cryptocurrency has so many benefits now. You can send your money to the family without getting extra charged fees by 3^rd parties like banks etc.  You have no longer to worry about an invalid check and payment fraud by different people or companies. All transitions will be secure and you can send them directly to anyone.
• Bitcoin is so common nowadays and people are using it for paying hotel bills, flights, apps, jewelers, college degrees and so many more.
• Different other digital currency of cryptocurrency is not common yet and not accepting widely by merchants. But things are changing slowly and even APPLE has authorized ten cryptocurrencies. Now people can pay through these cryptocurrencies for the app store.
• There are different market places like openBazar & Bitify that only accept cryptocurrencies.

How does Cryptocurrency work?

In cryptocurrency, there is not a single central record of the transaction. But they distribute many copies of the ledger around the world and each owner of each copy record every transaction. They trust each other. How? Let me explain in a simpler word for you! For example, you are going to buy something using cryptocurrency.  You will give him all the details about yourself and then the merchant or shopkeeper will ask all the other bookkeepers who have a record of each owner that if that buyer is good for the money.  Then the record keepers will check from their records to see if the buyer has enough money.  If the buyer has enough money then they will tell the shopkeeper that he/she has money. So, when the new transaction will be made now everyone will update their records to show the movement of money.  Keep in mind that all of the bookkeepers and ledgers are lots of computers, not people. Hence there is no way of making a fake transaction in it. But if someone tries to change a ledger and it would not match the rest of the copies and its get rejected. Then one of the random bookkeepers will get a reward for it.

Name of the most popular cryptocurrencies

• Bitcoin: Bitcoin is the first cryptocurrency that started in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. It is the most popular cryptocurrency and accepted globally.
• Ethereum: Ethereum is a programmatic cryptocurrency that allows developers to build different apps and technologies. It is the most trustable cryptocurrency after Bitcoin.
• Ripple: Ripple does not use blockchain method for the transaction. They use a different iterative consensus process for a transaction which makes it faster than Bitcoin. But it is a weak technique and hacker can hack easily. Ripple is, in fact, RTGS(Real Time Gross Settlement System).
• Bitcoin Cash: Bitcoin cash is a part of Bitcoin and Bitcoin support it in manufacturing ASICs Bitcoin mining chips.
• NEM: NEM use proof of work algorithm that is different from all other cryptocurrencies.  NEM used proof of importance which requires users to already have few coins to get the new one. In this, you can track your transactions result and others too. It will tell you the importance of particular users.
• Litecoin: It started in 2011 and the intention of this cryptocurrency was to be the “digital silver” compared to Bitcoin which is “digital gold”. It is also a part of Bitcoin and this cryptocurrency can be mined.  It can be used in transacting services and goods.
• Monero: Monero can provide you more privacy and you can’t trace easily through monero as comare to Bitcoin.  It used signature technology that makes it untraceable and secure.
• Dash: Dash is actually digital cash and its use anonymization technology to secure the transaction. It was also known as Darkcoin and is secure and fast. It is a two-tire network.
• IOTA: Ledger technology does use in IOTA cryptocurrency.  Proof of work requires in this also from a sender for the transaction.

Can you transfer cryptocurrency to a bank account or trade for cash? Yes! Definitely, you can transfer cryptocurrency to a bank account or trade for cash. There are many banks that are making it possible with fast and secure options.

Why should you buy a cryptocurrency?

There are so many reasons for buying cryptocurrency is but the most essentials are:

• Easy to start and you can manage different and many accounts.
• Safe place from hacker and cybercriminals.
• Don’t need to share your personal information for buying cryptocurrency.
• A single nickname can buy you all the digital money.
• Millions of users are already using it and it getting bigger day by day.

Master's Degree

Hello Friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, In this tutorial, I am going to discuss about Master's degree? A master's degree is an academic degree offered by universities after completing the bachelor's degree. It mainly focuses on the practical practices to complete projects on large scale. Moreover, it requires a bachelor's degree to consider. In this post, I will discuss the types of Master degree, popular Master degree programs, benefits, and their course contents in detail.

Master's Degree

The master's degree started first in ancient universities in Europe and was considered equal to the doctorate. While the doctorate was first presented for theology, law, and medicine,. And the master's degree was normally given in the liberal arts, and philosophy in Europe, which included all other academic subjects. In the whole master's study, the students are required to know the advanced technology and knowledge of theoretical and applied topics. They must get high-order skills in analysis, professional application, and critical evaluation. They develop the ability to solve complex problems and think deeply and individually. Additionally, a Master’s degree is a viable choice for those who want to study further and enhance their knowledge in a particular subject area, examine other areas of interest. After completing an undergraduate degree (BSc). Do you want to know that a master’s degree is the perfect choice for you or not? Here’s a complete guide for you to know about this degree.

Types of Master's Degree

• Graduate master's degrees.

The formal forms of master degree are: MA (master in Administration), MPhil (master of philosophy), MSc (master of science), MBA (master in business administration), and LLM (Bachelor in Law) etc. After the student already has an undergraduate BSc degree on entry. The duration depends on the institution. For example, in the UK this course is normally for one year and in the US it is for two years.

• Integrated master's degrees.

The degrees including MChem (master in Chemistry), MPhys (master in Physics), MMath (master in Math), MPharm (master in Pharmacy), MPsy (master in Physiology), MEng (mster in English), MSci (master in Science) are popular in the UK. Master degrees that combine with bachelor's degree course with an extra year. So the master's degree is a total of four years in Northern Ireland, England. And in Scotland it is completed in five years. Further, a 2011 survey of the UK Higher Education Institute states that 64% offered combined master's courses, in STEM systems, with the most popular degrees being master in Science, master in English, and master in Chemistry. Moreover, 82% of respondents gave only a master's degree for the course, while only 9% offer bachelor degrees at the end of the bachelor's level and at the end of the course they offer master degrees. And a further 9% awarded both bachelors and master's degrees at the end of the course.  

• Non thesis Master degrees.

The old universities of the Ireland and UK offered MA (master in arts) degrees in a different way compared with today. The Scottish MA is a bachelor's-level education offered by the old universities of Scotland. The Oxbridge MA is not an educational degree, it is given without further research to those who have got a BA from Oxford or Cambridge Universities in England. And the MA of Trinity College Dublin in Ireland is given to its students in a similar manner after graduation. The UK Quality Assurance Agency describes three categories of master's degrees:

• Research master's degrees.

These are research-based master's degrees, may also contain taught elements, but mainly focus on research methods. For example, the MLitt (the master of letters), the master's by research, and the MPhil. The Master's by Research, which is a research degree, is different from the Master of Research. It is a taught degree focusing on research methods.

• Specialized study.

These are the master's degrees mainly focus on taught programs, but a third part of the degree also spend on a research project with thesis. These may include master's courses, e.g., MSci (master in Science), and MA (master in Art).

• Professional or practice.

Finally, master's degrees are intended to prepare students for a specific professional career. These are primarily taught but may also include internships and individual study projects. Some may need professional experience for admission. Examples are MBA, MDiv (master of divinity), LLM, and MSW (master of social work) which are some integrated master's programs. The name of the degree usually involves the subject name.

Duration of Master degree

Master's programs duration depends on the selected country, such as in the US and Canada it is normally of two years. In some programs, work on a doctorate starts directly after the bachelor's degree, but a master's may offer along as intermediate eligibility if the student applies for it. Some universities give also evening options so the students can work during day time and take the course in the evening. And finally, earn a master's degree. In addition, the UK, master's degrees normally take one to two years full-time. Master's degrees are classified into two categories which are "research" or "taught". With taught degrees, in which research work is less than half of the total course, is further subdivided into 'professional or practice' or "specialist or advanced study". Both forms normally take a full-time 2 years. And research degrees are not credit-rated but can take more than two years to finish. An MPhil normally takes two years with 360 credits. The master's degree is taught program mixes with a bachelor's degree course with an extra year of study at master's level for four to five years (e.g. England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland). Master's degree ranges from one year for the "coursework" or "research" in Australia. Depending on from an Australian honors degree in a relevant field, with an extra six months. the master's degree takes up to two years in some Australian universities, Lastly, Irish master's degrees take 1–2 years (60–120 credits hours) for taught programs. 2 years (with no credit) for research degrees and taught programs. These have been verified as compatible with the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) .

Admission requirement for Master degree

Admission to a master's degree usually needs successful finish of bachelor study as a stand-alone degree or integrated degrees as part of an integrated design of the study. In countries where the honors bachelor's degree is the usual undergraduate degree and often need for the normal entry. Further, the students will write a personal statement to qualify or submit a complete work profile in the arts and humanities. Moreover, students need to have a 2:1 in the UK. Students also have to give proof of their ability to successfully seek a postgraduate degree to be admitted into a taught master's course. And may be higher for a research master's. In the US, graduate schools require strong undergraduate performance similarly and require students to take standardized tests, such as the GMAT, GRE or LSAT.

List of Master degrees programs offered

Here we listed of master's degrees:

• Master of Accountancy.
• Master of Architecture.
• Master of Applied Finance.
• Master of Architecture.

• Master of Advanced Study.

• Master of Applied Finance.
• Master of Applied Science.

• Master of Arts in Liberal Studies.
• Master of Arts in Special Education.
• Master of Arts in Teaching.
• Master of Arts.
• Master of Bioethics.
• Master of Business Informatics.

• Master of Business Administration.

• Master of Computer Applications.

• Master of Business.

• Master of Chemistry.

• Master of Business Engineering.

• Master of City Planning.
• Master of Criminal Justice.

• Master of Christian Education.
• Master of Commerce.

• Master of Computational Finance.
• Master of Counselling.
• Master of Creative Technologies.
• Master of Data Science.
• Master of Defense Studies.
• Master of Design.
• Master of Engineering.
• Master of Economics.
• Master of Engineering Management.
• Master of Education.
• Master of Finance.
• Master of Enterprise.
• Master of European Law.
• Master of Financial Mathematics.
• Master of Financial Economics.
• Master of Financial Engineering.
• Master of Health Economics.
• Masters of International Economics.
• Master of Fine Arts.
• Master of Health Administration.
• Master of Humanities.
• Master of Health Science.
• Master of Industrial.
• Master of Information and Cybersecurity.
• Master of International Affairs.
• Master of International Business.
• Master of Journalism.
• Master of Jurisprudence.
• Master of International Studies.
• Master of Laws.
• Master of Mass Communication.
• Master of Studies in Law.
• Master of Information and Data Science.
• Master of Information Management.
• Master of Information System Management.
• Master of Mathematical Finance.
• Master of Landscape Architecture.
• Master of Letters.
• Master of Liberal Arts.
• Master of Medical Science.
• Master of Military Operational Art and Science.
• Master of Management.
• Master of Management of Innovation.
• Master of Ministry.
• Master of Mathematics.
• Master of Occupational Therapy.
• Master of Medicine.
• Masters of Military Art and Science.
• Master of Political Science.
• Master of Public Service.
• Master of Philosophy.
• Master of Physics.
• Master of Professional Studies.
• Master of Music.
• Master of Occupational Behavior and Development.
• Master of Psychology.
• Master of Pharmacy.
• Master of Physician Assistant Studies.
• Master of Social Work.
• Master of Public Administration.
• Master of Public Affairs.
• Master of Public Health.
• Master of Public Policy.
• Master of Public Relations.         
• Master of Science.

• Science in Bioinformatics.
• Master of Science in Administration.
• Master of Science in Archaeology.
• Master of Science in Engineering.
• Master of Science in Health Informatics.
• Master of Science in Computer Science.
• Master of Science in Counselling.
• Master of Science in Human Resource Development.
• Master of Science in Cyber Security.
• Master of Science in Biblical Archaeology.
• Master of Science in Information Systems.
• Master of Science in Management.
• Master of Science in Development Administration.
• Master of Science in Finance.
• Master of Science in Supply Chain Management.
• Master of Science in Taxation.
• Master of Science in Information Assurance.
• Master of Science in Information Technology.
• Master of Science in Leadership.
• Master of Science in Nursing.
• Master of Science in Project Management.
• Master of Science in Teaching.
• Master of Social Science.
• Master of Social Work.
• Master of Surgery.
• Master of Theological Studies.
• Master of Technology.
• Master of Urban Planning.
• Master of Veterinary Science.

8 Popular Master Degree programs of 2021

A master’s degree is a post-bachelor’s degree given to students with exceptional knowledge in the selective area. Other than this, the online master’s degree offers further benefits, including breadth and depth of program offerings, versatility, convenience, and cost savings. The variety of different master’s degree programs are discussed below.

1. Master in Business

Are you interested in a master's degree in Business Studies programs? doing a Master in Business makes you an expert in your field. There are lots of great career choices for graduates taking a Master in Business online. The popularity of this degree has been increased. The Master of Business (MBA) will remain a popular choice for students who have studied business-related programs.  

• Requirements for admission

MBA and other business-related master degrees have entry requirements, such as academic achievements, GMAT or GRE scores, and proof of language requirements. The important difference is that MBA entry requirements also declare that students must have professional experience usually for 1-2 years. Moreover, the other Masters' programs in Business focus more on requirements like good undergraduate academic scores. Some courses are optional and ask for students like business administration, economics, business management, or finance. Some institutions allow essential and basic courses in business for students who have not a strong business background.

• Course content

In MBAs and other Masters in Business, related programs cover a wide range of business topics. They allow students to select the elective course themselves. MBAs typically give a relatively general survey of the business. Also, give a range of mandatory courses intended to provide students to handle complex business-related jobs and roles. Indifference, an MA or MSc in Business manages to provide greater specialization, with a specific academic and theoretical structure meant to help students become experts. This then enables graduates to apply for more specialized positions after graduation.

• Fee of this Master degree program 

The costs of MBA and other Masters in business degrees varied according to the institution as well as the country. MBAs are usually more costly than other business degrees. In general, an MBA cost range from US$60,000 to US$100,000.

2. Master in Engineering

It has one of two forms:

• Only get an academic degree.

•  Or get a professional degree featuring skills and practical study.

There are many types of engineering degrees available depend on the country and the institution you choose to study.

• Duration of this Master program

Duration is different in the different countries. For example, the Master of Engineering degree in Australia complete in two- to three-year with a final year thesis. While in the US and Canada a Master of Engineering finishes in two years after a four-year bachelor’s degree in engineering. In the UK master's degree complete in four-year that is meant to prepare students to become expert engineers. And may increase to five years for students to spend a year in industry. There is a large variety within postgraduate courses in engineering, with each university giving a range of highly specialized courses created to make experts in the field in question. For example, Australia’s University of Melbourne gives a master’s program which examines innovative and sustainable solutions to environmental problems. While the University of Texas at Austin gives petroleum engineering degree concentrated on energy issues. Similarly, the Netherlands’ Eindhoven University of Technology allows for becoming an architectural engineer. While the Imperial College London proposes an MSc in Biological Engineering with 4 forms which are biomechanics, biomaterials, neurotechnology, and medical physics.

3. Master in Science education

If you are interested in getting a master's degree in science education, then you will not regret it. No doubt it is also a great choice for a future career. It will improve your skills and knowledge.

• Courses for master in Science 

Courses in a master's in science education can differ depending on the university you choose. But in general, these programs are into advanced work in science development and best practices. Moreover, a Master of Science in Education gives students more career opportunities. The career paths involve instruction, leadership, curriculum, and special education. Students have to study advanced educational theories, and do in-depth research and examine educational psychology.

• How much time it take to complete?

In general, full-time students can finish their master's degree in two years. And part-time students can complete in three to five years. A full-time course covers 12 credits per term.

• How Much Is a Master's in Science Education?

The cost of getting a master's degree in science education is a major concern for any student. With a master's degree in science education, you can get student-teaching experience, and begin a career in teaching. The cost of a master's degree varies by university and depends on the program you choose online or on campus. In general, a master's degree in science education cost is $25,000 a year. And students usually take on 15 credits for each term. Thus, students have to complete a 60-credit master's program in two years.

4. Master in Public Health

The Master's degree in public health has academic and professional elements. It takes an interdisciplinary way related to public health. Students are trained to monitor, diagnose and manage through public policies the health concerns of communities. The specialized areas are global health, epidemiology, nutritional sciences, and occupational health. While some countries take students with approved bachelor’s degrees for this program. Many universities only accept medical graduates.

5. Master in Law 

A master's degree in Law usually needed after having a professional law degree. It gives students the chance to mix their knowledge of the basic skills required to become a lawyer with the specialist information gained through research in a selective area of law.

6. Master of Fine Arts

The Master of Fine Arts is a productive degree awarded in systems such as the visual, performing, and studio arts. This also includes creative writing, filmmaking, photography, graphic design theatre, and painting. Evaluation and study are both practical, finishing in a major work or performance.

7. Master of Music 

Given by universities and music schools, the master in Music degree has advanced studies in a professional applied area chosen by the student. Such as music performance, composition, and conducting. With advanced studies in musical theory, this degree enables you to become a music teacher or a professional musician.

8. Master of Architecture 

The master’s degree in architecture takes students by practical internships, final examinations, or a thesis or final project to get a license. This degree varies in kind, you can find different names for various types of programs. Students are needed to provide coursework in subjects such as design, professional practice, structural engineering, building science, architectural history, and theory. The main benefits of a master degree are that you can be specialized in the field you are interested in most. Moreover, earning a master's degree will help you to get great job opportunities. A master's degree will make it easier to get hired at higher senior positions. Further, it will increased the earning chances and it is a lifelong learning process. Lastly, It will enhance your professional attitude. I hope this article will help you to know about Master degree and its popular programs offered by universities. Have a good day.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) - All you need to know

You must have heard about the VPN. It's a much common phrase these days. Many teenagers use this service to browse online, stream the content and get the location prohibited services online, but the actual meaning of VPN is a lesser-known fact and why VPN was introduced is rarely known. In this complete guide about VPN, you'll learn everything about the VPN- the intro, history, usage, types and benefits.

Introduction to VPN

VPN is pronounced as Virtual Private Network. As its name suggests, VPN is a private network connection that serves the purpose of data sharing, privately, among several connected devices. All the computers, mobiles, laptops and other devices connected through this virtual private network can share the data with secured encryption that cannot be observed by anyone else. That's why it is called a private network. It serves the purpose of security.

A typical VPN performs data encryption up to 256 bytes. Data encryption means that your original data is being transmitted into a different complex language that needs to be decrypted for understanding. That's why, when you surf the internet via VPN, all your data log is encrypted and no internet service provider can see the actual data. They just see a connection between a random IP and the VPN server. The encrypted data seems garbage to them. Here's a list of a few best online VPN services:

• SurfShark VPN
• Nord VPN
• ExpressVPN etc.

History of VPN

VPN was introduced in 1996 just for the sake of sharing the team data, remotely, via a private network. It made the team eligible to connect the company's device via a secured connection. Later, many military and government sectors shared their resources and their devices via virtual private networks so that any core member of the department could access the data anywhere online.

These private networks made sure the data encryption as well. No other internet user or service provider could actually see their transaction details. That's how the VPN appeared as a handful yet secured network.

With the passage of time, a corporate sector adopted this private network method as they could not afford to reveal their specific business models and strategies online with anyone; therefore, they made their own virtual private networks to deal with their international staff via a private network.

VPN Structure

A virtual private network means private network access to a public network connection virtually. There are different protocols used in building a secured VPN. Whenever a person is connected through a VPN, his browsing history and login details won't be accessible via a public network. It does not matter if he is using public Wifi or not, his all browsing history is encrypted with several protocols.

Pros/ Advantages of VPN

VPN helps us in getting:

• Secure connection
• Better Internet Speed
• Access to the restricted platforms
• Chance to go global
• Rid of censorship
• An untraceable IP
• All international offers
• Secured data log

Secure connection

The very first and foremost usage of the VPN is building a secured line of data transmission which cannot be traced, manipulated or hacked by any service provider.

All the data which is transmitted by a VPN is encrypted in several layers and the service provider can just see a connection between them, not the actual data which is being transferred.

That's why most of the banking sectors and e-commerce stakeholders have their own VPNs. Otherwise, all the private credentials can be hacked or manipulated with some medium level hacking.

Better Internet Speed

As you have known that VPN is a private network, so it works as a dedicated server between both ends. We may receive lag in our public network connections due to a burden of overload traffic but the VPN works as a sole private network that is dedicatedly available to you. Regardless of a normal public connection speed, VPN always offers you a better speed than a public network.

That's why many streamers and professional gamers now have to have a premium VPN service for the best speed.

Access to the Restricted Platforms

We are living in a highly diplomatic and highly competitive era. Many international countries and brands have to restrict their services due to their diplomatic policies like China and Saudia won't allow you to use Facebook and Google etc. In the same way, some countries won't support the PayPal and Netflix streaming services. If you are traveling or staying there for a while, you still can access your PayPal and Netflix subscription there with the help of a VPN.

If you still want to use any international service without any local restrictions, you need to have a VPN service.

Chance to Go Global

One of the most fascinating things about VPN is about connecting to the internet from any country's local network. You can select your favorite county's network to connect with and then all your data surfing and browsing would be done with that particular network.

Most of the time, any internet geek or E-commerce geek chooses VPN to collect data and statistics for an international forum. For example, whenever you type a certain keyword in your browser, you will see some top suggested queries by your browser. Those top suggestions are based on the most common search queries from your nearest areas. Hence, you can connect to another country's network via VPN and collect a different data set by searching the same query in your browser. It would give you top search results from that particular location.

Any SEO guru can do this to master the keyword-finding technique. Probably most of the keywords finding tools perform the same algorithm to gather the top ranking keywords in different parts of the world.

Get Rid of Censorship

If you ever feel rejected, restricted by the national censorship laws and some international forums and you just can't share any bold content or speech of your desire. You can achieve that freedom of speech after getting connected with any VPN service. You can then easily share your ideas and content from a different location.

An Untraceable IP

In a normal routine, you are easily traceable and trackable of your all activities via your internet devices. All your banking details and your bank transaction can be hacked with ease on a public network. You can even be traced with some medium to advance hacking tools. Hence, you are nothing but a caged person in this miserable public network connection. So, you may get an untraceable IP each time after getting connected with the VPNs. Each time you get connected to the VPN, you get a new IP address that cannot be traced back to your device.

Redeem All International Offers

As you have already understood much about VPN, you should be aware of the fact that you can change your log-in location with the help of a VPN. Now here comes an exciting part. Many companies and brands present special deals and discounted offers for specific countries or regions at some specific local festivals. If you have a VPN service, you can easily redeem the discounted price after getting logged in from that particular location.

In another case, you can even purchase online from different locations to have a fair deal. For example, AliExpress provides a different rate for Chinese than Europeans.

Secured Data Log

Have you ever wondered about the internet ads process? How do they belong to you every single time? How can they appear at the right place at the right time? How is it possible for those advertisers to know your personal interests and your personal needs?

Well, it is an alarming yet awakening fact that every single free social media service provider keeps logging and storing your personal data from your device. Whenever you download the free apps, they ask permission to access your microphone and camera. There you fall into a trap. They can know every single thing about themselves through your device. They sell that particular data to those third-party apps, so they can lure you with the most relevant necessities. That's how the whole online advertising model works. That's how all these free apps are still able to provide you so-called free services because you are not paying for their products but you are yourself a product. It is what it is.

Cons/Disadvantages of VPN

Despite all the pros of VPN, there are some cons of VPN as well. The most common disadvantages of VPN are:

• Extra Cost
• Illegal activity

Extra Cost

To have a secured and premium service of a VPN may cost any particular regular charges which you have to bear as an extra for surfing the same browsers along with the VPN.

It won't cost much to any individual but on a larger scale, VPN costs the corporate companies and banking sectors a handsome monthly amount.

Illegal Activity

We know that we are living in the high-tech era. Every single good soul is using the internet so as the evil ones. That's why government institutions and your national internet service provider keep tracking your internet activities all the time. If any fraudulent or terror activities are to be done somewhere, they try to trace it via their logged data and eliminate the threat before a threat eliminates us.

That's why many countries won't encourage VPNs as they consider it a risky approach for common civilians. If it is encouraged openly, then every single person would be doing it and they can't differentiate between anyone because they won't be able to decrypt the encrypted surfing data. Anyone with bad intentions would be a major threat if he would be using the VPN each time before going to the internet. That's why all the security institutions won't allow any open usage of the VPN. They are interested in tracking your records for your safety; however, you won't be having your free private life.

Types of VPN

There are many types of VPN services available in the market nowadays. Most of them are free but they have their limitations and other premium VPs are good options too. Following are the details about several types of VPN.

Free Routers VPN

Free routers VPNs work as just the router. They just redirect your internet requests to the private network and all the responses from the public networks against your search queries revert back to you from the same private network connection. There is no direct network connection between the public network and your device. You can get a new random IP address each time while connecting to that free VPN. So, your location is untraceable.

These free VPNs are most favorable towards newbies and freebies. Almost all teenagers use such free VPNs to stream their favorite content platforms like Netflix, Hulu and Sonyliv etc.

The major benefit of such VPNs is that they won't cost you some extra bucks but they are not much feasible as well. They are usually slower than premium ones because many people use their free services and their server is usually down due to heavy traffic. Moreover, their security is not as much safer as it should be. As they also have an advertisement revenue model for their return of investment (ROI), you are still on the verge of losing all your data online to some specific advertisers. That's why you observe many ads even on VPNs.

So these are not trustworthy for secured businesses. They are just valuable for youngsters for steaming the restricted games and apps free of cost.

Premium VPNs

Premium VPNs are dedicated VPNs for your network connection. They are not rushy as there are no freebies there on their server. Only mature and serious peeps buy their membership to have either a better speed of internet or much safer protection for their online surfing. In such premium VPNs, several layers of VPN protocols are added and your data is made fully encrypted. Further, your one-session data expires- once you logged out from that private connection. That's the most attractive part to buy a premium service of a VPN as it gives you full control and assurance about your protected internet surfing.

These premium VPN services have several backup servers on their end, so their speed is rarely compromised.

Such VPNs give freedom of speech and free life- a true meaning.

FAQs about VPN

What is VPN?

VPN is a virtual private network that allows you to access the public network, privately. It was built for just accessing office resources remotely in 1996. Nowadays, it is working as a proper proxy network to access all the restricted platforms. You can secretly browse anything from your PC and your IP address and browsing history won't be tracked.

What is the purpose of a VPN?

There are several purposes of VPN as it behaves as a separate private network connection providing a speedy internet, secured internet and ad-free service; plus, it gives you an opportunity to access all the restricted services and international offers. Some corporate companies and banks use their own VPNs to make their data secure via their own private network.

What are the Pros/Cons of VPN?

There are several pros and cons of a VPN. The major pros of VPN are data security, speedy internet and providing access to any restricted media by changing your geometric location and IP.

The cons of VPN are the extra expenditure and a risky approach to a probable violation of the law according to some specific countries.

How to check the quality of any VPN?

You should check its capability of providing secure 256 bits data encryption. You should check whether it has as many locations as you want or not. You must check its assigned IP addresses beginning- it must match with that particular location's IPs. You should also check the internet speed via that particular VPN. It is supposed to give you a higher speed.

Should I go with free VPNs or Premium Ones?

Obviously, it is preferable to go with the premium ones as they provide better privacy and speedy service than free ones. However, if you want to just access your favorite show or game which is restricted in your location, you can go with the free ones. Don't try to process any secret data like banking or credit card transactions while using free VPNs.

How do I connect with a VPN Service?

It's not a hectic task nowadays, you can just simply download an app from the play store or an app store and the app sets up a VPN connection on your public internet automatically assigning you a random IP of a different location. However, you can set up manually via VPN settings in your network settings.

For a Windows PC, you need to sign up with your VPN service providers and establish a username and password once.

Once you have got your VPN subscription, you can simply go to the network settings and create a VPN server choosing a specific IP address, username and password.

Then you just need to connect with that particular VPN network each time. It works as a proxy network in your windows.

MJE13005 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to MJE13005. The MJE13005 is a high speed and high voltage power transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family. This device can support load up to 4A and the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the voltage required to bias the device and start the transistor action. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to MJE13005 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13005

• The MJE13005 is an NPN transistor which is a high speed and high power device used for amplification and switching purposes.
• This component is made of three-layers where one is p-doped layers and the other two are n-doped layers. The p-doped layer stands between these two n-doped layers.
• The MJE13005 is a semiconductor device made of silicon material. It contains three terminals known as emitter, base, and collector and is termed as a current-controlled device as opposed to MOSFETs which are voltage-controlled devices and contain terminals source, drain, and gate.

• All these terminals carry different doping concentrations. The doping concentration of the collector pin is light and the doping concentration of the emitter pin is high compared to the other two terminals. The base pin is 10-times more doped than the collector pin. Moreover, the emitter side carries the entire current of the device since the emitter current is the sum of both collector current and base current.
• The bipolar junction transistors are mainly categorized into two types i.e. NPN transistors and PNP transistors.
• Both electrons and holes play a vital role in conductivity in both these transistors. But in the case of NPN transistors holes are the majority carriers and in the case of PNP transistors holes are majority carriers.
• The NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
• NPN devices are sometimes known as “sinking devices” since they sink ground to the output. PNP devices are sometimes named “sourcing devices” since they source positive power to the output.
• The DC current gain of this device ranges from 8 to 40 which is the amount of current this device can amplify.

MJE13005 Datasheet

Before you embed this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to scan through the datasheet of this component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of MJE13005.

MJE13005 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MJE13005. This device contains three terminals named:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

The small current at the base side is used to produce a large current across two terminals. This device carries two junctions i.e. base-collector junction which is reverse biased and base-emitter junction which is forward biased.

MJE13005 Working Principle

• The working of this device starts from the base pin. When voltage is applied at the base pin, it results in biasing the device, and current starts flowing from collector to emitter terminal.

• Know that these bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical devices. This means if we exchange both emitter and collector terminal, it prevents both these terminals to work in forward active mode and as a result, both these terminals will start working in reverse active mode. Doing this will affect the values of common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

• This lack of symmetry comes from the different doing concentrations of all three terminals.
• The Common-emitter current gain of this device ranges from 8-40 in this device, which is denoted by beta and the common-base current gain is denoted by alpha and is always less than one.

MJE13005 Equivalent

The following are the alternative to MJE13005:

• KSE13007
• MJE13007
• 2SC3795

It’s better the check out the pinout of alternatives before applying them to your electrical project as the pinout of the alternatives might differ from the pinout of MJE13005.

MJE13005 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13005.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13005
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	4A
5	Power dissipation	70W
6	Base current	2A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

The collector-emitter is 400V and the collector-base voltage is 700V. And total power dissipation is 70W which indicates the power released during the working of this device. The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C. Know that, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability. When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t increase from the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can badly damage the device, putting your entire project at risk.

MJE13005 Applications

MJE13005 is embedded in the following applications.

• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.

• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Employed to support loads under 4A.
• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.

MJE13005 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the MJE13005 device. By checking out the physical dimensions of this component you can predict the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly. That was all about the Introduction to MJE13005. If you have any questions, you can pop your comments in the section below, I’m ready and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep generating quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the post.

IRF2807 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Folks! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to IRF2807. The IRF2807 is an N-channel MOSFET made up using advanced process technology to obtain extremely low on-resistance. This device is fully avalanche and is mainly used in fast switching applications. It comes in TO-package which is universally accepted for commercial-industrial applications. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to IRF2807 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s dive in.

Introduction to IRF2807

• The IRF2807 is an N-channel MOSFET that comes with a power dissipation of around 200W.
• This device is mainly used for fast switching applications and low thermal resistance and low package cost makes this advice an ideal pick for a range of industrial applications.
• The IRF2807 contains three terminals called the gate, drain, and source. At times, this is considered as a four-terminal device when the body is taken as the fourth terminal of the device.

• The electrons enter the channel through the source terminal while they leave the channel through the drain terminal. The gate terminal plays an important role in the biasing of the device and it stands between the source and drain terminals. The voltage on the gate terminal controls the channel width.
• This IRF3710 MOSFET comes with extremely low ON resistance, making this device preferable for low drop switching applications. The low drop is responsible for low power loss, thus guarantees greater efficiency.
• The MOSFETs are termed the voltage-controlled device in opposed to bipolar junction transistors that are current-controlled devices and contain terminals emitter, base, and collector.

• The MOSFET works in two modes i.e. depletion mode and enhancement mode.
• And the behavior of electrons is different in both these modes. During the enhancement when there is no voltage across the gate terminal, there will be no current across the channel. While when voltage is applied across the gate terminal, the conductance of the device will increase.
• During depletion mode, however, when no voltage is applied across the gate terminal, there is conductance across the channel. While, when the voltage is applied, the channel conductivity will decrease.
• The MOSFETs are mainly divided into two main types i.e. P-channel MOSFET and N-channel MOSFET. The IRF2807 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET where conductance is carried out by the movement of electrons.
• In P-channel MOSFETs conductance is carried out by the movement of holes. The movement of electrons is better than the movement of holes, making N-channel MOSFET better than P-channel MOSFETs for a range of applications.

IRF2807 Datasheet

Before you embed this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. You can download the datasheet of IRF2807 by clicking the link below.

IRF2807 Pinout

The following figure represents the pinout diagram of IRF2807. The IRF2807 comes with three terminals named gate, drain, and source.

Pin Description of IRF2807
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through this terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through this terminal	Source

IRF2807 Features

The following are the main features of IRF2807.

• Type = N-Channel MOSFET
• Department = Transistors
• Category = IRF series
• Power Dissipation (Ptot) = 200W
• Fully avalanche rated
• Drain-Source Volt (Vds) = 100V

• Advanced process technology
• Gate-Source Volt (Vgs) = 20V
• Ultra-low on-resistance
• Dynamic dv/dt rating
• Drain Current (Id): 58A
• Package = TO-220

IRF2807 Applications

The IRF2807 is used in the following applications.

• Used in USP
• Employed in instrumentation projects
• Used in embedded projects
• Employed in Inverters
• Incorporated in switching applications

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Introduction to IRF2807. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m ready and happy to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

IRF740 MOSFET Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Friends! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll detail the Introduction to IRF740.

The IRF740 is an N-channel power MOSFET used for extremely fast switching applications. It comes with a power dissipation of around 125W and can support loads up to 400V. The maximum drain current of this device is 10A and the drain-source capacitance is 1450pF.

I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll describe the complete Introduction to IRF740 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications.

Introduction to IRF740

• The IRF740 is an N-channel MOSFET that comes with 125W power dissipation. This is the power device that dissipates during the working of this component.
• This device is mainly used for fast switching applications and comes with ultra-low on-resistance of 0.55 Ohms which is the resistance between drain and source terminals.
• The IRF740 contains three terminals named source, drain, and gate. Sometimes it is termed as a four-pin device when the body is also considered as its terminal.

• The gate terminal is located between the source and drain terminals and is the area used for biasing of the device. While the drain terminal is the location from where electrons leave the channel and the source terminal is the location from where electrons enter the channel.

• The MOSFETs are mainly categorized into two main types named N-channel MOSFET and P-channel MOSFET. This device IRF740 belongs to the N-channel MOSFET where electrons are responsible for the current flow inside the device as opposed to P-channel MOSFETs where holes are the charge carriers responsible for conductance inside the device.
• It is important to note that the movement of the electrons is better than the movement of holes inside the MOSFET. The reason N-channel MOSFETs are preferred over P-channel MOSFETs in a range of applications.
• The MOSFET operates in two modes i.e. depletion mode and enhancement mode.
• The nature of electrons is opposite in both these modes in N-channel MOSFETs. During the enhancement mode when there is no voltage, there will be no current across the channel. However, when voltage is applied across the gate terminal, it increases the movement of electrons and thus increases the conductance.
• On the other hand, during depletion mode, when there is no voltage applied across the gate terminal, there is current across the channel. However, when the voltage is applied across the gate terminal, it will decrease the movement of electrons and hence decrease the channel conductivity.

IRF740 Datasheet

Before you apply this device to your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the device that features the main characteristics of the component, helping you better understand the absolute maximum ratings of this device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of IRF740.

IRF740 Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of IRF740.  The IRF740 comes with three terminals i.e. gate, drain, and source.

Pin Description of IRF740
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Used for biasing the device	Gate
2	Electrons leave the channel through this terminal	Drain
3	Electrons enter the channel through this terminal	Source

IRF740 Features

The following are the main features of IRF740.

• Type = N-Channel Power MOSFET
• Category = IRF series
• Capable of fast switching
• Power Dissipation = 125W
• Continuous Drain Current (ID) = 10A
• Gate threshold voltage (VGS-th) = 10V (limit = ±20V)
• Drain to Source Breakdown Voltage = 400V
• Drain Source Resistance (RDS) = 0.55 Ohms

• Rise time is 27ns and fall time is 24nS
• Junction temperature = 150C
• Maximum Drain current = 10A
• Drain-source capacitance = 1450pF
• Available package = TO-220

IRF740 Applications

The IRF740 is employed in the following applications.

• Used in USP
• Employed in instrumentation projects
• Used in switching applications
• Used in embedded projects
• Employed in Inverters

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve got a clear idea about this device IRF740. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m ready and happy to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

2SC1061 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hello Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to 2SC1061.

2sc1601 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor used for switching and amplification purposes. During the amplification process, the small input current across one pair of terminals is used to generate a large output current across other pairs of terminals.

2sc1601 is known as a semiconductor device made of silicon material. This is a bipolar junction transistor where two charge carriers (electrons and holes) play an important role in the conductivity inside the transistor. As this is an NPN transistor so here major charge carriers are electrons while holes are the minority carriers.

I suggest you buckle up as I’ll detail the complete Introduction to 2SC1061 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s dive in.

Introduction to 2SC1061

• 2sc1601 is a power transistor used for amplification and switching purposes. It comes with two junctions i.e. base-collector junction that is reverse biased and base-emitter junction that is forward biased.
• This bipolar junction transistor belongs to the NPN transistor family where electrons are the major charge carriers.

• This chip is made of three layers where one p-doped layer stands between the two n-doped layers.
• 2sc1601 contains three terminals named emitter, base, and collector. These terminals are used for the external connection with the electrical circuit.

• Both collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 50V while the emitter-base voltage is 4V which is the amount of voltage needed to bias the transistor and initiate the transistor action.
• The DC current gain ranges from 35 to 320 which is the value of current this transistor can amplify. This current gain is based on the current and voltage characteristics of the transistors.

2SC1061 Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet before you incorporate this device into your project. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device, helping you better understand the absolute maximum ratings of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of 2sc1601.

2SC1061 Pinout

The 2sc1061 contains three pins named: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter The following figure shows the pinout diagram of transistor 2sc1061.

• All these terminals contain different doping concentrations. The collector pin is lightly doped while the emitter terminal is highly doped compared to other terminals.
• The collector pin is 10-times less doped compared to the base pin. Moreover, the emitter side carries the entire current of the device. Because current on the emitter side is the combination of both collector current and base current.
• Plus, NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors for a range of applications because the mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the movement of holes.

2SC1061 Working Principle

• The working of this transistor is simple and straight forward. When a positive voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and the current starts flowing from the collector to the emitter pin.
• Both electrons and holes play a vital role in the conductivity process inside the transistor but electrons are majority carriers and holes are minority carriers.
• It is important to note that bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical components. Which projects that exchanging the collector and emitter terminals will keep the transistor from working in forward active mode and as a result, both terminals will start working in the reverse active mode. This can influence the values of common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

• Different doping concentrations of both emitter and collector terminals are responsible for the lack of symmetry inside the transistor.
• The Common-emitter current gain of this device is 35-320 in this transistor, which is denoted by beta and the common-base current gain is always less than one which is denoted by alpha.

2SC1061 Alternatives

The complementary PNP transistor to this NPN transistor is 2SA671. And the equivalent to 2SC1061 is MJC32C. Double-check the pinout of the alternative before incorporating it into your project as the pinout of alternative might differ from the pinout of 2SC1061.

2SC1061 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of 2sc1601.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2SC1061
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	50V
2	Collector-base voltage	50V
3	Base-emitter voltage	4V
4	Collector current	3A
5	Power dissipation	25W
6	Base current	0.5A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 50V. And total power dissipation is 25W which shows the amount of power released during the functioning of this device. The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• When you’re working with the component, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, they can badly damage the device, thus the entire project.
• Moreover, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

2SC1061 Applications

2sc1061 is employed in the following applications.

• Employed to support loads under 3A.
• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.

• Used for switching and amplification purpose.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.

2SC1061 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the 2sc1061 device.

By checking the physical dimensions of this component you can evaluate the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly.

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’m ready and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.