The Engineering Projects

Top 10 Free Circuit Simulators for Engineering Students

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Top 10 Free Circuit Simulators for designing electronic projects. It's our 6th chapter in the PCB learning series.

I am sharing this list of circuit simulators because you must simulate your circuit before designing its PCB. You’ll find scores of circuit simulators online. In this read, I’ve compiled the famous circuit simulators that help you design a circuit diagram for your electronics project. By designing these circuit simulations, you could text/debug your circuit. You can test it online before spending money on the real hardware. This will save you both time and money.

So, let’s get started:

Top 10 Free Circuit Simulators for Engineering Students

Following you’ll discover the top 10 free circuit simulators for engineering students.

1. Circuit IO Online Simulator

Bring your project to life with Circuit IO Online Circuit Simulator. Instantly get a test code and wiring guide for your electronic project. Developed by Autodesk, Circuit.Io gives you the ability to program the Arduino board with this circuit simulator. Get IoT solutions for your Arduino project. You can also purchase a component from this platform for your electrical project. Again, this is an open-source simulator, which means you can use it free of cost.

2. EasyEDA Circuit Simulator

EasyEDA is a powerful and robust PCB design online tool. If you’re a beginner, this simulator works best for you. As it comes with a simple interface and easy-to-use schematic capture. You cannot only design your electrical project, but you can also share it online for others to get a hold of your work. Other features include a PCB layout and a mixed-mode circuit simulator. Pick from more than one million free libraries. Design high-quality PCB in a cross-platform browser environment. The best part – you can use this simulator free of cost as this is an open-source simulator. You can Import different files including Altium/Kicad/Eagle, PNG, DXF If you find difficulty in designing the simulation, you can get help from the guide.

3. EveryCircuit PCB Simulator

Design your electrical project with EveryCircuit. Incorporate simulation into your web page, right from your system or smartphone. EveryCircuit app is available for both Android and iOS users. Test your design and share it with the online community of thousands of members. With custom-built circuit simulation, develop an arbitrary circuit and test it online. Get hold of dynamic parameters with impressive animated presentation of various designs. This platform is effective for beginners as it houses scores of already built simulations that you can learn from and build yours from scratch.

4. DcAcLab Circuit Simulator

DcAcLab helps you design your project in an online browser. It offers an interactive interface with a user-friendly easy-to-use simulator. Pick from a range of readymade circuit simulations or design your own from scratch. No registration is required to make simulations. Plus you get the option to share your work with the online community. They keep on updating their simulator to provide the best user experience. This online simulator comes with current flow and electron flow mode, helping you better understand the circuit with fantastic visuals.

5. PartSim Circuit Simulator

PartSim is another platform to test your circuit on the fly. It is a unique simulator of its type that includes a SPICE simulation engine, graphic waveform viewer, and web-based schematic capture tool. It is an open-source platform which means you can use it free of cost. You can purchase parts for your electrical circuits from vendors. This simulator is recently introduced so you will get few components to make simulations.

6. TinaCloud Online Circuit Simulator

TinaCloud is a web-based version of famous Tina software. You don’t need to install anything to use this simulator. It will run in your online browser. TinaCloud is an easy-to-use simulator that helps you design both digital and analog electronic circuits. It gives you the ability to do calculations for simulation on the company server. TINACloud comes with unique online tools for checking the knowledge of students, where you can monitor progress online. TinaCloud also gives access to the application circuits of Infineon Designer. Moreover, the designs developed in Infineon Designer can be uploaded and used by TinaCloud.

7. FalStad Online Simulator for Circuits

FalStad is a web-based simulator that comes with an easy-to-use interface, best for beginners. You can use it free of cost as it is an open-source platform. No registration is required. Moreover, it gives you an option to control current speed and simulation speed. And the signals are shown with colors. For example, green color represents positive voltage and grey color represents the ground. And the red color indicates negative voltage. You can modify a component by hovering the mouse over it, then right-click and choose “Edit”.

8. MultiSim Simulator for Electronic Circuits

MultiSim is an online simulator that comes with SPICE software that helps you learn, create and share circuits online with the rest of the community. It is an open-source simulator which means you can use it free of cost. Start your new design with Create Circuit button. Go to Circuits > Public Circuits where you can get a hold of the circuits shared by others. This way you can learn and get an idea to build your design from scratch. You can use this simulator from the computer or cell phone. Schematics are easily accessible for anyone to use anywhere. Multisim provides a unique schematic layout experience in web browsers.

9. CircuitVerse Circuit Simulator Online

CircuitVerse is another great option to design your circuits with style. No installation is required as you can use this simulator directly from the web browser. You can build your circuits and share them online for others to see and learn about your circuits. If you don’t know how to use it, this platform comes with a getting-started guide with video tutorials that detail how to design your first circuit.

10. Circuits-Cloud Online Simulator

Circuits-Cloud is an online simulator that you can use from anywhere. It is an open-source simulator that offers both digital and analog simulations. This works best for beginners. No installation is required but you need to create an account first to use this simulator online.

Conclusion

That’s all for today. With this article today, we have completed the first section of the PCB tutorial i.e. converted all the basic PCB-related concepts. From the next tutorial onward, we will start our second section where we will cover slightly difficult PCB concepts. So, the next article will be on Through-Hole Technology.

I hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions regarding the designing of these circuit simulations, you can approach me in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content based on your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Business Administration Bachelor Degree

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, in this article, I am going to discuss about Business Administration bachelor degree. This is also known as BBA. Business Administration is a bachelor's degree in business administration & management. Usually, the duration of this degree program is 3 years in Europe and 4 years in the US. Here, I will cover the specialization areas, major & minor subjects of Business Administration bachelor degree, key skills, scope, future career opportunities, and top universities offer BBA degree.

Business Administration bachelor degree

The main aim of a Business Administration bachelor's degree is to provide a deep understanding of the functional features of a business and its interconnection. While it also enable students to choose a specific area of interest for specialization. The degree also increases the student's communication, practical management skills. Also, provide students how to make a correct business decision to become successful in the competing world. Many programs offered include training and practical knowledge, as well as presentations, case projects, industrial visits, internships, and communication with specialists from the industry. Business Administration bachelor degree is one of the most interdisciplinary degree programs because it is the combination of theoretical and practical knowledge specialization in Economics, Marketing, Human resources, Finance, Information system, Accounting and many more. The administration of a business involves the execution or management of business plans and processes with the right decision-making skills. Generally, the administration points to the more comprehensive management function, which is mainly associated with finance, and personal services. The main five functions of business administration bachelor degree provide are:

• First and most important is proper planning.
• Organizing.
• Managing.
• Organizing.
• Controlling.

Major subjects in Business Administration bachelor degree

Several major subjects are offered in business administration bachelor degree.

• Accounting.
• Financial management.
• Organizational behavior.
• Operations management.
• Business.
• Quantitative techniques (business statistics, operations research, financial mathematics).
• Human resource management.
• Management information systems.
• Marketing.
• Strategic management.
• Cost & management accounting.

A number of major subjects offered in business administration bachelor degree.

Areas of specialization in Business Administration bachelor degree

• Accounting.
• Finance.
• Business analytics.
• Entrepreneurship.
• Economics.
• Management.
• Healthcare companies & services management.
• Hospitality & tourism.
• Marketing.
• Design management.
• Supply chain management.
• Operations management.
• Human resource management.
• Information technology.
• Public sector & government administration management.
• International business.
• Legal management.
• Management information systems.
• Public relations.

Minor subjects in Business Administration bachelor degree

• Computer science.
• Communication.
• Sociology.
• Psychology.
• Political science.
• Media arts.

Future Scope of Business Administration bachelor degree

Business Administration bachelor degree teaches you how to start and run your business successfully. How to face the tough challenges in the business world? Today everyone wants to run their own business. And this degree provides the experience of making crucial decisions that will succeed in a better and successful business. After graduation, you will get high-demanding jobs of quite impressive, as well as allow you to become an owner of your own Business. The types of jobs in this degree are Research Analyst, Risk Management Consultant, Quality Assurance Specialist, Purchasing Agent, Financial Planner, Marketing Representative, or Office Manager. This degree will give you the opportunity to acquire skills, useful in marketing products, maintaining the economic health of your business, evaluating performance data, making employees motivated, running efficiency high, and creating successful business decisions that bring a bright future for you. Moreover, a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration is regarded as the top degree for a successful career. It is an acknowledged degree that is growing in demand in students who desire to get a job in management. This degree is also suitable for students who loved to do their own business after graduation. With this degree, they get a strong foundation in business management. Further, a BBA degree is one of some degrees in which students graduate and get high-paid salaries jobs right after graduation. As the country’s economy is developing, and new companies are building. So these companies hire the graduates in BBA. The students are trending to join the following specialized disciplines of BB aimed at careers they desire.

Top reasons to choose Business Administration bachelor degree

Here are the top reasons why you should choose a BBA degree:

Broad Knowledge Base

The courses of BBA are composed of industry experts and give deep knowledge about all the features of running a company. This degree will train you from making to marketing the product or any other service.

Personality Development

Another main aim of this degree is the development of your personality. You will learn how to speak in public, how to lead a business, leadership skills, soft skills, and more throughout the course.

Bright Career Opportunities

After your graduation with a business administration bachelor's degree, you will get a professional job in the business world as a trainee or in other positions with good salaries and packages.

Professional Degree

BBA is among the top bachelor professional degrees. There are many other management degrees but BBA is better and preferred by industry experts.

Networking Opportunities

This makes a strong network of professional because many of your fellows will also get the job in related industries. You can get work in this network. This is the biggest advantage.

Multiply Disciplines Covered

In this degree, a variety and vast of subjects are taught that will make you a competent professional and provide you many opportunities for seeking a bright career.

Stepping Stone for MBA 

BBA is the stepping stone to do an MBA. Without a BBA degree, you cannot get the chance to get an MBA degree. BBA is great training for an MBA. You are often taught identical things, but you examine much immersed in the subject in an MBA. This means, you know the basics well and are fully trained. A high-salary job for BBA with excellent profits is also one of the central purposes of most professionals. With this degree, you unlock access to the best administrative jobs where the pay and benefits are the best. You also get advancements much faster, and when you change companies, you can receive a sizeable pay increase, depends on your skills.

Job Satisfaction 

A BBA degree will no doubt give you a satisfying career. After your graduation, you will be clear in your direction. You have options to get jobs in various positions in business or start your own business with your skills. Job satisfaction is a very important factor.

On-Trend 

Refreshed knowledge is one of the best choices to have, and through this degree, you get this. The BBA degree program is a well-designed course that trains students as much as possible for the business world. The course is also renewed according to the newest trends and advancements in the industry, providing students a clear advantage. From the most reliable industry works to the use of technology, BBA pupils are better provided with experience.

Affordable 

A BBA degree is also affordable than an MBA degree other many other business-related degrees. For the duration of 3 years, it is not that expensive degree. In the end, you will get a high-paying job.

Future Career Opportunities after Business Administration bachelor degree

Marketing

Today, the field of marketing has been grown a lot, and BBA graduates find work as marketing executives right after their graduation. it makes you very good at communication if you want to go into the marketing field. this position in business comes with a lot of benefits and a good salary. But if you do not want to choose this field then you can start your own business with those skills this degree taught you already. this degree will teach you to market research and plan your product. There are so many other positions available for BBA graduates such as market researcher and marketing analyst. And you performed well in these positions you can promote to the market manager.

Advertising and PR

All businesses for their proper growth need a good advertising PR team. These are the most growing areas in the industry that hired skilled BBA graduates who know how to do marketing and PR activities. They work similarly with marketers and adjust their plans respectively. BBA graduates find jobs as public relations personnel, PR writers, account managers, customer relationship managers, and copywriters. They pay a good salary in advertising and PR, and the extension possibilities are plenty. [caption id="attachment_162037" align="aligncenter" width="712"] financial accounting concept[/caption]

Human Resources

You can also get jobs in the HR department if you have good communication skills with people. This is one of the top departments in any company because they ensured that employees are happy and satisfied. BBA graduated can work as HR generalists, HR recruiters, and HR specialists. HR department is very good to work in along with good salary.

Banker

Working in a bank is also the most popular and satisfying job after BBA. As a BBA graduate you can work in a bank as a probationary officer. You just have to fulfil their qualification criteria, that is not much difficult. And clear their entry exam and interviews. Bankers are today the most earning professions and a way of good living. So with a BBA degree, you can do this.

Insurance

Insurance is a popular field nowadays, particularly in a country like Pakistan and India where the main population remains uninsured. You can find a job after BBA in this industry and make a good salary. There are many international companies offering jobs in this sphere. Getting a job in this company is really a dream for many people.

Entrepreneur

In the whole business administration bachelor degree, you will learn how to start and plan your business successfully. You can use these skills and knowledge to become a businessman. Further, you will learn how to make strategies in business to grow. Additionally, you will be given the knowledge and experience of accounting, structuring, organizing, and marketing. So many students after graduation start their own business.

Civil Services

BBA students can also join civil services such as IPS, IAS, and UPSC. The experience and knowledge gained from the BBA degree will enhance your personality. You have to pass the exams and interviews to get these jobs. These are also preferable and the most decent jobs with a good salary.

Chartered Accountant

The chartered accountant is also the most famous profession for BBA students. It is an important part of BBA because it gives you the fundamentals for a CA degree. CA is a difficult profession but if you work hard it is worth doing. It has so many benefits such as a very good salary and good packages. You will find work in a professional CA company, or after increasing your experience you can start your own company.

Secretary

The company secretary is one of the quickest growing professions in the nation. This job holder is responsible for the corporation and organizational management. They also take care of important documents and other important aspects of any company. Today, many expert company secretary companies offer their assistance to many companies. You can earn an attractive salary for living as a company secretary.

Study MBA

After BBA, you have a chance to study MBA. This is the next step to grow further in the business field. It will prepare you for the professional world. With an MBA degree, you will get a much higher-paying job.

Key skills after getting BBA degree

• Think and complete an international strategic selling plan.
• Design and execute an international marketing plan during managing risks.
• Optimize the overall performance of an economic item in an international setting.
• Manage complex projects, people, and finance even in a difficult situation.
• Determine and organize services in an international context.

Top countries provide Business Administration Degree

• USA.
• Switzerland.
• Hong Kong.
• Spain.
• Italy.
• Thailand.
• United Arab Emirates.
• Netherlands.
• Canada.
• Finland.
• France.
• China.
• Belgium.
• Malaysia.
• Japan.

Top Universities offer Business Administration Degree

Hult Internation business school, London

At Hult, you will get involved in a global environment and every point and subject will be taught according to a global point of view. From marketing to law and career planning, you will learn everything. Throughout your BBA degree experience, you will be examined to imagine and productive. You have to complete tea projects. Moreover, you will get experience to convert the theoretical concept into practice. Also, will have a chance to learn the following key skills:

• Live client interviewing.
• Team projects.
• Business challenges.
• Internships.

Kedge Business School

This is the International school offer BBA of KEDGE business school. The duration of the program is about 2 years and 1 year for professional experience. This school will develop global caliber with its 120 academic partners and different tracks. You can make your CV very attractive and strong that will fulfil the qualification criteria for so many international companies. The BBA degree from this school will develop your personality and well as profession. It will also offer a six-month internship program in 2nd year abroad. And six months of international also required in the final year. The specializations areas:

• Chinese Track.
• Financial Trading.
• Brand Management.
• Web Digital Strategy.

EU Business School

This school provides the skills to become successful business leaders that can combine knowledge of finance, management, marketing, and operations to run an effective business. The business administration bachelor's degree program provides students with a full range of roles within the business world. The EU bachelor’s programs are included seven-semester and almost three-year programs. It will develop entrepreneurial, productive, and innovative skills. The teaching language is English. Per semester fee is 6,450€. The following major are provided by this school:

• Marketing.
• Finance.
• Entrepreneurship.
• Management.

The main courses included:

• Leadership & Team Building.
• Strategic Marketing.
• Cross-Cultural Business Issues.

H.A.M.K University

This university also provides the BBA degree with 120 credits, and it will complete in 3.5 years. The degree is taught in English. The main focus of this degree will be on International Management, Business Development, and Global Markets. The students perform studies by mixing theory and practice with businessman skills. The following skills are developed:

• Manage international projects.
• Operate in international sales teams.
• Innovative marketing solutions.
• Adapt various cost models.
• Implement SME's financial operations.
• Supervise global partners.
• Innovate as an entrepreneur.
• Lead global teams.
• Coordinate events.
• Plan market entries.
• Identify digital trends.
• Map customer journeys.

When you will study in H.A.M.K international business school, you will enable to focus on the basic pillars:

• Leading International Networks.
• Learning by Doing.
• Dynamics of Global Markets.

Final International University

The Business administration bachelor's degree is offered by Final International University. It was established in 2015. This program is taught in English. The program is designed to allow the students to gain both theoretical and practical business knowledge. They learn to solve business problems, as well as enable them to think analytically. The Department covers all branches of interdisciplinary approach comprising of theoretical and applied courses. The program is completely aimed to develop according to a global standard. It trains students to understand technology and practices as well as teaches them to face problems by industries and economics. The objectives of the Business Administration bachelor degree are following:

• Train students with high-level knowledge and experiences in management, finance, accounting, production, public relations, human resources, marketing, and also auditing.
• Ensure students to be responsible for decision-making in stressful situations.
• Teach them social and moral reliability with innovative analysis and entrepreneurship.
• Also, give students management skills through developing the ability to communicate efficiently in the environment.
• The basis of all the principles of learning.
• Educate professionals and leaders for private and public companies.

Many employment opportunities are always open for successful Business Administration graduates in both the industrial and service areas. Particular employment areas are banking, insurance, transportation, tourism, and foreign trade. Graduates also find jobs in positions such as Central Banks, Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Foreign Trade organizations, and State Planning Organizations. With a degree in business administration, you are ready to contribute to all international and local companies or start your own business. I hope this article will help you to understand the different specialization areas of Business Administration bachelor degree, its scope, and future career opportunities.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Characteristic Curves in Proteus ISIS

Hello Learners, Welcome to another useful tutorial at The Engineering Projects. In the world of electronics and circuits, many useful devices are designed that can minimize the requirement of large and complex circuits. At the Present time, we are working at such a device works very near to the base of many circuits i.e, IRFZ44N MOSFET. We'll  approach to the answers of following Questions:

1. What is IRFZ44N MOSFET?
2. How is the Structure of IRFZ44N MOSFET?
3. What is the working mechanism for the IRFZ44N MOSFET?
4. How can we find the characteristics of IRFZ44N MOSFET in Proteus ISIS?

You will have some important chunks of information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

What is IRFZ44N MOSFET

As you can see, MOSFET is a acronym of Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor. We introduce the IRFZ44N MOSFET as:

IRFZ44N is an important type of N-type MOSFET that consist of three pins, have a hgh Drain current and a low Rds Values.

It is the type of IGFET( Isolated Gate Field Effect Transistors). A large amount of MOSFETs are used as switch every year. When we compare it with BJT , we find that it requires almost not current to control the load current unlike BJT. If you want in-depth study on this mosfet then you should have a look at IRFZ44N Datasheet.

DID YOU KNOW ???

MOSFET is a semi-conductor device that is Fabricated by the Controlled oxidation of Semi-conductors (Silicon in most case). It can work in both modes of operations i.e, Depletion and enchantment.

Structure of IRFZ44N MOSFET

When we observe the IRFZ44N MOSFET we find that it consist of mainly three pins as described below:

Pin Number	Pin Name	Role
1	Gate	Controls biasing
2	Drain	Current input
3	Source	Current Output

Vgs: The IRFZ44N MOSFET is a voltage controlled device that means it can be turned on and off when we apply a required threshold Voltage. This voltage is termed as Vgs. Vds: It is the absolute Maximum Voltage of IRFZ44N MOSFET between Drain and Source. This is salient characteristic of IRFZ44N MOSFET because during the operation of IRFZ44N MOSFET Drain-source voltage should kept less than maximum rated value. Here D Stands for Drain and S stands for Source. Ids: It is the amount of current that passes from Vds to the IRFZ44N MOSFET. The direction of this current is important during the Operations of IRFZ44N MOSFET.

DID YOU KNOW ???

The MOSFET is a better version of Junction Field Effect Transistor. Due to the limitation of JFET for the conduction in one side only ( some time it is the advantage), the Designers made a new type of Transistor that can change the conductivity when the amount of applied voltage is change and named them as MOSFET.

Characteristic Curve of IRFZ44N MOSFET

The quality and the suitability of any transistor is checked through its characteristic curve. The characteristic curve of IRFZ44N MOSFET have two phases.

1. Depletion Mode
2. Enhancement Mode

Depletion Mode

In this mode the Transistor is closed during the zero bias voltage at gate terminal. Hence the IRFZ44N MOSFET  is said to be switched ON. The channel width increases when the Gate Voltage is increased to the positive side. in return, the current Ids increases. During the situation when Gate voltage's value is decreased, the Width of the channel decreases and Ids follows the same rule.

DID YOU KNOW ???

The IRFZ44N MOSFET is also known as the Power MOSFET. It is 22oAB through hole package that has three pins. The top metal tab is also called the drain because both of them are same.

Enhancement Mode

This mode is usually considered as normally open switch as the transistor does not conduct the current when the Gate Voltage is zero. If we apply a positive voltage to the gate then a Drain current follows through the Gate. The Enhancement mode of IRFZ44N MOSFET  enhances the channel because when the Drain current's value is increased the channel width increase and the decrement of the width is for vise versa.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Characteristic Curve in Proteus ISIS

To understand the whole discussion mentioned above, Let's make a characteristic Curve of IRFZ44N MOSFET in Proteus ISIS. To do this, just follow the simple steps given next:

• Power up your Proteus software.
• Go to Pick Library by pressing the "P" button given at the left side of the screen.
• Choose IRFZ44N MOSFET.
• Arrange the Transistor at the working area.
• Go to Terminal Mode from the left most side bar of the screen.
• Choose Ground Terminal and set it just below the IRFZ44N MOSFET.
• Go to Generation mode and select DC.

• Set one DC probe at the left of the irfz44n MOSFET and take another and set it at the upper side of irfz44n MOSFET.
• Connect at the components set until now with the Help of Connecting wires.

• Select the current probe and set it just after the Vds. Make sure its direction is toward the irfz44n MOSFET.
• Go to Graph Mode>Transfer and set a Transfer Graph just after the Circuit.

• Right Click the Graph>Edit Properties>Set the Vds as Source 1>Set Vgs as Source 2>click Ok.
• Right Click the Graph>Add Trace>Set Ids as the Probe>Click ok.
• Right Click the Graph>Simulate.
• You will Get the required output:

Hence, in this article, we learned about the IRFZ44N MOSFET, we saw the introduction of IRFZ44N MOSFET, Learned about the structure of IRFZ44N MOSFET, saw some important concepts about the IRFZ44N MOSFET and performed a Practical Implementation of IRFZ44N MOSFET for the Characteristic Curves in Proteus ISIS.

10 Must-Have Tools for PCB Designing

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through 10 must-have tools for PCB designing. If you’re a hobbyist or working as a professional electronics engineer in some company, you need to execute electrical projects on and off. And needless to say, designing a PCB is a crucial part of an electrical project. Scores of tools are available online and it’s difficult for you to choose the right pick for your project.

10 Must-Have Tools for PCB Designing

The reason I have pulled together the 10 best software tools that you can use to design the printed circuit board. Some are better than others. Plus, some are free to use and a few of them are paid software, I’ll describe the main features of both of them, helping you better understand the benefits and privileges you can avail while working with these software tools.   After PCB design, there comes a manufacturing process. You can manufacture PCB yourself. This is a quite lengthy and hectic process. If you don't want to dive into this intimidating process, you can outsource your project. PCBWay is a great service provider that helps you develop PCB as per your PCB design. They come with a team of a skilled professional that helps you design PCB and update you right from the order you place online to the installation of the product into a relevant project. Let’s jump right in and discuss 10 must-have tools for PCB designing.

1. Altium Designer

Developed by Altium Limited, Altium Designer is one of the most popular and leading software companies that provides the most connected experience for the PCB design and realization. They have completely transformed the electronics industry with their innovative and intuitive software design. Key features include effortless design automation, auto-router, schematic designs, PCB module, supports track length tuning, centralized and trusted design assets, facility to verify the design in the mechanical world, endless engineering reach, and customizable Altium designer environment that meets the user requirements. The main document editing area and the workspace panels are the two main elements included in the Altium Designer environment.

2. DipTrace

DipTrace is a paid PCB software tool that comes with unique interfaces and smart manual routing. It incorporates a shape-based auto-router and single environment with back annotation, updating from schematic and direct circuit-to-board converting. The placement feature offers a simple drag and drop option that you can customize as per your liking. DipTrace offers support for Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, and Windows 10. Both 32 and 64-bit versions of Vista and Windows 7 are supported. Moreover, you can install the trial version before you make a final decision on the paid version. You can install the DipTrace on more than two computers with the same license key.

 3. SolidWorks PCB

SOLIDWORKS is a powerful tool that combines the PCB and CAD design for impeccable collaboration. Laced with the best technology, the interface is well designed and easy to use. Provides flawless design experience with SOLIDWORKS CAD. Maintains work design workflow by completing PCB design quickly without much effort. Electrical product design is simplified with specific tools and intuitive interfaces support embedded electrical system design.

4. KiCad EDA

Initially released by Jean-Pierre Charras in 1992 and followed by the development by KiCad Developer Team, KiCad EDA is open-source design software that comes with a 3D viewer, PCB layout with Gerber output, and schematic capture. Easy to use interface supports 32 layers where you can design boards quickly. Few features like online remote desktop support, rapid fixed, and private issue-reporting are offered by the KiCad Service Corporation that is a full-service commercial support corporation. KiCad 5.1.8 is the latest released version of KiCad that comes with crucial bug fixes and other minor changes compared to its previous release. Other features include 3D model libraries, symbols, improved footprint, translations, and documentation.

5. DesignSpark

DesignSpark is a powerful PCB design software that offers schematics capture and PCB layout design. No limitation is put on the size of the schematic diagram – take the size as much as you want as per the design requirements. Apart from accessing the ready to use embedded libraries, you can create your models in the library editor. This software is free for you to design the PCB layout. Moreover, you get an option to make unrestricted Gerber files.

6. Eagle

Eagle is a powerful software that comes with intuitive interface design, helping you create PCB boards on the fly. It incorporates a routing engine, allowing you to pace through complex PCB layout design with advanced PCB routing tools. This is a paid tool. You need to pay 15$ for a per month subscription and 100$ for a per year subscription. This software is equipped with ready-made part libraries that allow you to quickly access library content. Get a hold of the free trial version before making a final decision to buy a subscription. Autodesk trial versions allow you to dig deep and enjoy the full capabilities of the latest versions for a limited duration of 30 days. The trial version will automatically expire if you don’t put your payment details at the start of the trial.

7. CircuitMaker

Powered by Altium, CircuitMaker is a free open-source PCB design tool that comes with a community of designers and engineers who collaborate to create new electronic products. No limit is put on the layer count, or board areas, you can create as many layers as you want with customizable board size. Moreover, it is equipped with reference designs that you can use to get ideas for making your design. Also, you get the ability to set up teams for the making of collaborative designs. The hierarchical schematic entry and powerful routing with native 3D technology have been included to help you experience advanced features developed by Altium developers.

8. OrCad

OrCad is an easy to use PCB design software tool that offers a complete environment where you can start from the initial schematic to the development of final artwork. Enjoy effective and user-friendly OrCad technologies that are incorporated with fully integrated simulations.

9. FreePCB

FreePCB is an open-source PCB design tool that helps engineers produce seamless high-quality professional work. This software tool doesn’t come with autorouter, however, you can integrate FreeRout (web-based autorouter) with FreePCB. Take board size up to 60-inch x 60-inch. Use the footprint editor for customizing the footprints. Plus, you can develop up to 16 copper layers. Get an option to export an extended Gerber file.

10. Express PCB

ExpressPCB is an open-source free PCB design tool. And if you’re a hobbyist or getting your hands dirty first time with the PCB design, this software is for you. It is supported by Windows, XP, and Vista. It carries a standardized user interface, helping you design two or four-layer boards. Plus, you get an option if you’re willing to draw a schematic first. It is supported with a drag and drop feature. That’s all for today. I hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can ask me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep sharing quality content customized to your exact needs. Thank you for reading the article.

D13007K NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Power Ratings & Applications

Hello Fellas! Hope you’re well today. Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to D13007K. The D13007K is an NPN power transistor mainly used for switching and amplification purpose. This device is made of silicon material and falls under the category of bipolar junction transistors. As this is an NPN transistor so here major charge carriers are electrons. Holes are major carriers in the case of PNP transistors. This is a high voltage high current capability device used in energy-saving lamps. The collector current of this chip is 8A which means it is best for loads under 8A. And the power dissipation is 80W which projects it is eligible to release 80W power during the operation of this device. The collector-base voltage is 700V and collector-emitter voltage is 400 while the voltage across the base and emitter terminals is 9V which is the voltage needed to start the transistor action and bias the device. Read this entire post till the end as I’ll document the complete Introduction to D13007K covering datasheet, pinout, power ratings, working principle, applications, and physical dimensions. Let’s dive in.

Introduction to D13007K

• The D13007K is a power transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family.
• The three terminals like emitter, base, and collector make this entire device. All these terminals are connected to the external electrical circuit.
• This is a current-controlled device because the small current at one terminal is employed to handle large current at the remaining terminals.

• While MOSFETs are voltage-controlled devices and come with terminals like a drain, source, and gate. The gate plays the same role in MOSFETs as what base plays in bipolar junction transistors.
• The bipolar junction transistors are mainly divided into two types one is PNP transistors and one is NPN transistors.

• Both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity of bipolar junction transistors.
• But in the case of PNP transistors holes are responsible for the major part of conductivity carried out inside the device while in the case of NPN transistors electrons play a key role in the overall conductivity inside the transistor.
• PNP transistors are considered less efficient than NPN transistors because electrons are quicker and efficient in the conductivity process compared to holes. The mobility of electrons is far better and quicker than the mobility of holes inside the transistor.

D13007K Datasheet

It is wise to check out the datasheet of the device before incorporating it into your electrical project. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of D13007K.

D13007K Pinout

The following figure shows the pinout diagram of D13007K. The D13007K carries three terminals known as: 1: Base 2: Collector 3: Emitter All these terminals carry different doping concentrations. Which leads to the lack of symmetry of this device. The emitter side is highly doped and the collector side is lightly doped. While the collector side is 10-times less doped than the base side.

D13007K Working Principle

• The transistor working principle is straightforward and simple. It all initiates from the base side. When voltage is applied at the base side, it will bias the device, and as a result, the current will start flowing collector to the emitter terminal.
• As this is an NPN transistor so here current flow is carried out from the collector to emitter terminals this is the opposite in the case of PNP transistors.

• When voltage is applied at the base pin in PNP transitory, the current starts flowing from the emitter to the collector terminal.

• As described earlier this bipolar device is not symmetrical. Which means if you interchange both emitter and collector side then both terminals will start working in reverse active mode and the device will stop working in forward active mode.

D13007K Power Ratings

The following table features the absolute maximum ratings of D13007K.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of D13007K
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	8A
5	Power dissipation	80W
6	Base current	4A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• While incorporating this device into your project, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, it can damage the entire project.
• The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 400V and 700 respectively. And total power dissipation is 80W which demonstrates the amount of power released during the functioning of this device.
• It is important to note that, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

D13007K Applications

D13007K is used in the following applications.

• Used in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Employed to support loads under 12A.
• Used in electronic Ballasts.

• Incorporated in modern electronic circuits.
• Used in high-frequency power transform.
• Used in a common power amplifier.
• Used in energy-saving lights.
• Used in the high switching power supply.

D13007K Physical Dimensions

The image below represents the physical dimensions of D13007K. By scanning those dimensions you can evaluate the space required for your component in the electrical project. That’s all for today. Thank you for clicking this read and reading it. You are most welcome to share your valuable feedback and suggestions in the section below. They help us produce quality content. You can approach me in the section below if you need any help regarding this article, I’m happy and ready to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this post.

Online Master Degree Programs

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, in this article, I am going to discuss online master degree programs. Master's degree is post-bachelor degree, which provides the modern knowledge and skills in the specific field of study. As compared to traditional master degree programs, online master degree programs are really getting popular because of their advantages such as flexibility of time, convenience and also the cost effectiveness. Here, I will discuss about online master degree programs, the popular online master degree programs of 2021, the advantage of studying online, and finally the top universities offering online master degree programs. so, let's get started:

Online Master Degree Programs

• Online master degree programs are available for almost all the degrees from Biology to Business and from Engineering to Energy. You can choose the program according to your field of study and interest. The few popular online master degrees are Arts, Law, Natural Sciences, and Professional Studies. These are categories further divided into hundreds of areas and programs of specialization.

Here we listed the most popular online master degree programs for you. Thus, read this article and find the best suitable program for you.

Online Master Degree Programs in Business Management

A master’s degree provides students the chance to specialize in their field of study and become experts. Students get the skills and proper practical training that they require to succeed in future to reach their goal. This degree leads them towards the bright career and great profession. The graduate degrees generally advance the knowledge get in an undergraduate program. So here is the question that what is an online Master degree in Business Management? The students will learn how to run a business their own business by making business strategies and developing unique plans. The main course work is to teach students about the growth strategies, technical skills of business and the sales management skills. You will learn how to manage social media platforms to enhance the business. In addition, they also organize many programs to teach how think an idea for a business, plan it, develop it and execute it to investors. Students have to write a complete master’s thesis or project in final year. After finishing an online master’s degree, students have gained analysis and decision making skills to run their own business or can get a good salary job in international company or popular firms. In Further this degree will teach you the following skills: leadership, planning, organization, and entrepreneurial skills. Financial information and higher salary jobs are potential benefits of the degree. If students attend full time, they can complete their master degree in just one year. The cost of the degree depends on the university chosen. So before getting admission, students must visit the website of chosen university and get the cost information of this program. Online degree programs give the opportunity to students to attend international universities as well. Do you also want to start your master’s degree in Business? Then search for your program now and contact directly to the admission office of the chosen university.

Online Master Degree Programs in Project Management

Some students choose to continue the study from university after getting bachelor degree in order to get master’s degree. Online master’s degrees focus on a particular area, such as digital marketing, communication, or environmental science. These type of online degrees usually completed in two years. Let’s discuss what is an online master in Project Management? This program is basically designed to give students a deep understanding of the planning, leadership, organization and regulation skills that are needed to effectively complete the difficult task. The courses required for this degree may vary from institution to institution but may contain fundamentals project management, such as collaboration and communication for managers, project performance and completion, planning, and project beginning and development. Universities provide the opportunities of group discussion and projects, lectures and research projects during the program. Online Master degree in Project Management is helpful because it makes students to lead teams, complete multiple projects and cooperate with co-workers. These skills will help you to qualify for good job or get promoted. The cost of this online master’s degree is not fixed. It depends on the school and the textbooks. For example, the tuition fee of an American university may have extremely different than a French institute. Once you complete this degree, you will be ready for your new career. The students choose to become project directors, program management officers, team leaders, project planners, portfolio managers, project management analysts, and executive managers. The exact career depends on your experience, skills and education

Online Master Degree Programs in Information Technology

The aim of online master’s degree is providing students to increase their undergraduate education but in more flexibility and convenient way. Most of the online programs are also available for the students who want part time. What is an online Master in information technology (IT)? This program is intended for IT experts who want to specialize in a specific area of management and leadership roles in business. There are many specific areas, students loved to choose nowadays including data analytics, information assurance, cyber security, and IT management. The courses includes threats and risks, management of business application systems, e-Marketing, methods of software engineering, ethics of information, software tools, data mining, business performance management, and data warehouse. Students who are interested in getting a master’s degree in IT have many benefits in that to be in competitive to qualify the jobs of great salary. Completing a program online enables students to get a part time job to take care of family during going to school. It is important to think about the total cost when you are choosing an academic institution. Many programs are available in the world, the university, and the length of the program affect tuition fee. Graduates who get a graduate degree in IT are very well-prepared for qualify high-level jobs in business technology. Career opportunities include leading the various departments or projects, and even manage entire organizations. Students with this type of degree find jobs in all types of companies, including domestically and internationally. Some types of jobs under this degree are project manager, chief information officer, chief technology officer, and information technology manager.

Online Master Degree Programs in Social Work

Getting an online master degree is no doubt an exciting experience into academic exploration as well as improvement and refinement of skills. A master degree is the key to career progress, and advancement in the profession. What is an online Master in Social Work? The master's degree in social work enables you to progress in numerous fields and can lead to certification in the social work profession. Classes are mainly included the following subjects: competency in diversity issues, interpersonal communication with families and small groups, community policy, and organization, and social justice advocacy. The professional standard in many kinds of social work system and their best experiences are also studied in this program. Further more, besides to coursework, students must have to do internship to get this degree. By gaining a graduate education in social work, you can further your career in helping people has a better way of life. You can gain awareness of social justice values and the importance of including them in social work practice. Now you have the chance to improve your listening and speaking skills to better impress the clients. The cost of this online master degree based on the location of university. Also, the cost depends on the duration of the degree program. An online master degree in social work opens up a bright and satisfied career opportunities for you. Several companies and industries hire social workers, such as for psychotherapy practices, the agencies deal with issues of children and women, and for healthcare facilities. The criminal justice system and advocacy management also utilize master’s level degree to hire as social workers (experts and practitioners) for positive living and change. The probation officers, therapists, and adoption workers are the main fields after getting training of social work degree programs.

Online Master Degree Programs in Finance

Online master's degrees enable students to further enhance their abilities for their careers and have a bright future. A master’s degree is usually needed before getting a doctorate. Do you want to know what is an online Master's degree in Finance? This degree prepares the students for a successful career in the field of finance by providing them a deep knowledge of financial analysis, financial management, planning, risk management, investment tactics, taxation, economic strategies, financial development, and international finances. Students are usually able to choose their courses so that they can focus on a particular area of finance. Besides, to learn these fundamental skills, students are taught the moral and professional standards required to work in this field. There are so many purposes that most students apply for a Master in Finance. For example, this degree program prepares students how to interpret financial statements, estimate different situations and use the knowledge they already have, into a more powerful understanding of the financial system. This online degree program teaches you the key skills:

• Knowledge of financial systems, policies, and industry.
• A solid basis in the theoretical features of finance.
• Experience and understanding of different kinds of business systems.
• Deep understanding of the finance sector.
• Improve the research skills that allow you to continue a Ph.D. program.
• Enhance scientific, mathematical, and technical skills and techniques.
• Develop knowledge of global problems and give access to global financial firms and industries.
• Skills of the foreign languages.
• Strong analytic skills.
• Entrepreneurship skills.
• Problem solving skills.
• Great oral as well as written communication skills.
• Experience to present a case and consult.
• Management skills.

Advantages of online master degree programs

Many schools offer students the ability to obtain a master’s degree by giving courses and offer courses online. It is very useful for the students who want to do a part-time job and have to take care of their family. They can continue their part-time job as well as get a master's degree. As with time the number of schools offering online master degree programs increases, the popularity of students choosing online master's degrees has also increased. According to a study, about 83 % of businesspeople say that an online degree is as reliable as the traditional one (campus-based degree program). Due to the increase in online college course credit, now it is very easy to learn online and finish the coursework easily. Students are exploring ways to get a degree, and at the same time doing other ask of their lives successfully. Many students are uncertain if they need to get a master’s degree at a regular college or online. But I listed the benefits of an online degree below, you can read it.

• Convenience

The biggest benefit of an online master's degree is the convenience. students can take online classes at home at their own pace. In fact. online programs challenge students to complete their work on defined due dates. And the students learned the responsibility to finish the assignments. Students are not obligated to ignore other duties that they already have in life like working. They can balance their study time around their life rather than managing their life throughout their class responsibilities.

• Save Money

Taking an online master's degree also saves a lot of money. You can save book expenses, tuition costs, as well as the transportation cost that students have to spend to go to campus regularly. They just have to simply log in from their computer and take courses online.

• Wide Variety of Schools

It also offers a variety of programs to students. Students can get a degree from an international school. Students are also prepared to interact with another group of people when finishing their online chat and discussion session. This is also a great reason to get an online master’s degree.

Top universities offer online master degree programs

University of Illinois-Springfield

This university offers 13 online master degree programs. And considered the top online school for a master's degree. The most popular online master's degree program in the business. Also offer MA in Social Services, MS in Data Analytics, Administration, MA in Liberal, and Integrative Studies, MA in Political Science, and MS in Management Information Systems. Numerous online courses and certification programs are available here. The tuition fee is $8,772.

Concordia University

This university offers 16 online master degree programs. The program offers are MA in Criminal Justice Leadership, MA in Family Science, MA in Differentiated Instruction, MA in Human Resource Management, and MA in Sport Management. The aims of these programs are massively focused careers, providing students knowledge for excellent roles in their own fields instantly following graduation. In-State total tuition fee is $8,550

Bowling Green State University

The number of online master degree programs offer is 15. Bowling Green State University gives many online master’s degree choices, including an MEd in Learning Design, MS in Criminal Justice, MA in Media Communications, and Master’s of Food and Nutrition. These programs emphasize various start dates, making it suitable for students who are from a distance to start their graduate studies. Also, 8-week accelerated courses allow students to complete their degrees quickly. The U.S. News & World Report states that this university's most active online graduate options. Especially in the areas education and justice criminal. The in-State tuition fee is $7,821.

University of Central Florida

The number of online master degree programs offered at this university is 25. The University of Central Florida is a well-recognized university and provides top online courses, especially in the fields of nursing and criminal justice. Specific programs are also offered include MS in Engineering Management, MS in Digital Forensics, MA in Applied Learning and Instruction, and the Executive Master of Health Administration. Another important thing about this university is that it offers online degrees completely online. No need to take elective classes. The in-State tuition fee is $6,916.

Lamar University

The number of online master degree programs is 20. Lamar University is one of the famous online schools offering online master’s degrees. Especially for those distance students who are looking to finish their degrees soon. The school also provides options to enable students to earn their credits in 14 months depends on the chosen program. The online programs included the following subjects: MS in port terminal management, RN to MSN, MEd in teaching leadership, and an MS in nursing. According to U.S. News & World Reported that Lamar is in the top 50 online schools for master. The in-State tuition fee is $6,174.

Fort Hays State University

The number of online master degree programs is 17. It is one of the top online schools for master's degrees. It offers many manageable degrees that many students loved to choose to reach their career goals. Available programs included Master’s in Nursing Administration, MS in Health and Human Performance, MS in Instructional Technology, MEd in Higher Education-Student Affairs, and more. U.S. News & World Report declared that this university is among the strongest online master degree programs offering school especially in the fields of education and nursing. The in-State tuition fee is $3,497.

Penn State University- World Campus

The number of online master degree programs is 44. This university offers the top master’s degree program in computer information technology. But online bachelor degrees in many other fields of study are also available. The online programs offer are MS in Mechanical Engineering, a Master of Professional Studies in Organizational Development, a Master of Science in Nursing and Change, a Master of Education in Lifelong Learning and Adult Education, and more. The in-State tuition fee is $20,470. I hope this article will help you to understand the advantages of online master degree programs over traditional master degrees. Have a good day!

Water Heater Maintenance Checklist

Hello Readers! Today we'll talk about the , maintenance of water heater. To ensure that your home's heating system runs smoothly, you require multiple pieces of equipment. A water heater is of the most importance. Every household needs a water heater for numerous external and internal needs, such as the uninterrupted flow of warm water in the winters, washing tough stains off clothes, and sometimes cleaning and disinfecting surfaces with a mixture of warm water and antioxidants. Since multiple parts of a water heater tank are in regular use, wear and tear are unavoidable. To ensure that your water heater lasts longer and continues to operate smoothly, read on. This article will take you through a heater's series of components, discussing a checklist that should be religiously followed for safety, security, and maintenance purposes.

Inspect and examine its outer unit

The outer look of the water heater will tell you a lot about its condition. While inspecting it from the outside, you need to focus on a few things such as:

• Leakage in a pipe. According to a study, almost 10,000 gallons of water go to waste due to pipe leakages. The reason behind a leakage can either be a faulty pipe or an old water heating tank that has been used beyond its lifespan. If you notice anything of this sort, please contact a reliable plumber to fix it in the long run.
• Insufficient water storage and weak pressure. Sometimes, due to the leakage in the tank itself, the water keeps pouring out, weakening the top floors' temperature control and water pressure.
• Rusted and eroded tank bodies or pipes can cause significant damage to the water quality affecting your health.
• Try to inspect and mend these problems every month to avoid a more significant issue in the end.

Cleanse and rinse out water through it

A tank's purpose is to store water in large amounts. However, this water also contains certain chemical elements, which can cause erosion of tank walls if not rinsed thoroughly and routinely. Calcium Carbonate (CACO3) is a widely known component found in water. The nature of this element is harsh and erosive. It can't quickly rinse off through the tank walls and often contribute to the tank's thinning and rustic appearance from the inside and outside. Other than that, CACO3 leaves behind a hard crystal-like residue which can block the pipes passageway from the inside, clogging the pipe openings. To prevent this, make sure to efficiently use softening and filtering agents for taking CACO3 off the edge for the same and uninterrupted consumption of warm water. The ideal procedure accounts for emptying the tank on a bimonthly basis, leaving it open for a while for water saturation, and then rinsing it off at least thrice with clean water of normal ph.  

Check-up on the efficiency of pressure release valve

Pressure and temperature valves are also essential and need to be regularly inspected. T&P Valve can cause significant damage to the tank and people around it if not checked on a bimonthly basis or however often it needs to be examined based on its intensive usage. T&P Valve is specially designed to neutralize and balance the temperature and pressure levels inside of the tank. The pressure and weather must be simultaneously managed to avoid any extremities such as an explosion. People often neglect to form an equilibrium among the two metrics, which results in life-threatening situations. The maximum temperature and pressure recorded are (210 Fahrenheit/150 Imperial pressure stress); at this point, the situation is alarming. The valve should be released with turbo speed for safety purposes. What happens is that the increased temperature of water triggers evaporation in the form of vapors. This continuous conversion of water in mists increases the inner temperature and hikes it up to a bursting point. Therefore, checking on the speed and pressure of the T&P valve regularly can turn out to be a beneficial practice for the lifespan and hot water heating system maintenance.

Transpose the Anode rod regularly

As per the precautions mentioned in the hot boiler inspection checklist, because of constant corrosion and filtration, an Anode rod is made a compulsory feature of water heating tanks. It is placed on the top of the tank, attracting all sorts of elements that can cause oxidation. The Anode rod is usually made up of Zinc, Magnesium, or Aluminium. Anode rod is typically designed to prevent oxidation within the tank for two significant reasons:

• A water heater tank is a closed crafted vessel with high pressure and temperature modes, which induce oxidation faster.
• Oxidation typically sets a thick layer of oxidized elements that can quickly erode the tank's walls, linings, and surface. Anode rod slows down the oxidation process safeguarding the inner and outer linings of the tank.

Any openings, leakages, or divulgence present in the tank nullifies the Anode rod's operational function. They increase the mixing of additional oxidized elements, making the oxidation process faster and more serious. If you cannot manage this on your own, consider having an HVAC maintenance plan, A licensed and well-known entity for treating critical plumbing, leakage, and various other issues of a hot water tank and related home appliances.

Adhere to the checklist and make a move now!

This water heater maintenance and inspection checklist is a step to step guide, highlighting the substantial parts of a hot water tank. If you have been neglecting any of the pointers mentioned above, hasten up and run a thorough inspection to lengthen the life of your water heating tank by taking easy precautions.

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss what is the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering? The Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering is a five-year academic degree program. It focuses mainly on planning, developing, and designing a sustainable, safe, and economical use of electrical energy. This degree enables students to design, develop and maintain electrical devices, electrical equipment, digital devices, and machinery control. Here, in this post, I will discuss the main branches of Electrical Engineering, major subjects, minor subjects, its scope, job opportunities, duration, cost, types of jobs, top universities offering this degree and top companies offering jobs for electrical engineers.

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Electronic engineering

Electronic engineering's purpose is to design and evaluate the electronic circuits, electric devices, and components use in them such as capacitors, diodes, inductors, resistors, and transistors to get proper functions. They also work on tuned circuits. They also involve in the development of electronic devices such as television, computer, mobile, and microprocessors. Due to these electronic engineers, we are able to see novel technology such as high quality smart computers and phones.

Power engineering

Power engineering deal with the production, transmission, and proper distribution of electricity. They also design a large range of devices use in this field such as electric generators, transformers,  power electronics, and motors. In many areas all over the world, governments also hire electronic engineers to control the electrical network like the power grid to produce electricity. Power engineers also focus on the maintenance and working of the power grid. The future involves satellite control by power systems.

Control engineering

Control engineering concentrates on modeling a different range of electrical system, also design the controllers so that systems work properly. To achieve such controllers, electrical engineers use microcontroller, digital processors, electronic circuits, and programmable logic controller. This field has a broad range of applications from the propulsion systems and flight of commercial airliners. They also plays an important role in industrial computerization and automation. Such as they work on robotics to perform independent systems with the use of control algorithms.

Telecommunications engineering

The main aim of telecommunications engineering branch is to transmit information through different channels such as optical fibers, cables, or space. They have to build a transmitter that can effectively transmit signals in space a well. They work on popular analog techniques such as frequency modulation and amplitude modulation. A key concern in the design of transmitters is power dissipation. So they also focus on such concerns.

Computer engineering

Computer engineering field deal with the design and building of computers and its systems. This also involves the design of novel hardware, PDAs, new tablets, and supercomputers. Computer engineers also focus on complex software systems. Desktop computers serve as a tiny fraction of the devices and computer engineers work on, their jobs also including DVD players and video game controllers. Computer engineers are highly in demand and hired by famous companies like Apple.

Instrumentation engineering

Instrumentation engineering mainly focuses on the design of devices that use to measure physical quantities like flow, temp, and pressure. They must have good physics knowledge to design such instruments. Such as the flight instruments used to measure the wind speed and height so that the pilot can control the plane analytically. Some other branches are:

• Electro-Optical Engineering.
• Signal processing.
• Distribution engineering.
• Microelectronics.

Major subjects of BSC in Electrical Engineering

The major subjects taught in this degree are: The basic electrical engineering first-year courses are listed here. These courses can vary from university to university. But these are the basic course that students have to cover by most of the universities. The students also have to pass other minor courses including humanities, management to become great personalities. And in the final year, they have to complete a project or design in which they have knowledge and skills. Then they submit this project with a written thesis or report with written all information about that project. They have to pretend their project to pass the degree. The first year course work that students have to study listed below:

• the basic of electrical engineering such as AC and DC circuit analysis.

• Transmission and Distribution.

• Electro-magnetism.
• Practical implementation of fundamental theory concepts.
• Instrumentation.
• Microprocessor interfacing.
• Circuit Analysis, Electronics.
• Electrodynamics.
• Microelectronic fabrication techniques.
• Electrical Engineering Material.
• Electricity Technology and Machines.
• Control systems.
• Digital circuit logic.

Students get to familiarize themselves with circuit fabrication, the use of electrical equipment, and many other tools related to this field. Today, the world is mainly relying on technology and electrical power. Therefore there is a need for professional electrical engineers who are cable of managing all tasks. Such as designing and creating electrical products, maintaining, and repairing them. After graduation as an expert electrical engineer, you can get great opportunities of getting a job in many areas of the world.

Minor subjects of BSC in Electrical Engineering

Minor subjects varied form university to university. In some universities, students can select the minor subjects according to their choice.

• Logic Design.
• Signals & Systems.
• Communication Systems.
• Stochastic Processes.
• Wireless Communication.
• Introduction to Learning from Data.
• Electronics.
• Fabrication Technology for Integrated Circuits.
• Power Electronics.
•  Analog Electronics.
• Electromagnetics I.
• Electromagnetics II.
• Machine Learning.
• Control Systems.
• Digital Image Processing & Communication.
• Analog VLSI Circuit Design.
• Electrical Energy Systems.
• Photonics Laboratory
• Physics of Semiconductor Devices.
• Dynamic System Theory.
• Nano and Micro-Electronic Devices Technology.
• Digital Communication.
• Digital Signal Processing.
• Introduction to Information Theory.
• Sustainable Power Systems.
• Introduction of Biomedical Optics.
• Analog IC Design Fundamentals.
• Speed Processing.
• Computational Optical Imaging.
• Deep Learning.
• Optimization Theory and Methods.
• Optical Spectroscopic Imaging.
• Computational Methods in Materials Science.
•  Solar Energy Systems.
• Semiconductor Devices.

Scope of Electrical Engineering

After getting the bachelor in electrical engineering degree, you will get many great opportunities of jobs all over the world. There are many International companies that required expert electrical engineers and willing to hire people from all over the world. They pay a very good salary. The highest estimate salary is $254000 per year. According to the survey, this is among the top industries due to the activities like mining, business support services, oil & gas extraction, aerospace products, and parts manufacturing. The highest salary jobs for electrical engineers include scientific research and development positions. It also has been shown that the salary of central electrical engineering salary is $102,694. Another highest engineering salary is $100,642 for a chemical engineer, and next is $ 95,857 for a mechanical engineer. The average salary for electrical engineers who have more than 10 years of experience is $125,945. Moreover, electrical engineering is a great career with many advantages. The salaries of electrical engineers also higher in many other professions. It can increase further if you have a PE license or graduate degree. It has many excellent benefits, such as education compensation, insurance, retirement, vacation pay, and sick leave. Different divisions hire electrical engineers such as mining, chemical processing, aerospace, power generation, manufacturing, and transmission. They can also have the possibility to work in green and sustainable industries all over the world. Further, It is considered as one of the highest paid career among all. In short, it is the most profitable job.

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for bachelor in EE is mainly requires the SSC or the equivalent certificate with more than  60% scores.  FSc degree or equivalent result card with 60% marks. Some universities also have their own entry test. Students have to pass this test too for admission.

Top universities offer EE degree

Stanford university

It is very popular university and hardly needs its introduction. Stanford  is among the best universities. Located in the beautiful Area of California, and consistently ranks in the top 5 universities on national level. The school of Engineering with the electrical engineering at number 2 nationally according to world report and US News. As a student, you will get a chance to live in beautiful campus. This university offers BSc in EE which enable students to give their contribution in science. with a major in Electrical Engineering that will prepare you to contribute to the scientific community. They prepare students for research and to complete experimental projects. Moreover, Stanford Engineering graduates have bright future and are getting jobs in various sectors like government, corporate, or further academic study. The students can choose one of three disciplinary fields to focus according to their choice.

• Hardware and Software Systems.
• Physical Technology and Science.
• Information Systems and Science.

Harvard university

This is located in Cambridge- the most iconic and research university. It established in 1636. The Harvard university is famous worldwide for its excellence in study and research. It is considered as one of the oldest universities in the world. Consists of thirteen institutes and schools. Harvard has a top ranked school of Engineering that produces excellent work in Electrical Engineering. This program will expose a number of research areas range from devices ( like robotics and lasers) to systems ( human brain and computer architecture). This university focus on all the sub-discipline of electrical engineering. The students get specialization in electronic devices and circuits, and get the opportunity to explore many other areas. For example;

• Robotics.
• Control systems.
• Signals and systems theory.

Georgia Institute and Technology

This institute has ranked in the top 35 national universities. Located in the beautiful area Atlanta, Georgia. The school is the part of the university System of Georgia. This university offer the Electrical Engineering programs which rank in top 10 according to World reports and U.S. It contributes in the research and innovation field. It enable students to perform well in the field of innovation, and aims to produce graduates that can design, innovate, and complete complex projects. The top research opportunities are

• Opportunity Research Scholars Program.
•  Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.
• The Vertically Integrated Projects Program.

Columbia university

Are you dreaming to study in New York city? Then this is the best choice for you. Columbia university located in Upper Manhattan. This is a best research university that considered in top echelon of national universities. Columbia Engineering offer the top Electrical Engineering programs, and provides a comprehensive knowledge in electrical engineering with elective coursework to understand the topics in which they are interested. This program enables students to work on complex electrical engineering task, and get a bright careers in related fields. The Courses include:

• Digital Systems.

• Electromagnetics.
• Signals and Systems.

Cost of EE degree

The cost of this program usually varies from school to school. It depends on the location of the school around the world. So if you are interested in this degree, then you can contact directly to the school or search their website to get all information. It may include the tuition fee and other costs. The scope of BSc in Electrical Engineering has become really higher due to the advancement of technology. Pakistan is also making progress in this field. As an electrical engineer, you can have a lot of career opportunities and jobs after the bachelor's degree. Markets and industries have a high demand for skilled engineers.

Types of jobs in Electrical Engineering

As an Electrical Engineer you can select your careers in many sub-disciplines according top your skills. The most popular types of disciplines in EE are:

Electronic Engineers

They are mainly deal with electronic circuits and devices such as capacitors, diodes, resistors, inductors, and transistors.

Microelectronic Engineers 

They are skilled in designing and fabrication of micro circuit parts and components.

Signal Processing Engineers 

They work on signals, for example digital and analog signals.

Power Engineers

They deal with electricity problems and the design of electrical devices. For example generators, motors, transformers and power electronics.

Control Engineers

They propose the design of controllers, to perform well using micro-controllers, programmable logic controllers, digital signal processors, and electrical circuits.

Telecommunication Engineers

They focus on the transmission of information signals through optical fibers or cable.

Instrumentation Engineers 

They deal with the design of devices for measuring flow, pressure and temperature. This also involves a deep knowledge of physics.

Computer Engineers

They specialized in the design of computer hardware and computers. There are a lot of other options:

• Acoustic consultant.
• Design engineer.
• Sound engineer.
• Special effects technician.
• CAD technician.
• Nuclear engineer.
• Electronics engineer.
• Control and instrumentation engineer.
• Electrical engineer.
• Aerospace engineer.
• Broadcast engineer.

Top Companies hiring Electrical Engineers

Being an electrical engineer is a challenging task theses days. Due to the advancement in technology, the need of expert and professional electrical engineer has increased. Here is some top companies listed below.

The Boeing Company

This is the oldest and highly recommended firm. The Boeing Company is always among the top provider of jetliners for travelers or other commercials transportation purposes. Therefore, this company always needs expert electrical engineers who can perform well in their field. So working for this company will bring prestige as well as also give you the chance of growing further in this field with a good salary.

Lockheed Martin Corporation

This company is among the leading US providers and manufacturers of advances military purposes. Electrical engineers who are talented enough in developing military applications have a higher chance of getting a job in this esteemed company. This firm also collaborates with other country's electrical engineers, innovators, scientists to work on aircraft, surveillance systems, radars for military use. 

International Business Machines Corporation

This is one of the popular names in the computational advancement world and also known as IBM. The main aim of this firm is to develop hardware for new-generation for commercial, consumer, and industrial use. They hire professional electrical engineer who is able to fulfill their requirements. This will give you the experience to learn new skills as well with a good salary. 

Apple

Apple is also a well-known company for its strong and unique research and development. This company is developing constantly and dominates in the consumer technology sector. It has long been praised by customers and employees and is considered as one of the most reputable firms to work. Moreover, it is the most productive workplace to enhance your skills as well as the most attractive and great salary package. Other than this, working for an Apple firm give potential and skills to design, develop, and test the quality of the product. Some other top companies are:

• General Electric.
• Shell oil company.
• BMW group.
• Google.
• Texas instruments.
• Intel.
• Tesla.

Future opportunities for Electrical Engineers

Electrical Engineering is considered an internationally recognized academic program at undergraduate and graduate levels with different specializations. The electrical engineering department was first established in 1905 and started providing a degree in Communication Systems Engineering. Further, in 1909, due to its popularity, the department name was changed to Electrical Engineering Department. This department in every university has experienced staff, well-equipped classrooms, and lab facilities. It provides academic improvement continuously through discussion with faculty, industry, electronics, and communication engineering professionals. The students enable to solve real-world problems and open possibilities of the students as potential applicants for private or public sector organizations, entrepreneurs, and freelance developers. Graduates often enjoy careers as analyzing electrical systems, engineers, or working in the fields such as energy conservation, space exploration, and magnetics. They can also choose to work with the basic systems including the technology accessible and usable development. Also, work with semiconductors, building computer hips, and manipulating materials. In short, the graduates find a great career in modern high-tech industrial and laboratories. Further, the Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering enhances your ability to design and manufacture heavy machines and systems. It completely guides you to handle the most difficult and challenging task in the engineering field. Under the excellent supervision of great professionals, you learn to practically develop electrical circuits, complex computer systems, and control power systems. Also, in the program, the professors enable you to get core skills and knowledge about physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, communication, mechanics, materials, and fluids. The program is intended to give you the practical and problem-solving skills to become an electrical engineer. Thus, the aim of this program is to make students experts in electrical engineering as well as in many other areas that you can decide as minor subjects. The universities provide lab work and industry experience to enhance your professional growth. This degree makes you an expert about the foundations and gives you the confidence to work across any area in engineering. I hope you find this article helpful to understand the basic concepts of Electrical Engineering as well as the future career of this program. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Bachelor's degree in Engineering

Hello friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, I am going to discuss the Bachelor degree in Engineering (B.Eng.). It is an academic degree of three to four years, and the start of your careers like designing the highways, machinery, building communities, working on technologies, innovative technologies, and creating new mechanical devices or tools. However, I will discuss the main branches of Engineering and their major subjects, scope of this degree, and top universities offer this degree programs.

Bachelor's degree in Engineering

Further, this degree is academically equal to the BSc ( Bachelor in Science) degree. It mainly aimed to provide technical skills to students. Universities also give many technical programs of applied sciences. But regular Engg. programs are awarded as BSc degree. Moreover, during bachelor in Engineering, the students learn about the solution to complex math problems, basic scientific principles, and new technologies and methods. However, the expert professors will develop problem-solving skills, deep paper research, and analytical approach in students. At last, the graduate students have to write and publish research papers in the final year of the degree.

Branches of Engineering

The Bachelor of Engineering is divided into different fields, that students can select the field area according to their interest. The common fields for the B.Eng. degree are listed below.

Aerospace Engineering

It deals with the construction and maintenance of large aircraft, and their parts, missiles, and weapons. They are responsible for flight safety, operating cost, fuel efficiency, and environmental effect. Major subjects of Aerospace Engineering are:

• Aerodynamics.
• Heat transfer.
• Management and business.
• Mechanics of flight.
• Aircraft design.
• Space systems.
• Space mission design and analysis.
• flight dynamics and Airframe design.

Agricultural Engineering

It focuses on the development of agricultural machinery and equipment to enhance crop cultivation. They design new technology in the field of agriculture. Major subjects of Agriculture Engineering are:

• Farm Machinery and Power.
• Structures & Environmental Engineering.
• Food Engineering.
• Irrigation & Drainage.
• Fiber and Textile Technology.
• Energy Systems Engineering.

Automotive Engineering

These engineers involve in the design, building, and maintenance of automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and so on. This is the sub-branch of vehicle engineering. The major subjects of automotive engineering are:

• Technical English.
• Fundamentals of Computing and Programming.
• Engineering Chemistry.
• Engineering Graphics.
• Mathematics.
• Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
• Engineering Physics.
• Principles of Management.
• Engineering mechanics.
• Automotive Pollution and Control.
• Composite Materials.
• Vehicle Dynamics.
• Engineering Thermodynamics.
• Robotics.
• Automotive Chassis.
• Engineering Metals and Metallurgy.
• Statistics and Numerical Methods.
• Environmental Science and Engineering.
• Automotive Transmission.
• Marketing Management.
• Automotive Engines.
• Automotive Safety.
• Production Technology.

Biological Engineering

It also involve biomedical, Biomolecular, Biochemical, Biosystems engineering. They deal with the problem in the interfacing system such as plants, microbes, animals. With the human designed machinery, processes, and instruments. Fundamental courses are:

• Thermodynamics.
• Bio-mechanics.
• Biology.
• Genetic engineering.
• Fluid and mechanical dynamics.
• Kinetics.
• Electronics and materials properties.

Sub-disciplines of Biological Engineering

• Tissue engineering.
• Biomechanics.
• Neural engineering.
• Bioinformatics.
• Genetic engineering.
• Pharmaceutical engineering.
• Clinical engineering.

Chemical Engineering

It mainly focuses on the process of converting raw materials or chemicals to more useful and valuable forms or products. Further, they studied the chemicals and their properties and use them for the benefits. Major subjects of Chemical Engineering

• Separation processes.
• Industrial chemistry.
• Heat, mass, and momentum.
• Cell biology.
• Fluid mechanics.
• Thermodynamics.
• Environmental management.
• Petroleum engineering.

 

Clean Technology

This field uses and recycles energy, raw materials, water, and other inputs more efficiently to clean the environment. And productively use recycle the products. Make less waste and toxic elements.

• The key focus of this field is to work on sustainable energy and also energy optimization to decrease dependency on fossil fuels.
• They work on providing clean water.
• Also, focus on pollution reduction.
• Recycling of waste and management of waste.

Computer Engineering

It involves in making new technology in the computer systems such as make software and hardware according to new generations. They involve in the design and working of smart computers. The major subjects of computer engineering are:

• Microprocessor Lab.
• Image Processing Lab.
• Digital Logic Design Lab.
• VLSI Lab.
• Digital System Design Lab
• Computer Architecture Lab.
• Real-Time Embedded Systems Lab.

Civil Engineering

This is a broad range field involve building Engg., civil Engg., construction Engg., material Engg., control Engg., and industrial Engg. Additionally, they mainly deal with the design, construction, and maintenance of roads, canals, bridges, buildings, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways. Major subjects of Civil engineering are:

• Concrete Technology.
• Surveying.
• Structural Analysis.
• Design of reinforced concrete structures.
• Geotechnical Engineering.
• Environmental Engineering.
• Strength of material.
• Fluid Mechanics.
• Waste Water Engineering.
• Project Management and construction.
• Building Planning.
• Earthquake Engineering.
• Engineering Mathematics.
• Building Materials.
• Transportation Engineering.
• Water Resources Engineering.
• Engineering Mechanics.
• Design of steel structures.
• Estimation and Cost Analysis.
• Bridge Engineering.

 

Electronic Engineering

This is the most diverse field, include Computer Engg., Microelectronics, Communcation Engg., Software Engineering, IT, Nanotechnology, Power Engg., and so on. They make new electrical devices and maintain the heavy machinery. Electronic engineers are in high demand. In this profession, you will have to design logical circuits and you must be productive enough to come with new ideas regularly. Major subjects of Electronic engineering are:

• Applied Calculus.
• Electrical Machines.
• Engineering Drawing.
• Engineering Economics.
• Computer Fundamentals.
• Applied Physics.
• Engineering Ethics.
• Instrumentation & Measurement.
• Engineering Management.
• Digital Logic Design.
• Basic Mechanical Engineering.
• Object-Oriented Programming.
• Linear Algebra.
• Electromagnetic Field Theory.
• Electronic Devices & Circuits.
• Power Electronics.
• Digital Electronics.
• Applied Thermodynamics.
• Differential Equations.
• Introduction to Power Engineering.
• Data Communication & Computer Networks.
• Electrical Network Analysis.
• Communication Systems.
• Linear Control Systems.
• Complex Variables & Transforms.
• Probability & Statistics for Engineers.
• Microwave Communication.
• Wave Propagation & Antennas.
• Numerical Analysis.
• Microprocessor-Based Systems.
• Digital Signal Processing.
• Microwave Communication.

Electrical Controls Engineering

This is a relatively new field and considered the subfield of electrical engineering. Its focus to integrate electrical control and programming systems. Key Skills of Electrical Engineers are:

• Technical expertise.
• Strong numeracy.
• Budgeting.
• Teamwork and people skills.
• General IT skills.
• Self-management such as planning and meeting deadlines.
• Professional communication.
• The ability to make and understand technical diagrams.
• Flexibility.
• Ability to recognize and solve problems.
• Data analysis.
• Understanding the current electrical health and safety management.
• Awareness of related contents such as business and environmental issues.

Engineering Management

It is the subfield of management. It concentrates on giving the management skills to students to plan and execute the principles to manage industrial operations. Major subjects of engineering management are:

• Engineering mathematics.
• Management Science.
• Accounting for engineers.
• Engineering statistics.
• Decision engineering.
• Operations management.
• Business statistics.

Environmental Engineering

This field includes the subfields like Geology, Mining, Geomatics, and ocean Engg. These engineers are focused on the structure and functioning of the environment and earth. They also predict environmental changes. Course Subjects are:

• Strength of Materials.
• Basic Electrical Engineering.
• Ecology and Environmental Impact.
• Engineering Physics.
• Municipal Solid Waste Management.
• Geotechnical Engineering.
• Environmental Chemistry.
• Environmental Biotechnology.

Fire Protection Engineering

This is the combination of the knowledge of science and engineering laws and principles to protect us and the environment from fire, smoke, and other harmful effects. Major topics are:

• Fluid mechanics.
• Thermodynamics.
• Heat transfer with an emphasis on systems and phenomena related to fire.
• Fluid technicians include applications to design, suppression systems, and smoke movement.
• Geological Engineering.

This is a hybrid discipline that includes parts of civil engineering, earth sciences, and petroleum engineering, and mining engineering. In addition, they mainly focus on geological aspects such as mining, forestry, and so on. The main branches of Geology are earth system sciences, sedimentology, planetary geology, geological oceanography, stratigraphy and the geochemistry of natural waters.

Geomatics Engineering

This field focuses on the collection, distribution, processing, and analysis the geographical data. It also focuses on sensing Geographical, satellite positioning, wireless location, Information Systems, and land surveying. The major subjects and elective subjects are geodesy, land cadastre, surveying, and mapping, spatial information technology satellite positioning survey, coastal engineering survey and deformation & geodynamic surveys.

Geotechnical Engineering

This is the mixer of mining and civil engineering. It mainly involves the deep analysis and earth materials and their identifications. Major subjects are:

• Advanced Soil Mechanics.
• Theoretical Soil Mechanics.
• Geotechnical Investigation Practice.
• Advanced Foundation Engineering.
• Dynamics of Soil and Foundation.
• Geotechnical Laboratory.
• Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
• Computer Application in Engineering.

Information Engineering

This is almost similar to Information Technology. It deals with the analysis, generation, and distribution of informative data. The major subject taught are Business Management, Data Structures and Algorithms, Databases, Statistics, Mathematics, English, Economics, Operating Systems, Philosophy, Financial Accounting, Programming and Advanced Programming, Systems Development.

Industrial Engineering

It studies the parts like planning, work measurement, plant layout, methods, job design, human factors, operational management, manufacturing processes, psychology, systems, statistical control, and primary operational management. The major subjects are following: Productivity enhancement, ergonomic product design, Quality improvement, logistics, process optimization, environmental health, and safety.

Instrumentation Engineering

It is the branch of engineering that deals with the measurement of temp, pressure, and flow. It focuses on designing and making instruments that can measure these quantities. Major subjects are:

• Engineering Mathematics.
• Analog Electronic.
• Digital Electronics.
• Control Systems and Process Control.
• Electrical and Electronic Measurements.
• Basics of Circuits and Measurement Systems.
• Transducers, Mechanical Measurement and Industrial Instrumentation.
• Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation.

Integrated Engineering

This is basically a multi-disciplinary and design project-based field. These engineers are skilled in various aspects. Integrated Engineers main focus is on disciplines like materials, electro-mechanical, fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, and systems involving chemical, and biological components.

Leather Engineering

This field is similar to applied chemistry type program that is based on leather and its utilization. Major subjects are:

• Mathematics.
• Leather machinery.
• Electronics engineering.
• Leather Technology.
• Introduction to leather manufacture.
• Engineering physics.
• Introduction to leather manufacture.
• Instrumental methods of analysis.

Manufacturing Engineering

It involves planning, methods engineering, tool design, manufacturing process, robotics, manufacturing management, computer integrated manufacturing, and operations management. Major subjects are:

• Blueprint reading.
• Manufacturing process design and analysis.
• Manufacturing tool design.
• Technical writing.
• Industrial or occupational safety.
• Manufacturing engineering computer programs.

Materials Engineering

It mainly focuses on metallurgy, ceramic, and polymer engineering. Major subjects are:

• Materials Processing, Manufacturing, and Characterization.
• Corrosion and Oxidation.
• Surface Engineering and Coating Technology.
• Ceramics, Polymers, and Composites.
• Nanotechnology and Nano Materials.
• Computational Materials Science.

Marine Engineering

This field includes the engineering of all marine vessels such as boats, ships, oil rigs, boats, ships, oil rigs. It focuses on designing their structure and oceanographic engineering. Especially, marine engineering is the system of applying engineering principles such as mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science to the construction, layout, development, and maintenance of watercraft and on-board systems. Major subjects are:

• Marine design methods.
• Physics.
• Control circuits and electric machinery.
• Ship dynamics.
• Differential equations.
• Fluid mechanics.

Mechanical Engineering

It includes the mechanical engineering principles that apply to different objects in motion such as transportation, buildings, aerospace, energy, as well as machine design. It also focuses to explore the importance of the theoretical areas of mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, kinematics, electricity, and structural analysis. Major subjects are:

• Engineering Mechanics.
• Fluid Machinery and Aerodynamics.
• Instrumentation & control.
• Thermodynamics, and Heat Transfer Energy of Refrigeration or air Conditioning.
• Strength of Materials.
• Manufacturing Technology or processes.
• Design of Mechanical Systems.

Mechatronics Engineering

It is the combination of control and mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, telecommunication engineering, and computer engineering. The main curriculum of this degree are Mathematics, Fundamentals of Mechatronics, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Machine Design and CAD, Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, instrumentation & Measurements, and Mechatronics System.

Mining Engineering

It deals with identifying, extracting, marketing, beneficiating, and using mineral deposits. Major subjects are:

• Ventilation.
• Mine Planning.
• Ore Reserve Analysis.
• Materials Handling.
• Rock Mechanics.
• Drilling and Blasting.
• Industrial Management.
• Minerals Processing.

Nuclear Engineering

This field usually includes nuclear fission & fusion and related subjects such as heat transport, nuclear fuel, or other related technologies, and the problems of nuclear generation. It also includes radiation protection, medical physics, and particle detectors. The three major subjects are nuclear engineering, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and nuclear medicine.

Petroleum Engineering

It is a field of engineering involved with the projects related to the exploration and generation of hydrocarbons from the Earth. The major subjects are Production Engineering, reservoir studies, rock properties, corrosion control in the petroleum industry, fluid properties, artificial lift methods, well testing, well logging, and enhanced oil recovery techniques, natural gas transmission, distribution, and petroleum economics, storage.

Plastics Engineering

It is a wide field of engineering which involves plastic processing and designing the mold. Major subjects are:

• Engineering mathematics.
• Engineering chemistry.
• Computer application.
• Engineering graphics.
• Material science.
• Mechanics of Solids.
• Engineering physics.
• Production process.

Production Engineering

It is a term used in the Europe and UK and very similar to the Industrial Engineering field in North America. It involves the engineering of people, machines, management, and process. It explores the applicability of the theoretical field of Mechanics. Major subjects are: Material Science, Facility Planning, Technology, Material Handling, Industrial Management, Manufacturing, Mechanical Measurements, and Metrology, Economics & life cycle concepts, and Fluid Mechanics.

Textile Engineering

It focuses on the production of yarn from three types of fiber, then into the fabric, and finally in textiles.

Automation and Robotics Engineering

This field relates to all engineering disciplines that are involving in performing in robotics and automation

Structural Engineering

It is involved in analyzing, designing, planning, and researching the structural components, loads and systems, to reach design purposes including high-risk structures securing the security and convenience of residents in a broad range of jobs.

Software Engineering

This field involves the regular utilization of scientific and technological expertise, techniques, and knowledge to the layout, implementation, measurement, and documentation of software.

Systems Engineering

This field focuses on the study, design, advancement, and design of complex systems.

Scope of Engineering degree

Engineering is considered one of the most successful areas of study worldwide. Every year, numerous students take admission in different engineering fields. Today, the increase in the speed of unemployment made everybody consider his/her future and career seriously. With time the engineering jobs pay has increased a lot. Now it is among the highest-paid professions. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the annual salary of an engineer is about $91,010 and the projects of engineering fields have an employment increase of nearly 140,000 new jobs over the past. Moreover, choice of the right field gives a way towards the right profession starting to a bright future. But, if you select the wrong field clearly, you will not reach your aim by experiencing a lot of obstacles and difficulties. So always choose the right field, in which you have an interest. In Pakistan, the 4 engineering fields are the highest-paid. These are Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. These engineering fields are supposed to be one of the common choices for a good career. Because these degrees enable students to develop skills and knowledge which are essential to lead a flourishing career.

Top five universities offering engineering degrees

Harvard University

The Harvard University, School of Engineering is the new school established in 2007. Its origin is in the Lawrence Scientific School, which was established in 1847 and became a school in 2007. The school of Engineering taught several teaching fields such as applied mathematics, environmental science, and engineering, bioengineering, computer science, applied physics, electrical engineering, and materials science and mechanical engineering. The toppers of the school have been granted a Nobel Prize (MacArthur Fellowship Award) a Turing Award and a Guggenheim Fellowship, and many others.

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford offered specific engineering degrees which are differing from United States universities. The students are picked from different strands of engineering to graduate. For undergraduates, this is a four-year program degree in engineering science. There are also other fields of Engineering taught such as electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, information engineering, and mechanical engineering. To get admission, the applicants have to pass the interview round. Many engineering graduates from Oxford have bright careers as professional engineers.

Stanford University

The School of Engineering of Stanford University is popular for the past century because of its innovation and new technology ideas. This school consists of nine departments and additional institutes, research centres, and laboratories. The school of engineering mainly focuses on human challenging projects such as systems design, bioengineering, information technology, climate change, network security, robotics, materials and matter, affordable accessible healthcare, urban design, and computation and data analysis. However, this university has nine departments, and eight interdepartmental undergraduate programs in which students can choose to major in.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

The Engineering school of MIT is ranked among the top five schools at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is the biggest of all five schools. Further, the school has eight educational departments and two interdisciplinary schools. The departments of Engineering are the following: mechanical engineering, aeronautics, and astronautics, nuclear science and Engg., biological engineering, among others. The school allows both undergraduate and postgraduate programs and supports students at all stages to manage research.

University of California, Berkeley

The College of Engineering of the University of California is considered the top college among 14 schools and colleges. It was founded in 1931. Students can decide to seek several different fields, such as civil mechanical engineering, environmental engineering, and nuclear engineering, and many others. Distinguished alumni of the Engineering college are Steve Wozniack (the co-founder of Apple), Andrew Ng (co-founder and executive chairman of Coursera), Marc Tarpenning (the co-founder of Tesla), and (Peter Norvig) director of research at Google. I hope, you will find this article helpful to understand the majors in Engineering and its scope. Have a good day. :)

MJE13009 NPN Transistor Datasheet, Pinout, Features & Applications

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Introduction to MJE13009. MJE13009 is a semiconductor device made of silicon material that falls under the category of NPN transistors. This device is mainly used for switching and amplification purposes. The power dissipation of this device is 100W and the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the amount of voltage needed to bias the device. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll describe the complete Introduction to MJE13009 covering datasheet, pinout, features, and applications. Let’s get started.

Introduction to MJE13009

• MJE13009 is an NPN transistor mainly used for amplification and switching purposes.
• This is a semiconductor device made of silicon material and comes in a TO-220 package.
• MJE13009 is a three-layer device where two n-doped layers surround the one p-doped layer.
• This integrated chip contains three terminals named emitter, base, and collector.

• The small input current at the base pin is used to control the large output current at the remaining two terminals.
• MJE13009 is a type of bipolar junction transistor that belongs to the NPN transistor family where electrons are the major charge carriers.
• In a bipolar junction transistor, both electrons and holes play a key role in the conductivity inside the transistor. However, in the case of NPN transistors, electrons are major charge carriers while in the case of PNP transistor conductivity is carried out by the holes as major charge carriers.
• In NPN transistors current flows from the collector to emitter terminal while in the case of PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector terminal.

• The NPN devices are preferred over PNP devices for a range of switching applications because the mobility of electrons is better than the mobility of holes.
• The bipolar junction transistors are current-controlled devices in contrast to MOSFETs that are voltage controlled devices and contain terminals drain, source, and gate. The gate terminal plays the same role in MOSFET what the base terminal plays a role in bipolar junction transistors.
• The collector-emitter voltage of this device is 400V and the collector-base voltage is 700V while the emitter-base voltage is 9V which is the amount of voltage that can bias the device and start transistor action.
• MJE13009 is mainly developed for high-power high-speed switching applications. And the collector current of this device is 12A which means it can support load up to 12A.

MJE13009 Datasheet

Before you incorporate this device into your electrical project, it’s wise to go through the datasheet of the component that features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the datasheet of MJE13009.

MJE13009 Pinout

The MJE13009 carries three terminals known as:

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter

All these terminals are used for external connection with the electrical circuit. The following figure shows the pinout diagram of MJE13009. The terminals carry different doping concentrations. The collector pin is a lightly doped terminal while the emitter terminal is a highly doped pin compared to other terminals. Similarly, the base pin is 10-times more doped than the collector terminal.

MJE13009 Working Principle

• The base pin is responsible for the overall transistor action. When voltage is applied at the base pin, it helps in biasing the device and current will start flowing from collector to emitter terminal.

• The different doping concentration of all these terminals is responsible for the lack of symmetry inside transistor device.

• Yes, bipolar junction transistors are not symmetrical which means if you interchange both collector and emitter terminals, it will force the terminals to stop acting in forward active mode and as a result, both terminals will start operating in reverse action mode.
• This exchanging of terminals can influence the value of both common-emitter current gain and common-base current gain.

MJE13009 Power Ratings

The following table shows the absolute maximum ratings of MJE13009.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of MJE13009
Pin No.	Pin Description	Pin Name
1	Collector-emitter voltage	400V
2	Collector-base voltage	700V
3	Base-emitter voltage	9V
4	Collector current	12A
5	Power dissipation	100W
6	Base current	6A
7	Operating and storage junction temperature range	-55 to 150C

• The junction temperature and storage temperature ranges from -55 to 150C.
• The collector-emitter and collector-base voltages are 400V and 700V respectively. And total power dissipation is 100W which is the amount of power released during the working of this device. When you’re working with this integrated circuit, make sure the ratings don’t exceed the absolute maximum ratings. Otherwise, you’ll be risking your entire project.
• Moreover, don’t apply these ratings more than the required time, else they can affect device reliability.

MJE13009 Applications

MJE13009 is used in the following applications.

• Used to support loads under 12A.
• Installed in the motor control circuit.
• Employed in Bistable and Astable multivibrators circuit.

• Employed for switching and amplification purpose.
• Used in voltage regulator circuits.
• Employed in the switched-mode power supply.
• Used in H-bridge circuits.
• Used in modern electronic circuits.

MJE13009 Physical dimensions

The following figure represents the physical dimensions of the IC MJE13009. By looking at the physical dimensions of this component you can evaluate the space required for your circuit and install the device accordingly. That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m willing and happy to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.