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Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino Mini Library for Proteus(V3.0).

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Today, I am going to share a new version of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0. This library is a successor of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus and the new Arduino Mini model is compact, small-sized, efficient, and more powerful.

In the previous post, I shared the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0, where we have simulated UNO in Proteus. In this tutorial, we will simulate Arduino Mini in Proteus. First, we will download this library and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Mini. Before we read further, let’s have a look at what is Arduino Mini.

What is Arduino Mini?

Arduino Mini board is a small-sized, robust, application-type & powerful microcontroller board, based on an Atmega328 microcontroller.
A total of 14 digital I/O pins are incorporated on the board, including 6 PWM pins.
Moreover, there are 8 analog pins also available on the board.
This board is quite small compared to Arduino Uno. It is 1/6^th of the size of the Uno board.

This was the little intro to Arduino Mini. Now let's start with its Proteus simulation:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

First of all, download the Arduino Mini library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

You will get the downloaded file in zip format.
Extract this zip file and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files", inside this folder you will find:
- ArduinoMini2TEP.dll
- ArduinoMini2TEP.idx

Now copy these files and place them in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

After adding the library files, open your Proteus software or restart it (if it's already open).

Note:

If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
If you haven’t bought your Arduino Mini yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

Now look for the Arduino Mini V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button, as shown in the below figure:

Select Arduino Mini V2.0 from the list and click OK.

Place Arduino Mini board in Proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure:

You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Mini V2.0 board in the proteus workspace.
Now, we need to upload the hex file in order to simulate our board.
To upload the hex file, double click the Arduino Mini board.
As you double click, it will return the following image.

In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Mini board.
We have to click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
Click to read how to get a hex file from Arduino software.
Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.

The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino Mini board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Mini Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Mini Board (V2).

You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino Mini board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Mini board.

Arduino Mini LCD Interfacing

The Arduino Code and its simulation file have been included in the zip file that you downloaded at the start.
You can use that simulation but the better way is to design your own simulation that will help you learn better along the process.
Next, the Arduino Mini Board is interfaced with a 20x4 LCD.
Design the circuit given below and interface LCD with the Arduino Mini board:

Data pins of LCD are connected with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Mini, while Pin 12 & 13 of Arduino board are connected to Enable & Reset of LCD.
To upload the code, compile the Arduino code available in the zip format and get the Hex file.
The Arduino Mini properties panel is used to upload the hex file as we practiced in the previous section.
You have successfully interfaced LCD with the Arduino Mini board, now press the RUN button to get the result given in the below figure:

Summary

First, you need to download the Arduino Mini Library Files.
Next, copy these files from the “Proteus Library Files”(Folder) to the Library folder of Proteus software.
Now, look for the Arduino Mini in Proteus software.
Place that Arduino Mini board in the proteus workspace.
Next, double-click the board that will return the properties panel and upload the HEX File.
Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m willing to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions about the content we share. They help us create quality content customized to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Science? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I will share with you a very comprehensive tutorial about What is Science? Here, we will discuss science branches, importance of science in our life, popular science books, famous scientists and great inventions in the field of science. Science is derived from a Latin word’ Scientia’ means knowledge. When we are saying the word Science, refers to the study of every simple or complex phenomena occurring around us. For example, from the food we enjoy, to the cloth we wear, everything is science. Now let's get to know what is Science?

What is Science?

Science is the most important platform of knowledge and understanding the world. It has improved the quality of almost every field of life. Science follows the following step to understand natural phenomena. Let's figure out these steps.

Observation
Identification
Hypothesis
Experimental investigation
Theory

Before moving forward, we should know the proper & precise definition of science.

Science Definition

The observational & experimental study about the behavior and structure of natural and physical world around us.
Science is also the understand of a specific are of study by following particular methodology.
In simple words, science is the observational study of nature around us and natural things.

Main branches of Science

The scientist divided science into 3 major fields. Each branch covers different areas of study. You must go though these branches briefly for your better understanding.

1.Natural science

The field of science, focus on the study don natural processes of the universe. This branch is further divided into life science and physical science.

2. Formal science

The area of study about formal systems. The further branches of this field are logic and math.

3. Social sciences

The branch of science deals with human behavior in the society. As I have told you, science is very broad field. It has hundreds of branches. Let's have a look to some other popular branches of science & their definitions:

No.	Branch of Science	Description
1	Acanthochronology	The study about cactus with time in ordered sequence.
2	Acarology	The branch of science, study the mites.
3	Accountancy	It is the analysing and ,measurement study of financial & economical information
3	Aceology	The study of remedies, development of therapies.
4	Acology	The study of medicine
5	Adenology	The branch of science, studies about glands.
6	Agroecology	The ecological study applied on the production of agricultural products.
7	Agrogeology	Branch of science, focus on agro-minerals.
8	Agrology	The study about the fertility of agriculture soil.
9	Algology	The study about algae.
10	Anatomy	The study about human body structure.
11	Astrodynamics	The study on the rockets and craft’s motion in space.
12	Bacteriology	This branch of science deals with the study about bacteria & diseases caused by them.
13	Bromatology	The study about food.
14	Barology	This is the gravitational force study.
15	Biology	The study of life processes.
16	Calorifics	The branch of science, studies heat.
17	Climatology	The study about climate conditions.
18	Cynology	The study on dogs.
19	Egyptology	The study on Egypt (ancient).
20	cytology	The study of cells.

I have enlist name of few branches of sciences, getting popular among students.

List of other popular Science branches
Andragogy	Aromachology
Andrology	Astacology
Anemology	Astheniology
Angiology	Astrobotany
Anthropobiology	Astrobiology
Anthropology	Astrogeology
Anthrozoology	Astronomy
Apiology	Astrophysics
Aquatic ecology	Astroseismology
Arachnology	Atmology
Archaeology	Audiology
Archelogy	Autecology
Archology	Autology
Areology	Auxology
Bathymetry	Cambistry
Batology	Campanology
Bibliology	Carcinology
Bibliotics	Cardiology
Bioecology	Caricology
Biochemistry	Cambistry
Bionomics	Cometology
Biophysics	Computer science
Biopsychology	Conchology
Biotribology	Connectomics

How is Science Important in daily life?

Today, we can’t ignore the importance of science in our everyday life tasks. Let’s have a quick look around you. The fan, giving you comfort in summer, is science. When you wake up in the morning, and use brush and toothpaste both are given by science. The kitchen equipment’s i.e. oven & microwave are all about the science. All entertainment tools you are using such as mobile, TV and laptop all are the magic of science.

Moreover, it is the science that discovers the treatment of many diseases. You know, in the past, due to lack of advancement in the field of science, there was no cure for many diseases. But now the laser technology has been developed because of science. In short, science has raised the technology in medical field to a great level. Not only this, science also totally changed the agriculture field as well i.e. increase the productivity of crops by using new machinery and technologies. Further, In transportation, all the vehicles around you are inventions of science. Today, you are communicating to you dear ones by just one click on your phone, is due to science. Simply, science has become our lives so much easier than before. Even now we can’t live without it.

Top Influential scientist in the world

There are so many people who spend their lives to serve humanity by contributing in the field of science. Let’s read some of the popular scientists & their discoveries.

Top Scientist in the World
No.	Scientist Name	Discoveries
1	Andre-Marie Ampere	He discovered the electrical current carrying wires. He also invented electromagnetic theory.
2	Anaximander	He revealed the most ancient scientific theory about our planet that it is free in the space. The planet does not need anything for support.
3	Mary Anning	He was the first scientist who found the complete plesiosaur specimen. He also assumed the dinosaur diets.
4	Archimedes	He was the founder of mechenics &hydrostatics. He also calculates the value of pi. Moreover, he gives new geometry tools, and many other machinery designed.
5	Aristarchus	He completely changed the idea about earth that it moves around sun in circular orbit.
6	Alexander Graham Bell	He was the greatest scientist who invented telephone, metal detector as well as photo phone. He discovered the first device that carries human voice in form of light.
7	Daniel Bernoulli	He gives very popular Bernoulli’s law which describes the lifting of airplane wings.Further he gives theories about effect of temp on gas particles speed.
8	Elizabeth Blackwell	She was the first qualified physician women of America, as founder of first medical school there.
9	Niels Bohr	He founded the quantum theory; electron can orbit in only specific orbits around atom. He was the founder of quantum mechanics.
10	Robert Boyle	He was the first who properly defined molecule, element and compound. He also invented the Boyle’s law also called first gas law.
11	Tycho Brahe	He had given the way for planetary laws of Kepler and Newton’s law of gravity.
12	Brahmagupta	He defined and invented mathematical properties of Zero. He also gives the formulas for quadratic equation solution.
13	Robert Bunsen	He discovered two elements caesium & rubidium. Also found the arsenic poisoning , zinc-carbon battery. He also invented flash photography, and revealed the designing of geysers.

Other popular scientist are:

List of other popular scientist
Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Galen
Rachel Carson	Galileo Galilei
George Washington Carver	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
James Chadwick	Carl Friedrich Gauss
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Sophie Germain
Erwin Chargaff	Willard Gibbs
Nicolaus Copernicus	Jane Goodall
Jacques Cousteau	William Harvey
Marie Curie	Caroline Herschel
John Dalton	Heinrich Hertz
Charles Darwin	David Hilbert
Democritus	Hipparchus
René Descartes	Alain Aspect
Frank Drake	Martin Karplus
Albert Einstein	David Baltimore
Eratosthenes	Donald Knuth
Euclid	Allen Bard
Leonhard Euler	Robert Marks II
Michael Faraday	Timothy Berners- Lee
Pierre de Fermat	Craig Mello
Fibonacci	John Tyler Bonner
Ronald Fisher	Robert Hooke
Alexander Fleming	Grace Hopper
Benjamin Franklin	Jack Horner
Rosalind Franklin	Hippocrates

Popular books of science

Reading a good book can bring a lot of change in your life. So, check out some popular science books to better understand science. I am going to discuss my most favorite science books briefly here.

1. Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism

You must have knowledge about our metabolism system. Here, in this book, author provides valuable suggestion how to increase metabolism by exercise. According to author, we burn about 3000 cal every day, no matter what our activities are. Isn’t this interesting? Read this book for complete guidance.

2. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

This is a wonderful book deeply provides understanding to human functions and their interaction with organism and environment.

3. The Drunken Botanist

Let’s talk about another amazing book. This book provides knowledge about the formation of variety of alcohols from plants. The author explains about the production of rice as well as other trivia bits.

4. Wonderful Life

This book is actually about the beautiful nature and describes the journey of Burgess to provide reader valuable lesion about the oldest fossil fuels in the world.

The list of other worth reading science books:

I want to suggest more books of science below for your benefits.

Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World:
So, You Want to Be a Coder?: The Ultimate Guide to a Career in Programming, Video Game Creation, Robotics, and More!:
Black Inventors for Children: Famous African American Inventors Who Changed History Forever!:
Math Doesn't Suck: How to Survive Middle School Math Without Losing Your Mind or Breaking a Nail:
Bathtub Science:
The Berenstain Bears' Big Book of Science and Nature:
Queen Bees and Wannabes, 3rd Edition: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boys, and the New Realities of Girl World
Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness
The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales
The Art of Choosing
Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind
The Mismeasure of Man
The Portable Jung
The Freud Reader
The Invisible Gorilla
The Upside of Irrationality
Man's Search for Meaning
High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society
Magic Trees of the Mind: How to Nurture Your Child's Intelligence, Creativity, and Healthy Emotions from Birth Through Adolescence
Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing
Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America

I hope this article will help you to better understand science & its branches. For more detail, please read the refer Science books above.

What is Biology? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to give you a very fundamental and detailed tutorial on What is Biology? Further, we will also discuss the biology branches, importance of biology in our life, popular Biology books, famous Biologists and great inventions in the field of biology. The word 'Biology' actually refers to the complete study of life (Including all living organism i.e. humans, animals, plants and microorganisms). For the convenience to study about every field of life, scientist have divided science into 4 major branches.

1. Physical Sciences.

Biological Sciences(Biology).
Earth Sciences.
Space Sciences.

Now let's first have a look at what is biology?

What is Biology?

Biology is derived from Greek words, bio means life and logos means study. It concentrates on all the aspects of living things such as ecology, occurrence, reproduction, nutrition, organization, economic importance etc. Let's come towards the proper definition of biology:

Biology Definition

Biology (the branch of science), mainly focused on the complex life processes of living organism ( including chemical processes, physical characteristics, evolution and molecular interaction).
Biology covers all forms of living organisms and is further divided into multiple fields i.e. Zoology deals with the study of animals while Bootany deals with plants.
Biology also studies the behavior, structure and physiology of a specific organism or a class of organisms.

Now you must want to know, why biology is important in our life? Right? So let me tell you importance of biology first. Then, I will discuss branches of biology.

Why is Biology Important in Everyday Life?

There was a time, when we have no cure for even small diseases i.e. fever, pneumonia etc. but today surgeons are performing surgeries using laser technologies. A century ago, there wasn't any concept of organs transplant in Biological field and today biologists have developed surgeries to transplant almost every human organ and are trying to transplant brain. If you ask me, brain transplant is going to happen soon. Biology has increased productivity in the field of agriculture by producing advanced seeds and fertilizers. Biologists have also exrtacted different chemicals from plants which are helpful in curing different diseases. Nutritional biology is all about the nutrients required by our body for healthy life.

Interdisciplinary branches of biology

Let me tell you here, Biology is the most complex branch of science. It is not that simple. Biology is linked with other science disciplines, and further divided into many branches. Well! To deeply understand biology, we will also learn about these branches later. Here, let’s find out the relation of biology with other main science branches. Let’s start to discuss these interlinked branches one by one.

1. Biophysics

This branch of sciences, deals with the study of laws and principles of physics, applicable to the biological processes. For your understanding, I will give you an example. Animal limbs working on the physics principle of lever.

2. Biochemistry

This branch focuses on the different chemical and compounds of chemistry & their impact on human life. For example, photosynthesis process.

3. Biomathematics

This discipline of sciences, deals with the study of all biological process by using math techniques and calculations. The example is the human & animal population data calculation.

4. Biogeography

This branch categories and distribute the different living organism species in the world. Example is the specie Acacia found in the region of desert.

5. Bio-economics

The study of living organisms with respect to the economical point is called bio-economic branch. Such as the profit & cost of wheat yield.

Main branches of biology

Biology is very broad branch of science, and divided into many sub-disciplines.

1. Botany

This discipline is deal with the study of plants. Theophrastus is the one of the famous scientists in this field.

2. Zoology

This field is concerned with the detailed study of animals. And Aristotle is famous for his contribution and known as father of this field.

3. Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of micro-organism. Leeuwenhoek is considered as the father of microbiology.

Some other popular branches of biology are:

No.	Branches	Description
1	Taxonomy	This is the field of biology, mainly working on the identification and categorization of the living species.
2	Histology	Histology is the field of study, focuses on internal structure, working & behavior of tissues using light microscope.
3	Anatomy	The study about the external body parts.
4	Morphology	This biology branch carrying the study on internal body parts of different living species.
5	Cytology	It is the discipline, fundamentally studying about the functions and structure of cells.
6	Cell Biology	The field of biology, deals with the genetics information transferred from parents to next generation though cells.
7	Molecular Biology	The study of different activities of protoplasm, including their functions, structures and many other properties.
8	Physiology	This branch of biology provides information about the function and process of different body parts.
9	Embryology	It is the study of embryonic development process including every stage, size of embryos etc.
10	Ecology	This biology discipline, studies on the relation of living organism with their living environment.
11	Genetics	This branch studies how the inheritance transferred from generation to generation.
12	Evolution	The study of life & its existence.
13	Palaeontology	This branch of biology, study about naturally found fossil fuels and develops techniques to identify these resources underneath.
14	Exobiology	It is the branch of biology, studying the practical experimental study on life in space.
15	Virology	This branch is all about the study of viruses.

Other fields of Biology are:

Acarology: It is the branch of biology, & study of mites and ticks.
Actinobiology: Studies the effect of radiations on the living organism.
Cardiology: The complex study on the heart system.
Araneology: The study on spiders.
Agroforestry: Studies the properties & form of land used to cultivate the crops and trees.
Batrachology: This branch studies the structure and life study of the frog.
Apiculture: It is the study on beekeeping.
Aschelitinthology: The branch of biology, studies roundworms.
Bacteriology: This is the detailed study on the bacteria.
Agronomy: Research on Plants & crops.
Biochemistry: The branch of science, reveals the link between chemical reaction on the life process.
Biometrics: Use of statistical analytical study on biological systems.
Arthrology: This is the branch of biology, studying the structures and functioning of joints parts.
Anthology: The area of study on flowers & its parts.
Biotechnology: This branch (biology) is all about the study of making drugs and medicines from useful organism for human health care.
Angiology: This biology field, focuses on blood regulatory systems.
Carcinology: The field of study about sea creature i.e. crabs.
Agrostology: The research on the grass is called Agrostology.
Aerobiology: This deep study about the flying organism.
Dermatology: Dermatologists' basically deals with skin problems.

Important topics in biology

The research on biology growing everyday in many subjects. So, I am goin to tell you the main topics of research in biology.

Photosynthesis (Food making process by plants in presence of sunlight).
Carbon cycle (Study of how carbon is exchanged between atmosphere and living organism).
Study of human heart (Functions, diseases, structure & abilities).
Nitrogen cycle (Incorporation of nitrogen in the atmosphere).
Human digestive system (Host and glands involved in human digestive system & their functions and roles).
Flora & Fauna (Flora means study of plants and Fauna refers to all animals’ life).
Human brain (Functions, structure and working).
Blood veins and arteries (Study of how veins carry oxygen and blood).
Transpiration (How water pumping during photosynthesis).
Soil profile (Study of soil productivity and fertilization condition).
Difference between Mitosis& Meiosis.
Study of sensory organs.
Gymnosperms (Study of plants, producing seeds).
Fertilizers (Study and developments of fertilizers to enhance productivity of the soil).
Ecology (Development of friendly environment between organism and surrounding).
Evolution (How life starts and what changes occurring).
Animal cells.
Bio-molecules (Study of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates).

Popular Biologists

There are many biologists, contributed in this field. Let's discuss some popular biologists and their contributions.

Famous Biologists of all Time
No.	Biologists	Contributions
1	Aristotle	He was the Greek philosopher, and discovered many important biological theories. His greatest contribution is the classification of living organisms. He was the first scientist, proposed the relation of species and organize them accordingly.
2	Galen	He was the great Greek physicians; suggest the new ideas about medical research. He opens new ways in field of medicine. He works for many branches of biology, anatomy, physiology, neurology and pathology. The remarkable discoveries are identification the relation & differences between the artery and vein.
3	Oswald Avery	He revealed about how the heredity instructions passes form DNA to next generation.
4	James Black	He proposed the ideas of making drugs using beta blockers for the stomach ulcers and heart diseases.
5	Elizabeth Blackwell	She is the first qualified women physicians of America. She was the founder of first medical school in America.
6	Linda Buck	He discovered the five senses and their working. He also revealed that humans have 350 odour cells receptors that send the signals to human brain.
8	Rachel Carson	Author of the great book “Silent Spring” that describes the effect of chemical on the environment. He revealed the chemicals that must be banned for the sake of environment.
9	George Washington Carver	He worked on improving the agronomy by improving the nitrogen nutrient in the crop fertilization.
10	Erwin Chargaff	He gives Chargaff’s principles and discovered the DNA structure.

List of other biologists who contributed in this field are listed below:

Richard J. Ablin	Warder Clyde Allee
Erik Aquarius	Joel Asaph Allen
Arthur Adams	George James Allman
Michel Adanson	June Dalziel Almeida
Monique Adolphe	Tikvah Alper
Edgar Douglas Adrian	Prospero Alpini
Adam Afzelius	Sidney Altman
Carl Adolph Agardh	Bruce Ames
Jacob Georg Agardh	José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta
Louis Agassiz	Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf
Alexander Agassiz	Agnes Robertson Arber
Nikolaus Ager	Aristotle
William Aiton	Emily Arnesen
Bruce Alberts	Ruth Arnon
Nora Lilian Alcock	Peter Artedi
Boyd Alexander	Gilbert Ashwell
Richard D. Alexander	Ana Aslan
Alfred William Alcock	David Attenborough
Salim Ali	Jean Baptiste Audebert
Frédéric-Louis Allamand	Jean Victoire Audouin
Churchill Babington	Karl Ernst von Baer
John Bachman	Liberty Hyde Bailey
Curt Backeberg	Donna Baird
Scott Baker	John Hutton Balfour

Best Biology books of all Time

There are a huge collection of useful books of biology available online. Let me tell you about my favorite biology books. I must say that every young biologist must read these books. Because a genius said that reading books is like you are borrowing his/her brain for some time.

1. The Double Helix by James Watson

Watson was the greatest scientist, and in this book he described about DNA discovery. What is more beneficial to get information about DNA from the person who discovered it? He described this research circumstances, gives the young biologist a great lesson.

2. Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner

I read this book during my first year of master. This book helped me a lot to solve practical problem in the lab in the field of genetics. Young biologists are getting are doing working on genes. I strongly recommend this book for those students. The genetic discoveries are growing very fats, that it becomes very difficult for the newcomers to understand all the basics concepts. Are you facing this problem? No worries. You can take help from this book as much as you want.

3. Virolution by Frank Ryan

This is actually a very interesting and informative book about evolution. The author revealed some discussed with the example of fish. Fish died because of the virus diseases in his own DNA. The virus activated when fish reach at productive age. Other worth reading biology books are:

"Biology" written by Neil A. Campbell.
"Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcer" written by Robert M. Sapolsky.
"Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers" written by Mary Roach.
"The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution".
"Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History" written by S. Jay Gould.
"The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher" written by L.Thomas.
"The Origin of Species".
"Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom" written by S. B. Carroll.
"The Blind Watcmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design".
"The Selfish Gene".
"Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic" by David Quammen.
"Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness" written by P. Godfrey-Smith.
"Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex" written by Mary Roac.
"The Gene: An Intimate History".
"River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life" written by Richard Dawkins.

"Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal" written by Mary Roach.

"Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams" by Matthew Walker.
"She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity" written by C. Zimmer.
"Voyage of the Beagle" written by C. Darwin.

"Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution" written by N. Lane.
"The Genius of Birds" by Jennifer Ackerman.

"A Short History of Nearly Everything" written by B. Bryson.

"The Diversity of Life" written by Edward Wilson.

"The Hot Zone: The Terrifying True Story of the Origins of the Ebola Virus" written by R. Preston.

"Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body’s Most Underrated Organ" written by G. Enders.

"Climbing Mount Improbable" written by R. Dawkins.

I hope this article will help you to understand biology, its branches, importance, popular books of biology and famous biologists & their contribution in the field of biology.

Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino UNO Library for Proteus(V3.0).

Hello friends! I hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. Today, I am going to share an update to our previously designed Proteus Library for Arduino UNO. You should also have a look at its previous version i.e. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus(V1.0). We have been receiving many suggestions & bug reports from engineers(mostly students) about our Proteus libraries, so we have thought to upgrade them for better performance. It's the first one getting upgraded and this month, we will be sharing a lot more. It is the more advanced, small-sized and refined version of the previous model.

I’ve given the link below to download this library and shared details on How to use it in your Proteus software to simulate Arduino Uno. If you don’t have Proteus installed on your PC, check this article detailing how to download and install Proteus software.

Before we move further, let’s have a brief look at what is Arduino UNO:

What is Arduino UNO?

Introduced by Arduino.cc, Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega328 microcontroller and is used in embedded projects.
Apart from USB, the board can be powered up using a battery or AC to DC adapter.
The current version of Arduino UNO comes with a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, and 14 I/O digital ports that are employed to develop connections with external electronic circuits.
Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins can be used for PWM output.

This was a little insight into Arduino Uno. Let’s now have a look at how to download the Arduino Uno library and use it in your Proteus software. Let’s jump right in.

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Initially, you need to download the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

Extract this zip file and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files".
Inside this folder, you will find these two files:
- ArduinoUNO2TEP.dll
- ArduinoUNO2TEP.idx

Place these files in the libraries folder of your Proteus software.

Note:

If you are having problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should read How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
If you haven’t bought your Arduino UNO yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

If you want to read its technical specifications, features and pinout then you should have a look at Introduction to Arduino UNO.

Now open the Proteus software and search for the Arduino Uno, as shown in the below figure:

Select Arduino Uno V2.0 and click OK, it will be added in your components box.
Now place Arduino UNO anywhere on your proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure:

You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Uno board in the proteus workspace.
Now, we have to upload the hex file to run our board.
To upload the hex file, double-click on the Arduino Uno board.
As you double-click, it will open the Edit Properties Panel, as shown in the following image:

In this panel, you can see different properties of the Uno board.
You need to click on the textbox named “Upload Hex File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
You should have a look at how to get hex file from Arduino software, if you don't know already.
Upload the hex file of your code and click OK.

The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default, as shown in the Properties Panel.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino UNO board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Uno Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Uno Board (V2).

You can see in the above figure that the V2 Arduino Uno board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Uno board.

Arduino UNO LCD Interfacing

I have added this simulation file and its Arduino Code in the zip file, which you downloaded at the start.
You can run that simulation but I would suggest you design it on your own, as you will make mistakes during the process & obviously will learn better.
Now, I will interface a 20x4 LCD with the Arduino Uno board.
To interface this LCD display, design the circuit as shown below:

I’ve connected the data pins of LCD with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Uno, while Enable & Reset are connected to Pin 12 & 13 respectively.
Next, we need to upload the code to compile the Arduino code present in the zip file and get the Hex File.
Upload that Hex File in your Arduino UNO Properties panel, as we did in the previous section.
Now, click on the RUN button and if everything's fine, you will get results as shown in below figure:

Summary

Download Arduino UNO Library Files.
Place Files from "Proteus Library Files"(Folder) in the Library folder of Proteus software.
Search for Arduino UNO in Proteus.
Place it in the workspace.
Open the Properties panel & upload the HEX File.
Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Chemistry? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to share with you a very basic and detailed tutorial on What is Chemistry? We will also discuss Chemistry types, popular Chemistry books, famous Chemists and their great inventions in the field of Chemistry etc. When you hear the word Chemistry, you may think, it is only concerned to the study of chemicals, dangerous substances etc. But let me surprise you, Chemistry is also known as the Central Science means it is the insight study of almost everything around us. I just remembered very comprehensive Chemistry definition by American Chemical Society, “Everything you touch, see, smell and hear involves Chemistry and chemicals”. Scientist divided Physical sciences in 5 major disciplines in the 19th century.

Chemistry.
Physics
Astronomy.
Meteorology.
Geology.

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is one of the most vital & fundamental branches of science, concerned with the deep study of matter, its properties, composition (chemical) and use. And you must know that everything around us is matter. It means Chemistry involves in our everyday life task, from cooking to cleaning. Chemistry is actually the mixture of physics and biology. Because of its fundamentally understanding with the basic and applied scientific disciplines. Now, let’s have a look at the proper definition of Chemistry.

Chemistry Definition

Chemistry deals with the study of elements (i.e. atoms, molecules, compounds, ions etc.) and their chemical composition, characteristics, structure, and chemical reactions.
Chemistry also studies the chemical interaction (bonding) between elements, atoms and molecules. It studies the reasons of bonding and their effects.
Further, chemistry is also concerned with the energies released or abosrbed by different molecules.

Why is Chemistry important?

Chemical reactions are taking places every second around us. From the digestion food to making of food from plants, everything is happening due to chemical reactions. Our whole body is made up of chemical compounds. And it is Chemistry, concerned to study these reactions for our betterment. Let’s discuss the most common examples:
The creams and sunscreens, we used in our daily life to protect our skin form UV radiation from sun, are made of organic and inorganic compounds, and directly related to Chemistry.
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction; plants use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to prepare food.
The detergents we are using for hygienic purpose are also examples of emulsion, which is also chemical reaction. The soaps are made from the chemical process call saponification.

Chemistry Branches

On the base of the studying matters, changes and types of the systems, Chemistry is sub-divided into the following categories. Let’s discuss branches of Chemistry briefly for better understanding.

1. Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the field of study, mainly focuses on the characteristics study about carbon atom. Including the experimental study on the structure and composition of other atoms such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) etc.

2. Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry, not focused on the study of carbon. But you know carbon is essential atom in many inorganic compounds. Therefore, there has been investigated another field of study is organometallic Chemistry, a mixture study between organic and inorganic Chemistry.

3. Analytical Chemistry

This branch of Chemistry is the insight study of elements in mixture form. Its main focus is to identify and analyze these materials. It invents the materials & methods to analyze these material. As well as discovered the separation techniques.

4. Physical Chemistry

The physical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry to deeply examine the behavior of atoms, elements, chemicals, compounds and molecules, and proposed the fundamental laws of Chemistry.

5. Environmental Chemistry

It is basically the study of environmental chemical and their composition.

6. Bio-chemistry

This branch of Chemistry mainly focuses on discovering the inner information during the examination of biological systems using chemical laws. It also provides the revelation of the link between the functional properties and structure of biological systems.

7. Nuclear Chemistry

It is the type of Chemistry, concentrated in the experimental study about the radioactive elements, their reactions and properties. Simply, this field is all related with the study of radioactivity.

8. Biophysical Chemistry

It is the sub-discipline of Chemistry, basically deals with the biological macromolecules and their properties.

9. Polymer Chemistry

It is the field of Chemistry, fundamentally related on the study of formation of chemical, properties, and structure of macromolecules & polymers.

Chemistry top concerns

Chemistry also provides insight to the chemical bonds and formation of their interaction with each other. It studies the chemical bonding through which atoms are linked. There are 2 types of chemical bonds:

Covalent bonds (also named as primary chemical bond).
Metallic bonds.
Ionic bonds.

Above are the primary bonds, whereas the secondary chemical bonds are:

Hydrogen bonds.
Van der Waals force.

Relationship of Chemistry with Other Areas of Science

Due to the immense areas of concerns in the universe, science sub-divided into the following areas, mainly focus on the universal aspects. The primary three categories under science are discussed below:

1. The Formal Sciences

Also named as “language of science”. Because of its main focus on the studying of languages. For example, the logic and math are the example of this area of science.

2. The Natural Sciences

This category involves the experimental study about occurring of natural phenomena in the universe. Physics, Biology and Chemistry are lying under this discipline.

3. The Social Sciences

The social sciences studying the human nature and behavior as well as their relation with the societies. The main disciplines falls under this category are: Psychology, economy and sociology. Have a look on below picture; it will help you to understand the relationship of branch chemistry with other disciples of science.

Chemistry books

Chemistry is one of my favorite subjects. Now I am going to share some famous and best reading text-books of Chemistry. You can download or buy these books, I am sure it will be worth reading Chemistry books.

1. An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological

It is a precise and easy Chemistry book to understand written by Karen C. Timberlake. As form the name of book, you have got an idea about the content of this book. This book of Chemistry is all about the organic area of Chemistry as well the biological Chemistry. This book has revealed the relation of Chemistry with health and environment.

2. A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)

This is the book of Chemistry, many institutes loved to recommend to their students. The written by if this book is Nivaldo J. Tro. It is generally a well written book, and got very fame. The written by explained about the data interpretation and analyses. It gives the digital and analytical experience to students.

3. Chemistry For Dummies

Let’s talk about another impressive Chemistry book written by John T. Moore. This book explains all the chemical reaction happening in the formation of soap, oil and soda. This book provides insight study of chemical methods, techniques, basic principles and fundamental concepts of Chemistry. The language used also very simple and easy to understand for students.

Few other Chemistry books

Some other famous Chemistry Books are:

Popular Books of Chemistry
No.	Book Name	Author
1	Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History	Penny Le Couteur
2	The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe	Theodore Gray
3	The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York	Deborah Blum
4	Uncle Tungsten	Oliver Sacks
5	General Chemistry	Linus Pauling
6	A Chemical History of a Candle	Michael Faraday
7	A Short History of Nearly Everything	Bill Bryson
8	The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire, and Phosphorus	John Emsley
9	Blue Dreams: The Science and the Story of the Drugs that Changed Our Minds	Lauren Slater
10	The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements	Sam Kean
11	Molecules: The Elements and the Architecture of Everything	Theodore Gray
12	Chemistry of Space	David E. Newton
13	Periodic Tales: The Curious Lives of the Elements	Hugh Aldersey-Williams
14	Ingredients: A Visual Exploration of 75 Additives & 25 Food Products	Steve Ettlinger
15	The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler	Thomas Hager
16	Theo Gray's Mad Science: Experiments You Can Do at Home - But Probably Shouldn't	Theodore Gray
17	The Double Helix	James D. Watson
18	Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World	Nick Lane
19	Connecting the Drops: A Citizens' Guide to Protecting Water Resources	Karen Schneller-McDonald
20	Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World	Tom Zoellner
21	Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution	Beth Gardiner
22	What Einstein Told His Cook: Kitchen Science Explained	Robert L. Wolke
23	Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy	Seth Fletcher
24	Strange Chemistry: The Stories Your Chemistry Teacher Wouldn't Tell You	Steven Farmer
25	The Electric Life of Michael Faraday	Alan W. Hirshfeld

Popular Chemists of All Times

There is a long list of famous scientist whom contributed the field of Chemistry. Let’s have a look of top chemists and their achievements below:

Famous Chemists
No.	Chemists Name	Achievement
1.	Amedeo Avogadro	First time give the idea about elements can exist in molecular form, as well as individual form. Also give Avogadro’s law.
2.	Jacob Berzelius	He is the founder of measurement of atomic weights of chemicals. He also revealed new elements i.e. thorium, cerium &. selenium
3.	Niels Bohr	He discovered the theory of quantum mechanics when he observed electrons orbiting around the shell.
4.	Robert Boyle	He founded the two sub-fields of chemistry, named as alchemy and mysticism. He also discovered many elements, defined them. He invented the Boyle’s law also known as first gas law.
5.	Lawrence Bragg	He invented the position of different atoms using x-ray diffraction in solids.
6.	Hennig Brand	He founded the elements, phosphorus. And was the first scientist in chemistry history, discovered the chemical element.
7.	Georg Brandt	He is the first Chemists who discovered the new metal ‘cobalt’. He proposed the theories for people of making gold.
8.	Robert Bunsen	He invented the following elements (cesium & rubidium). He also discovered the zinc & carbon batteries, he was the inventor of flash positioning. He also proposed hoe the geysers works.
10.	Marie Curie	He invented the radium and polonium elements. He gives s important information about radioactivity and radioactive elements. He first time performed the tumour treatment using radiations.
11.	John Dalton	He gives the Dalton’s theory, considered as the base of Chemistry. Moreover, discovered Gay-Lussac’s law with respect to volume, temp & pressure of gas.
12.	Democritus	He proposed the atomic theory about the motion interaction of tiny particles. He did search and study on the starts and their milky appearance.
13.	Empedocles	He gives the natural sciences theories, invented four elements.
14.	Michael Faraday	He invented the electromagnetic induction. More he discovered the Faradays law, link between the magnetism & light. He also explains the first room temp of a gas. And discovered benzene.
15.	Rosalind Franklin	He gives the experimental data about the DNA structure. He also discovered the two forms of DNA.
16.	Willard Gibbs	He invented the vector concept and modern science. He also focused on chemical thermodynamics.
17.	George de Hevesy	He discovered 72 elements. He also invented pioneered isotopes to find the chemicals process as well as biological one. He discovered about animals and plant utilization of chemical elements as nutrients.
18.	Fred Hoyle	He invented the naturally founded elements. And set them on the periodic table.

Few remarkable Chemists

Here's the list of few other remarkable Chemists:

Natalie Ahn, American.
English Chemist, A. Aikin.
H. C. Allen, American.
German Chemist, R. Abegg.
German Chemist, F. Accum.
American expert, J. Alexander.
Swedish Chemist, S. Arrhenius.
American Chemist, P. Agre.
American Chemist, A. Almutairi.
American Chemist, H. Burton Adkins.
Kuwaiti Chemist, F. Al-Kharafi.
American Chemist, L. A. Cohen.
American Chemist, E. Lucille Allen.
S. Altman won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
V.Ashby, American.
Fr. W.Aston won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
G. L. Anderson, American.
Australian Chemist, A. Albert.
B. Christian won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
American Chemist, A. J. Arduengo.
American Chemist, B. Askins.
German chemists, G. Agricola.
Dutch Chemist, A. Eduard van Arkel.
Physical English Chemist, J. Albery.
Brazilian Chemist, O. A. Ceva Antunes.
American N. Chemist, L. B. Asprey.
Italian Chemist, A. Angeli.
Johan August A., Swedish Chemist.
German Chemist, K. Alder.
Swedish Chemist, Ka.Aurivillius.
English Chemist, F. Abel.

I hope this article will be helpful for you all to understand the basics of chemistry, its branches, importance, and famous books & chemists of all times. Try to read the refer books above for more knowledge, those are really worth reading.

What is Raspberry Pi Pico? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll study What is Raspberry Pi Pico? We’ll also detail Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet. Raspberry Pi Pico is a little different from other modules introduced by Raspberry Pi Foundation. This unit is similar to Arduino Nano and is called a microcontroller board that incorporates a powerful RP2040 chip. This is different from other single-board computers that fall under the Raspberry Pi series. It is not a computer but a microcontroller board. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll explain Raspberry Pi Pico in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi Pico?

Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board (released on 21 Jan 2021) mainly developed for robotics and embedded applications. Unlike other Raspberry Pi modules, this board is not a full computer.
Pico is the most economical board among other Raspberry Pi modules. At the time of writing this article, you can get this device in only $4 which is a cost-effective solution to your electronic needs.
This tiny board incorporates 26 GPIO pins that you can configure either as an input or as output. Moreover, RP2040 is added to the board that is considered as the first in-house microcontroller introduced by Raspberry Pi.

Mostly the RP2040 microcontroller pins are taken to the user IO pins on the right and left edge of the module. While four RP2040 IO are employed for internal functions i.e. on-board Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS), driving an LED, power control, and sensing the system voltages.

Dual-core Arm Cortex-M0+ processor is added to the board that comes with flexible clock frequency up to 133 MHz. This frequency is required for the synchronization of all internal functions. The SRAM of this unit is 264KB and flash memory is 2MB that is employed to store different files.
Pico board comes with an on-board buck-boost SMPS that can produce the desired 3.3 volts (to power RP2040 and external circuitry) through a range of input voltages (~1.8 to 5.5V).
This way you can power the module with different flexible sources including 3 AA cells in series and lithium-Ion cell. Furthermore, you can easily integrate battery chargers with the Pico power chain.
This module comes with different communication protocols including 2x I2C, 2x SPI, and 2x UART which are employed to develop the connection with the external devices. Moreover, there are 16 controllable PWM channels and three 12-bit ADC incorporated on the board.
The MicroPython is the official language supported for this module, however, you can also write codes in C or C++, but the former is officially recommended.
As mentioned earlier this unit is more like a microcontroller board, it lacks Ethernet and HDMI that are included in other Pi modules like Raspberry Pi 4.
There is one micro-USB port included in this module. Moreover, there is no wireless or Bluetooth added to this module.
Know that, header pins can be soldered to the Pico module that you can use in a breadboard.

Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout

The following figure shows the Raspberry Pi Pico pinout.

Raspberry Pi Pico Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief intro to the Raspberry Pi Pico. This section is reserved for the description of each pin incorporated into this single-board computer.

Power and Ground in RPi Pico

This board comes with four types of power pins.

PIN40 VBUS (USB input voltage, typically 5V)

PIN39 VSYS (used to the power system, can be in range 1.8V-5.5V)
PIN36 3V3 offers 3.3V

Total eight ground pins on board that provide 0V.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are 26 multifunction GPIO pins employed for connection with external devices. These pins are used either as general-purpose input or general-purpose output pins. Moreover, there are 3 analog inputs among these GPIO pins.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are two SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocols are included in this Raspberry Pi Pico module. This protocol is used to develop the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors.

There are two pins for SPI communication… i.e. MOSI (master output slave input) and MISO (master input slave output). This communication protocol falls under master-slave communication protocol.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are two I2C communication protocols included in this module. This protocol contains two pins SDL and SCL.

The SCL is the serial clock line that guarantees the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus while the SDL, on the other hand, is the serial data pin that contains the data while.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

The Raspberry Pi Pico contains two UART serial communication protocols. The UART serial port carries two pins Rx and Tx.
The Rx is the receiving pin that guarantees the receiving of serial data and the Tx is the transmission pin that ensures the transmission of serial data.

Raspberry Pi Pico Datasheet

Before applying this module to your electrical project, it’s wise to read the Raspberry Pi Pico datasheet. The datasheet explains the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the Raspberry Pi Pico datasheet.

Raspberry Pi Pico Specs

The following are the Raspberry Pi Pico specs.

21 mm × 51 mm form factor
Comes with 26 multifunction GPIO pins, including 3 analog inputs
Features Dual-core Arm Cortex-M0+ processor, the flexible clock running up to 133 MHz
The on-chop SRAM is 264KB
Low-power sleep and dormant modes
Operating temperature range -20°C to +85°C
RP2040 microcontroller chip designed by Raspberry Pi in the UK
Features 2 × SPI controllers, 2 × UART, 2 × I2C protocols, 16 × PWM channels
Can support input power 1.8–5.5V DC
Contains 1 × USB 1.1 controller and PHY, with host and device support
On-board QSPI Flash is 2MB
Drag-and-drop programming using mass storage over USB
8 × Programmable I/O (PIO) state machines for custom peripheral support
Accurate on-chip clock
Accelerated integer and floating-point libraries on-chip
The castellated module allows soldering directly to carrier boards
Temperature sensor

Raspberry Pi Pico vs Arduino

Before the arrival of Arduino Pi Pico, there was a stark difference between Raspberry Pi and Arduino modules. The former is a single-board computer that can perform some typical functions like a regular computer while the latter is a module based on a microcontroller that uses one program at a time.
However, with the inception of Raspberry Pi Pico in 2021 that incorporates RP2040 SoC, which is a microcontroller, the difference between these two modules is not extensive anymore. Because like Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico is a board based on a microcontroller.
Both Arduino and Raspberry Pi Pico units are introduced for the embedded system and automation applications that don’t involve human interference once the module is interfaced with the electronic circuitry. You can use Pico alone or with the combination with Arduino modules to develop different projects related to Artificial Intelligence.

Million of Arduino Units have been sold since its inception in 2005. The Pico is recently introduced in the market by Raspberry Pi Foundation and the response it earned from the targeted audience is amazing. Both modules are different in terms of power consumption, value, functionality, and price.
The Pico module supports the MicroPython language while the code for Arduino boards is written in Arduino.IDE software.

There is another difference between Pico and Arduino boards that the former comes unsoldered while the latter comes pre-soldered except DIP Arduino boards like Nano 33 IoT and Arduino Nano Every. This is, however, not a big deal as you can solder your pins to the Pico board with the soldering iron.
So which one to use… Pico or Arduino?
Pico stays ahead of Arduino in terms of ease of use, price, documentation, and an amazing selection of GPIO pins. At $4 you’ll get the tiny module that you can use for your microcontroller projects.

Raspberry Pi Pico Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi Pico Applications.

Arduino Metal Detector
Real-Time Face Detection
Medical Instruments
Android Applications
GSM Based Projects
Industrial Automation
Virtual Reality Applications
Embedded Systems
Home Automation and Defense Systems
Automation and Robotics

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we. They help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

What is IGBT? Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working

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Hi Guys! Hope you’re well. In this post today, we’ll cover What is IGBT? We’ll also discuss IGBT Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working.

BJT (bipolar junction transistor) and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) are commonly used electronic switches that we’ve already studied in detail. These devices are useful when you deal with low-current applications, however, when it comes to high-current applications, these devices don’t work as expected. This is where the IGBT transistor comes in handy. This device is a combination of both BJT and MOSFET and stands fit for high-current applications. In this post, we’ll cover What is IGBT in detail. Let’s get started:

1. What is IGBT?

IGBT is a three-pin device made of semiconductor material and is used for fast-switching applications. It comes with input characteristics of the MOSFETs and output characteristics of the BJT.

IGBT Full Form

IGBT stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.

IGBT Symbol

The following figure shows the IGBT symbol.

You can see from the symbol that IGBT is a combination of both MOSFET and BJT.

IGBT Pinout

The following figure shows the IGBT Pinout.

IGBT Meaning

The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor comes with the insulated gate from the MOSFET at the input with the conventional bipolar transistor at the output. The emitter and collector terminals are the conduction pins of the IGBT. While the gate terminal at the input is the control terminal. The conduction is controlled by the gate terminal.

The insulated gate bipolar transistor comes with current and voltage ratings similar to that of the bipolar junction transistors… when IGBT is used as a static controlled switch. But what makes IGBT a simpler device compared to BJT is the inclusion of an isolated gate terminal from the MOSFET. The IGBT consumes less power in the presence of an isolated gate terminal.

2. IGBT Working

Like MOSFETs, IGBT is a voltage-controlled device which means the only small voltage is required at the gate terminal to initiate the conduction process. IGBT can switch current from collector to emitter terminal which means it can switch in the forward direction only.

The following figure shows the IGBT switching circuit. In this case, a small voltage is applied at the gate terminal which results in the switching of the motor from a positive supply. The resistor is included to control the current passing through the motor.
The graph below shows the IGBT input characteristics. It is a graph between the voltage applied at the gate terminal vs current passing through the collector terminal.

No current will flow through the IGBT when there is no voltage applied at the gate pin. In this case, the transistor will remain turned off. However, when voltage is applied at the gate terminal, the current will remain zero for a little while. When the voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the device will start conducting and current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
The graph below shows the IGBT output characteristics. This is a graph between the voltage at the collector and emitter terminals vs current passing through the collector terminal.

This graph contains three stages. The first one is the cut-off region when there is no voltage applied at the gate terminal. At this stage, the transistor will remain turned off and there will be no current flowing through the transistor.
When the voltage at the gate terminal increases, and if it stays below the threshold voltage, it will result in the small leakage current flowing through the device but the device will remain in the cut off region.
However, when the applied voltage at the gate terminal exceeds the threshold voltage the device will move to the active region and in this case, a significant current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
At this stage, applied voltage and resulting current will be directly proportional to each other. More voltage will result in more current flow at the collector terminal.

3. IGBT Modules

IGBT is used in a range of electronic switching applications where both BJT and MOSFET fail to deliver the desired results in high current applications. This hybrid combination of two transistors features voltage-controlled characteristics like MOSFETs and conduction and switching characteristics like BJT. The IGBT devices are divided into two main types.

Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]
Punch Through [PT-IGBT]

Let’s discuss them one by one.

1. Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]

These IGBTs are also called symmetrical devices. The IGBT transistors that come with an n+ buffer layer are called Punch Through-IGBT (PT-IGBT)
They are called symmetrical devices because both reverse and forward breakdown voltages are the same in this case. They are more thermally stable and more rugged in short-circuit failure mode.

Moreover, the changing temperature won’t have a significant effect on turn-off loss i.e. it remains unchanged with temperature. And the P-layer (collector side) is highly doped in Non-Punch Through IGBT.
They are developed with less expensive diffusion process technology, making them ideal choices for AC circuits. Plus, the structure of NPT ensures the bidirectional blocking capability in these devices. The N base is thick in this case.

2. Punch Through [PT-IGBT]

These IGBTs are also called asymmetrical devices. They are called asymmetrical because here forward breakdown voltage is more than the reverse breakdown voltage.
These devices are less thermally stable and less rugged in short-circuit failure mode. And in this case, turn-off loss is directly proportional to temperature, it increases significantly with the increase in temperature.
These IGBTs are manufactured using an expensive N-epitaxial water process. They contain a thin N base and the PT structure comes with lower reverse blocking capability.
They are widely used in DC circuits where the voltage support in the reverse direction is not needed by the device.

4. IGBT vs MOSFET

Both IGBT and MOSFETs are transistors and voltage-controlled devices but they are different in terms of composition and performance.
IGBT is composed of collector, emitter, and gate pins, whereas MOSFET, on the other hand, is made of the drain, source, and gate terminals. IGBT is better than MOSFETs in terms of performance.
IGBT needs an extra freewheeling diode to drive the current in a reverse direction. The inclusion of this freewheeling diode makes this device the best pick for high voltage applications.

IGBT is preferred for high voltage (more than 1000V), low frequency (Less than 20 kHz), small or narrow load or line variations; high operating temperature; low duty cycle, and, more than 5kw output power rating applications.
MOSFET, on the other hand, is preferred for large duty cycles, wide load or line variations, high frequency (more than 200KHz), and low voltage (Less than 250V) applications.
After the MOSFET, the IGBT is widely employed in electronic devices. The IGBT covers 27% of the power transistor market.
The greater power gain and lower input losses of IGBT make this device preferable over both MOSFETs and BJT. You’ll find high-voltage and high-current bipolar transistors in the market, but they come with one drawback.
Their switching speed is not so good, they take time to switch the devices. Similarly, MOSFETs alone have high switching speeds, no doubt. But high-current and high-voltage MOSFET components are too expensive compared to IGBT.

5. IGBT Inverter

The IGBT transistors are employed in VFD (variable frequency drive) inverter modules as the high power electronic switch due to the following reasons.

It carries a high current-carrying capacity. Some IGBT devices come with a maximum rated collector current Ic (max) of around 100A. And if this fails to meet the requirement, two or more IGBTs can be combined to meet the purpose.
IGBTs come with the open circuit rated collector voltage up to 1.6kV. This explains there are devices preferable for functions off rectified three and single phase mains… ranging from 110Vac to 690Vac.

An IGBT contains a high impedance gate terminal which projects it is technically simple to control the device by controlling the gate terminal.

The low conduction losses of the IGBT ensure a low on-state voltage.
Recall, the IGBT carries a fast switching speed. This means you can achieve high switching frequencies with reduced switching losses that play a key role in motor noise and harmonic reduction.
The IGBT carries a wide Reverse Bias Safe Operating Area (RBSOA) that explains it is comparatively secured against load short circuits.

Know that the properties mentioned above may affect each other. An IGBT, for example, often comes with a very fast switching speed that guarantees higher on-state saturation voltage - that is a property of the manufacturing method. So this sets the trade-off between conduction losses and switching losses. This explains that for a large high-power VFD, you may require to pick slower devices with quite low saturation voltage, to minimize the total losses. Moreover, you can reduce switching losses by working with a lower modulation frequency.

6. IGBT Applications

The combination of high switching speed like MOSFETs and low conduction loss like BJT will result in developing the optimal solid-state of IGBT, making it a suitable pick for a range of applications. The following are the IGBT applications.

Used in AC and DC motor drives
Employed in Unregulated Power Supply (UPS)
Used in Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)
Used in electric cars and plasma physics
Employed in traction motor control and induction heating
Incorporated in inverters, converters, and power supplies

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Hot Engineering Developments in Additive Manufacturing

By 2027, the global additive manufacturing market is predicted to surpass USD 26.68 billion, showcasing an impressive growth rate of 14.4 percent, according to Reports and Data. As more benefits of additive manufacturing come to light like its flexible design and shorter production cycles, the industry has been tipped to be on the fast track to widespread adoption. Industries like the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries have all embraced 3D printing and the use of metals like alloy, titanium, and more recently, copper, to manufacture innovative and high-performance parts. This has also caused a spike in interest in the engineering sector, with more people pursuing an engineering degree. With the industry set to take off in the coming months, companies are investing more time, money, and resources into finding ways to expand the use of metals in additive manufacturing- starting with these recent notable developments.

Precision Metal Additive Technology

A few days ago, Mantle remerged onto the market with its new True-shape 3D printing technology aimed at reducing the manufacturing time in the tooling sector. The company has great success with its mould and additive technology so far. According to a global appliance manufacturer, the use of a Mantle mould resulted in 67 percent fewer costs and a 70 percent reduction in production time. It is hoped that the new Trushape hybrid metal printing technology will yield the same results for the tooling industry by reducing the time between developing and procuring tools using flowable metal paste such as steel.

3D Printing And Additives In Metal Fabrication

Additive manufacturing is also being used in sheet metal fabrication. Different grades of titanium metal sheet have been used in additive manufacturing by many industries including the aerospace industry for rotors and compressors, along with the medical industry for the manufacturing of orthopedic implants. A few years ago, automotive manufacturer General Motors also garnered a lot of interest when it unveiled a 3D printed seat bracket, made from stainless steel. This kick-started a conversation on how useful and feasible additive manufacturing would be in some industries such as automotive manufacturing. Some manufacturers have chosen to go ahead with exploring its use. This year, the Bugatti Bolide will hit the market and includes 3D printed titanium and carbon fiber throughout its body. Competitor, Chevrolet already uses 75 printed parts in its Corvette models but its use in the industry remains questionable when it comes to mass production. Additive Manufacturing Suppliers Continue To Extend Their Metal Offerings To Include Copper. Traditionally, additive manufacturing systems were limited to the use of metals such as bronze, steel, and titanium. However, a leading supplier of additive manufacturing systems, Digital Metal, announced the addition of copper to its range of material offerings. The addition of pure copper bodes well for those in the electronics, engine manufacturing, and copper alloys industry, thanks to its proven heat conductivity and antibacterial properties. The copper additive market has been rapidly expanding in recent months, thanks to increased demand. The thermal induction properties of copper and design freedom that additive manufacturing provides, means this new addition has the potential to be widely adopted across both automotive and aerospace industries.

Industrialization Of Additive Manufacturing

In the past years, the use of additive manufacturing has been mainly aimed at the development of prototypes or customized machinery parts. For instance, NASA’s Rapid Analysis and Manufacturing Propulsion Technology (RAMPT) initiative rely on the use of additive manufacturing and 3D printing to print customized rocket parts using metal powder and blown powder directed energy deposition. Time and cost roadblocks have hindered the increased industrialization of AD across many other industries. Now, with projections from Siemens and other companies estimating that additive manufacturing will become 50 percent cheaper and 400 percent faster by 2023, companies are exploring potential partnerships to achieve industrialization. Emerging partnerships like the recent collaboration between AMEXCI and SLM Solutions, are driving the widespread adoption of additive manufacturing in the industrial arena. According to the agreement, AMEXCI will evaluate the use of SLM’s NXG XII 600 for industrialized series production. The exploration of SLM Solution’s SLM500, the first quad laser system on the market, is also expected with the companies set to consider how the machine can help in the rapid production of metal parts. With the market for additive manufacturing materials and printing set to surpass $25 billion by 2022, it comes as no surprise that industries are moving towards exploring associated operating models. These developments in the additive manufacturing and engineering industries are just a glimpse of the progress that is set to come shortly. With more being discovered about the potential of metals and additive manufacturing every day, there are ample opportunities for both companies and individuals in the engineering sector.

What is Raspberry Pi 4? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Today, I am sharing the 2nd tutorial in the Raspberry Pi 4 learning series. In this post today, we’ll cover What is Raspberry Pi 4? Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout, Specs, Projects, Datasheet etc.

Raspberry Pi 4 is a tiny dual-display single-board computer, developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. This foundation has introduced a series of Raspberry Pi boards to teach computer basics in schools. With Raspberry Pi 4, you can control two monitors at once. Moreover, it is incorporated with a quad-core processor that is powerful and comes with more speed compared to its predecessors. I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll cover Raspberry Pi 4 in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi 4?

Raspberry Pi 4 is a dual-display, single-board computer (introduced on 24th June 2019) and is widely used in automation and robotics. It is highly economical and has a leg over previous modules in terms of speed and performance.
This module is tiny, robust, and can fit into difficult-to-reach places. It is laced with GPIO pins and can be employed for several typical computer operations i.e. surfing the web, writing programs, computing complex equations etc.
Raspberry Pi 4 features Gigabit Ethernet, coupled with Bluetooth(BLE) and onboard wireless networking.
This device comes with a powerful and efficient 1.5GHz quad-core processor which is considered the brain of this device. It features everything needed to process input/output and store information.

The CPU clock frequency of this machine is 1.5GHz which plays a key role in the synchronization of internal functions.
This module is available with variants of RAM including 1GB, 2GB, 4GB and 8GB which you can select based on your requirements. The RAM temporarily stores the information and with the removal of the power supply from the module, this memory is also wiped off, the reason it is called volatile memory.
Two mini HDMI ports are available on the board. These ports are employed for transmitting audio and video signal between devices.
This machine supports different communication protocols including I2C, SPI, and UART which are used to lay out the communication with external devices.
Raspberry Pi 4 comes with three USB ports out of which one is a USB-C power port used to power up the module. While others are USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports .
In these USB ports, you can connect external peripheral devices like mice, webcams, and keyboards for additional functionality.
Using this tiny computer you can make a range of embedded projects. Just connect this module with the computer through the USB port and start playing with it as you like better.
Raspberry Pi 4 is normally used in Robotics, IoT and Embedded Projects.

Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout

The following figure represents the Raspberry Pi 4 pinout:

Raspberry Pi 4 Pin Description

This was the little intro to the Raspberry Pi 4. In this section, we’ll cover the description of each pin incorporated into this tiny module.

Power and Ground in RPi4

This board comes with three types of power pins.

5V
3V3 (3.3V)
Ground (0V)

For example, if you have PIR or humidity sensors, you can use these power pins to power up those sensors.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

GPIO pins are general-purpose input/output pins that are used for connection with external devices. These pins can be configured to either general-purpose input or general-purpose output pins or as one of up to six special settings those functions are pin-dependent.

External labels (from GPIO2 to GPIO27) come with the Broadcom (BCM) naming convention. This convention is useful when you are going to program with Python libraries.
Internal labels (from 1 to 40) project the Board naming convention. This convention is useful when BCM is not supported. It is used with some programming libraries.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This Raspberry Pi 4 module comes with SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol. This is the type of communication protocol that is used for master-slave communication.
It is employed to layout the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two Pins are used for SPI communication… i.e. MOSI (master output slave input) and MISO (master input slave output)

The data synchronization is done by using a clock (SCLK at GPIO11) from the master (RPi) and the data is conveyed to the SPI component from the module using the MOSI pin. If the component needs to reply to our module, then it sends back data through the MISO pin.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This RPi4 module is incorporated with the I2C communication protocol. That comes with two pins SDL and SCL.
The SCL is the serial clock line that ensures the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus and the SDL is the serial data pin that carries the data while. This communication protocol requires master-slave roles between the devices.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This board also features UART serial communication protocol. The UART serial port comes with two pins Rx and Tx.
The Tx is the transmission pin that is used for the transmission of serial data and Rx is the receiving pin that guarantees the receiving of serial data.

Raspberry Pi 4 Datasheet

Before incorporating this device into your project, it’s wise to scan through the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device. You can download the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet by clicking the link below.

Raspberry Pi 4 Specs

The following are the specs of Raspberry Pi 4.

Comes with Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC 1.5GHz processor
4 GHz and 5.0 GHz IEEE 802.11ac wireless, Bluetooth 5.0, BLE
Carries Gigabit Ethernet to connect computers in physical space
RAM is available with different memories. Pick from 2GB, 4GB, or 8GB LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM (depending on model)
2-lane MIPI DSI display port
2-lane MIPI CSI camera port
One USB 3.0 port; One USB 2.0 port and One USB-C power port.
2 × micro-HDMI ports that can support a 4K display

4-pole stereo audio and composite video port
H264 (1080p60 decode, 1080p30 encode), H.265 (4kp60 decode)
OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics
Raspberry Pi standard 40-pin GPIO header (which is compatible with previous modules)
Contains a Micro-SD card slot for loading the operating system and data storage
5V DC via GPIO header (minimum 3A*)
Power over Ethernet (PoE) enabled (requires separate PoE HAT)
Operating temperature: 0 – 50 degrees C ambient
5V DC via USB-C connector (minimum 3A*)

Difference between Raspberry Pi Zero and Raspberry Pi 4

You’ll find a range of tiny computers in the Raspberry series. They are used to develop embedded systems and automation projects.
Raspberry Pi Zero is the earlier version of the Raspberry Pi series that was introduced in Nov 2015. This machine is incorporated with a single-core 1GHz processor with no Ethernet and WiFi modules on the board. Moreover, there is only one mini HDMI port available on the board. And the RAM of this module is 512MB.
While Raspberry Pi 4 is the advanced version of the Raspberry Pi series and was introduced in June 2019. It is better in terms of speed and performance compared to the Pi Zero module.

RPi4 features a quad-core dual display processor with a CPU clock speed of 1.5GHz. Plus, it also incorporates an Ethernet port which is the traditional way to connect devices in a wired local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), allowing devices to communicate with each other via a protocol. An Ethernet is a physical wire on which the data is transmitted.
Raspberry Pi 4 comes with two HDMI ports that can support two 4K displays. Plus, the RAM of this module comes in variant i.e. pick from 1GB, 2GB, and 4GB LPDDR4.

Raspberry Pi 4 Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi 4 Applications.

Used in making a portable game console
Employed in-network Ad-blocker
Used in Airplay speaker
Used in wearable timelapse camera
Incorporated in-home network music system
Used in embedded system IoT projects
Employed in making guitar pedal
Used in making FPV robot
Incorporated in WiFi security camera

That’s all for today. This was all about the Raspberry Pi 4 module. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

What is Physics? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to give you a very basic and detailed tutorial on What is Physics? We will also discuss Physics branches, popular Physics books, famous physicians, great inventions in the field of Physics etc. When I was thinking of writing this tutorial on Physics, the first thing came to my mind was "Big Bang Theory" (the TV show, not the event itself). Sheldon was a Physicist & in season finale, he won Nobel Prize in Physics for super asymmetry. In the 19th century, scientists have divided Physical Sciences in 5 major sections:

Physics.
Chemistry.
Metorology.
Astronomy.
Geology.

Physics is considered as the most important branch of Science & mainly focuses on energy & matter. Let's discuss in detail: What is Physics?

What is Physics?

Fundamentaly, this universe is divided into 3 main categories, named as:

Extremely-Large matter: It involves planets, galaxies etc.
Extremely-Small matter: It involves micro-structures i.e. electrons, neutrons, protons etc.
Middle-Sized matter: It involves wide range of matter ranging from small objects to Earth itself.

Physics is all about this middle-sized matter & their energies. In physics, we analyse all naturally occuring processes/laws and their effects on matter i.e. motion laws, space & time quantum, forces holding objects together, transmission of energy, physical properties, compositions of different matter etc. So, now let's have a look at a proper Physics Definition:

Physics Definition

Physics(originated from Latin word Physica means ‘natural thing’) is a field of science, mainly focuses on matter & energy and the relationship between them.
It provides the mathematical formulas for all natural activities happening on our planet earth.
Physcics involves the study of all natural laws defined for matters or forces i.e. heat, light, magnetism, sound, nuclear etc.
Physics is considered as the most fundamental branch of science and is divided into numerous sub-branches.
Physics has also provided many fundamental laws which formulated the basis of other science branches.

Physics Overlapping

Physics has also overlapped with other fundamental branches of science & formulated new advanced branches, few of them are:
- BioPhysics.
- AstroPhysics.
- Physical Chemistry.
- Health Physics.

Now, let's answer this question: Why is Physics important?

Why is Physics important?

Plysics plays an important role in improving our everyday life. If we look around, we will find application of Physics in almost every thing. Our transport system is the foremost application of Physics as it involves inertial laws, thermodynamics knowledge, vehicle's structure etc. We have seen a rapid growth in science which has become possible mainly because of Physics. Let's have a look at few important daily life fields using Physics Laws:

Transportantion vehicles.
Irrigation systems.
Home appliances.
Communication systems.
Measuing Instruments.
Medical Equipments.
Weather Forcasting.
Defensive Systems.
Nuclear Energy.
Space Travel.

Branches of Physics

As we have discussed, physics deals with middle-sized matter so its applications range from a simple tyre to nuclear energy and thus it is further divided into several branches. Few of Physics branches are as follows:

1. Mechanics

It deals with motion of objects, why & how is motion produced in different objects and what are the effects of different types of motions.

2. Thermodynamics

It deals with heat energy, how is heat transffered from one object to another and effects generated by heat.

3. Sound

It studies the physcial behavior of sound energy, how is it produced, travelled and transformed.

4. Light (Optics)

It studies the physical behavior of Light energy, how is it produced, travelled and transformed.

5. Electricity & Magnetism

It studies the physical behavior of electrical charges i.e. either moving or at rest, alongwith its relationship with magnetism.

6. Atomic Physics

It deals with the study of physical structure & activities of atoms.

7. Nuclear Physics

It deals with the study of nuclei & the energy it releases under different circumstances.

8. GeoPhysics

It studies the structure, behavior, forces etc. related to Earth.

9. Biophysics

It is the deep experimental study of biological problems using laws of physics.
One of the outstanding and remarkable discoveries happened under this branch is the DNA structure by James Watson.

10. Astrophysics

It deals with the study of universe i.e. planet, galaxies, and stars using laws of physics.

Other Physics Branches

Few other physics branches are as follows:

Cosmology
Plasma Physics
Condensed Matter
General physics
Optics & Lasers
Mathematical Physics
Nonlinear Dynamics.
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematical Methods
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
Numerical Methods or Simulations
Classical Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Atomic Physics
Astronomy
Special Relativity
Fluid Dynamics
General Relativity

Popular Books of Physics

Although numerous books have been publised, discussed difference aspects of Physics or Physicists. Here I have mentioned two of my favorite Physics books:

1. What is Real?

What is Real? This Physics book tells the gripping stories about the ideology and the courage of physicists, who stand up for the truth.

2. For the Love of physics

This book provides the wide range of information about different energies and its forms.

Few other Physics Books

Some other famous physics books are listed below:

You have changed my life.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics.
Physics of the Impossible.
Seven Brief Lessons on Physics.
The Physics of Time.
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory.
Astrophysics for People in a Hurry.
The Universe in a Nutshell.
The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.
A Brief History of Time.

Greatest Physics Scientists(Physicists) of all Times

Physics has evolved with time. There's a long list of real world heroes, who have made Physics their passion and because of their fruitful efforts, today we have lucuries in our lives. Let's have a look at few of world's greatest physicists:

Greatest Physics Scientists(Physicists) of all Times
No.	Physicist Name	Achievement
1	Albert Einstein	Theory of Relativity(E=mc²), Quantum light theory, Avogadro's Number etc.
2	Isaac Newton	Laws of motion, Gravitational force etc.
3	Nikola Tesla	Worked mostly in Electrical Energy.
4	William Gilbert	Proposed that Earth is a giant magnet.
5	Willbrod Snell	Laws of refraction i.e. Snell's Laws.
6	Galileo Galilei	worked in astrophysics.
7	Blaise Pascal	Famous for Pascal's Laws.
8	Daniel Bernoulli	Famous for Bernoulli's Theorem. (Fluid Flow)
9	Christiaan	Famous for Hagen’s Principle. (Geometrical Theory for Light)
10	Benjamin Franklin	He discovered electrical charges.
11	Leonard Euler	Worked in Fluid dynamics, Lunar Theory, Mechanics etc.
12	Henry Cavendish	Worked in GeoPhysics.
12	Joseph Louis	Worked in Mechanics.
12	Robert Milikan	Worked on charges & cosmic rays etc.
12	C. Wilson	worked in GeoPhysics.

Few remarkable Physicists

Here's the list of few other remarkable physicists:

Sir O. Richardson
L. Ernest Rutherford
Guglielmo Marconi
Johannes Stark
S. Chandrasekhara Raman
C. Glover Barkla
Albert Einstein
Otto Hahn
Max von Laue
P. A. Carruthers
James Franck
V. Franz Hess
Peter Debye
Niels Bohr
D. J. Thouless
Gustav Hertz
Erwin Schrödinger
Otto Stern
K. M. Georg Siegbahn
P. Williams Bridgman
J. Baptiste Perrin
G. A. Baym
Stanley J. Brodsky
Haim Harari
K. S. Thorne
Francesco Iachello
Gabriele Veneziano
Chris Quigg
Howard Georgi
J. Dirk Walecka
Nathan Isgur
Edward Witten
R. Charles Merkle
O. Wallace Greenberg
K. Eric Drexler
Nathan Seiberg
Stephen Wolfram
John N. Bahcall
Stanley Mandelstam
Peter Higgs
A. Arima
Joel Lebowitz
J. P. Schiffer
T. A. Witten
Kenneth Fowler
Tullio Regge
M. S. Dresselhaus
Daniel Kleppner
Jeffrey Goldstone
Ludvig Faddeev
J.D. Bjorken

I hope this article will help to understand the basics of physics & its importance in our everyday life. If you have any questions/suggestions, please use the comments section below. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Syed Zain Nasir

I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of <a href=https://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/>The Engineering Projects</a> (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry. <a href=https://plus.google.com/+SyedZainNasir/>My Google Profile+</a>

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Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

What is Arduino Mini?

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

Arduino Mini LCD Interfacing

Summary

What is Science? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

What is Science?

Science Definition

Main branches of Science

1.Natural science

2. Formal science

3. Social sciences

How is Science Important in daily life?

Top most concerned research topic of Science

Top Influential scientist in the world

Other popular scientist are:

Popular books of science

1. Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism

2. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

3. The Drunken Botanist

4. Wonderful Life

The list of other worth reading science books:

What is Biology? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

What is Biology?

Biology Definition

Why is Biology Important in Everyday Life?

Interdisciplinary branches of biology

1. Biophysics

2. Biochemistry

3. Biomathematics

4. Biogeography

5. Bio-economics

Main branches of biology

1. Botany

2. Zoology

3. Microbiology

Some other popular branches of biology are:

Important topics in biology

Popular Biologists

List of other biologists who contributed in this field are listed below:

Best Biology books of all Time

1. The Double Helix by James Watson

2. Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner

3. Virolution by Frank Ryan

Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

What is Arduino UNO?

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

Arduino UNO LCD Interfacing

Summary

What is Chemistry? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry Definition

Why is Chemistry important?

Chemistry Branches

1. Organic Chemistry

2. Inorganic Chemistry

3. Analytical Chemistry

4. Physical Chemistry

5. Environmental Chemistry

6. Bio-chemistry

7. Nuclear Chemistry

8. Biophysical Chemistry

9. Polymer Chemistry

Chemistry top concerns

Relationship of Chemistry with Other Areas of Science

1. The Formal Sciences

2. The Natural Sciences

3. The Social Sciences

Chemistry books

1. An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological

2. A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)

3. Chemistry For Dummies

Few other Chemistry books

Popular Chemists of All Times

Few remarkable Chemists

What is Raspberry Pi Pico? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

What is Raspberry Pi Pico?

Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout