Hello friends! I hope you all had a great start to the new year.
In our first lecture, we had looked at the MATLAB prompt and also learned how to enter a few basic commands that use math operations. This also allowed us to use the MATLAB prompt as an advanced calculator. Today we will look at the various MATLAB keywords, and a few more basic commands and MATLAB functions, that will help us keep the prompt window organized and help in mathematical calculations. We are also going to get familiar with MATLAB’s interface and the various windows. We will also write our first user-defined MATLAB functions.
Like any programming language, MATLAB has its own set of keywords that are the basic building blocks of MATLAB. These 20 building blocks can be called by simply typing ‘iskeyword’ in the MATLAB prompt.
The list of 21 MATLAB keywords obtained as a result of running this command is as follows:
To test if the word while is a MATLAB keyword, we run the command
iskeyword(‘while’)
The output ‘1’ is saying that the result is ‘True’, and therefore, ‘while’ is indeed a keyword.
‘logical’ in the output refers to the fact that this output is a datatype of the type ‘logical’. Other data types include ‘uint8’, ‘char’ and so on and we will study these in more detail in the next lecture.
Apart from the basic arithmetic functions, MATLAB also supports relational operators, represented by symbols and the corresponding functions which look as follows:
Here, we create a variable ‘a’ which stores the value 1. The various comparison operators inside MATLAB used here, will give an output ‘1’ or ‘0’ which will mean ‘True’ or ‘False’ with respect to a particular statement.
Apart from these basic building blocks, MATLAB engineers have made available, a huge library of functions for various advanced purposes, that have been written using the basic MATLAB keywords only.
We had seen previously that the double arrowed (‘>>’) MATLAB prompt is always willing to accept command inputs from the user. Notice the ‘’ to the left of the MATLAB prompt, with a downward facing arrow. Clicking this downward facing arrow allows us to access the various in-built MATLAB functions including the functions from the various installed toolboxes. You can access the entire list of in-built MATLAB functions, including the trigonometric functions or the exponents, logarithms, etc.
Here are a few commands that we recommend you to try that make use of these functions:
A = [1,2,3,4];
B = sin(A);
X = 1:0.1:10;
Y = linspace(1,10,100);
clc
clear all
quit
Notice that while creating a matrix of numbers, we always use the square braces ‘[]’ as in the first line, whereas, the input to a function is always given with round brace ‘()’ as in the second line.
We can also create an ordered matrix of numbers separated by a fixed difference by using the syntax start:increment:end, as in the third command.
Alternatively, if we need to have exactly 100 equally separated numbers between a start and and end value, we can use the ‘linspace’ command.
Finally, whatever results have been output by the MATLAB response in the command window can be erased by using the ‘clc’ command which stands for ‘clear console’, and all the previously stored MATLAB variables can be erased with the ‘clear all’ command.
To exit MATLAB directly from the prompt, you can use the ‘quit’ command.
In the next section, let us get ourselves familiarized with the MATLAB environment.
A typical MATLAB work environment looks as follows. We will discuss the various windows in detail:
When you open MATLAB on your desktop, the following top menu is visible. Clicking on ‘new’ allows us to enter the editor window and write our own programs.
You can also run code section by section by using the ‘%%’ command. For beginners, I’d say that this feature is really really useful when you’re trying to optimize parameters.
On the top, we have the menu bar and the toolbar. This is followed by the address of the current directory that the user is working in.
By clicking on ‘New’ option, the user can choose to generate a new script, or a new live script, details of which we will see in the next section.
Under the Current Folder window, you will see all the files that exist in your current directory. If you select any particular file, you can also see it details in the bottom panel as shown below.
The Editor Window will appear when you open a MATLAB file with the extension ‘.m’ from the current folder by double clicking it, or when you select the ‘New Script’ option from the toolbar. You can even define variables like you do in your linear algebra class.
The code in the editor can also be split into various sections using the ‘%%’ command. Remember that a single ‘%’ symbol is used to create a comment in the Editor Window.
Remember that the semicolon ‘;’ serves to suppress the output. Whenever you create new variables, the workspace will start showing all these variables. As we can see, the variables named ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, and ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’. For each variable, we have a particular size, and a type of variable, which is represented by the ‘Class’. Here, the ‘Class’ is double for simple numbers.
You can directly right click and save any variable, directly from this workspace, and it will be saved in the ‘.mat’ format in the current folder.
If however, you open a ‘.mlx’ file from the current folder, or select the option to create a ‘New Live Script’ from the toolbar, the Live Editor window wil open instead.
With the Live Script, you can get started with the symbolic manipulation, or write text into the MATLAB file as well. Live scripts can also do symbolic algebraic calculation in MATLAB.
For example, in the figure below, we define symbol x with the command
syms x
We click ‘Run’ from the toolbar to execute this file.
The Live Editor also allows us to toggle between the text and the code, right from the toolbar. After that, the various code sections can be run using the ‘Run’ option from the toolbar and the rendered output can be seen within the Live Editor.
Finally, there is the command history window, which will store all the previous commands that were entered on any previous date in your MATLAB environment.
Whenever you generate a plot, the figure window will appear which is an interactive window with it’s own toolbar, to interact with the plots.
We use the following commands to generate a plot, and you can try it too:
X = 1:0.1:2*pi;
Y = sin(X)
plot(X,Y)
The magnifier tools help us to zoom into and out of the plot while the ‘=’ tool helps us to find the x and y value of the plot at any particular point.
Also notice that now, the size of the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ variables is different, because we actually generated a matrix instead of assigning a single number to the variable.
By selecting New Function from the toolbar, you can also create a new user-defined function and save it as an m-file. The name of this m-file is supposed to be the same as the name of the function. The following template gets opened when you select the option to create a new user-defined function:
The syntax function is used to make MATLAB know that what we are writing is a function filee. Again notice that the inputs to the function, inputArg1 and inputArg2, are inside the round braces. The multiple outputs are surrounded by square braces because these can be a matrix. We will create a sample function SumAndDiff using this template, that will output the sum and difference of any two numbers. The function file SumAndDiff.m looks as follows:
Once this function is saved in the current folder, it can be recognized by a current MATLAB script or the MATLAB command window and used.
Exercises:
Run the following command in the MATLAB prompt:
I = imread(‘ngc6543a.jpg’);
This calls the image titled ‘ngc6543a.jpg’ which is stored inside MATLAB itself for example purposes. Notice the size of this image variable I in the workspace. You will interestingly find this to be a 3D matrix. Also note the class of this variable.
In the next tutorial, we will deep dive into the MATLAB data types, the format of printing these data types and write our first loops inside MATLAB.
CAD, shortening for computer-aided design, is the use of computers to help create, modify, and optimize building design. CAD programs are developed to help people design and document their models using advanced computer technology. CAD files are particularly useful where multiple parts are required to fit precisely in a larger assembly.
Architects using CAD can effectively create both 3D models and 2D drawings for the parts of their products. The fast development of 3D CAD programs has rapidly transformed the building design and manufacturing industries because architects can create more complex products faster than before.
The main advantages of using CAD include:
The main challenge of using CAD programs is that they simplify the work of architects so much. Although this is a good thing because you can complete projects faster, there is a risk of making some people complacent because everything has been done. See: you only need to fetch different parts from the library.
Good examples of CAD programs include AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, SketchUp, and AutoCAD Civil 3D. Most architects usually start with CAD programs before moving on to BIM.
BIM is a new system where architects, engineers, and contractors collaborate by using the same database when creating new designs. This means that the entire team can easily visualize the whole building project way ahead of breaking the ground. It is considered a sort of natural evolution of CAD. So, how exactly does BIM work?
BIM provides the digital presentation of the actual facility that an architect is working on. It allows you to bring all the designs that you have, including different CAD models, so that you can work on them further or make rapid changes. When applied well, BIM can help the entire project team to visualize all parts easily, review them, and identify errors way before the task commences.
BIM has become so important in architecture, and it is now considered one of the most advanced technologies. Here are the main advantages:
The main challenge about BIM is that it is a relatively new method, and a lot of architects are yet to adopt it. This means that you might find working with some architects challenging because they are not used to BIM.
Common BIM building design software you might want to consider are Autodesk BIM 360, Revit, and Autodesk Civil 3D.
The building design and architectural niches are evolving fast, and you should not be left behind in using them. The good thing is that these advanced applications are making it a lot easier to create better models faster and note errors early. Since most architects are still in CAD programs, it is important to ensure you are also good in it even as you build skills in BIM. Remember that whether you prefer CAD or BIM, you will only be able to create top-rated designs by working with the best programs.
We would welcome all the scientists, engineers, hobbyists and students to this tutorial series. MATLAB is a great tool used by scientists and engineers for scientific computing and numerical simulations all over the world. It is also an academic software used by PhDs, Masters students and even advanced researchers.
MATLAB (or "MATrix LABoratory") is a programming language and numerical computing environment built by Mathworks and it’s first version was released in 1984. To this day, we keep getting yearly updates. MATLAB allows matrix data manipulations, plotting of symbolic functions as well as data, implementation of robust algorithms in very short development time, creation of graphical user interfaces for software development, and interfacing with programs written in almost any other language.
If you’re associated with a university, your university could provide you with a license.
You can even online now! You can simply access it on…
You can quickly access MATLAB at https://matlab.mathworks.com/ Here’s a small trick. You can sign up with any email and select the one month free trial to get quickly started with MATLAB online.
And in case you can’t have a license, there’s also Octave, which is a different programming language but very similar in all the fundamental aspects to MATLAB. Especially for the purposes of these tutorials, Octave will help you get started quickly and you can access it on: https://octave-online.net/#
Typical uses of MATLAB include:
MATLAB is an interpreted high-level language. This means any command input into the MATLAB interpreter is compiled line by line, and output is given. This is useful for using MATLAB as a calculator as we will see in the next section.
By default, the MATLAB Prompt will be visible to you. The two angled brackets ‘>>’ refer to the MATLAB Command Prompt. Think of this as the most basic calculator. In fact, whenever you look at this, think of it as a Djinn asking for an input from you.
Anything that you give it and press enter is known as a command. Whatever it outputs is known as the response. Whatever question you ask Matlab, it will be willing to respond quickly.
For example, in the figure below, I simply write the command ‘2+2’ and press enter, to get the answer ‘4’ as a response.
You can even define variables like you do in your algebraic geometry class.
Notice that the semicolon ‘;’ that we see there is simply an indicator of when a statement ends like many other programming languages. Although this is not a necessary input in MATLAB, unlike many other languages which will simply give you an error if you forget this semicolon. Another function this serves is to suppress the output.
In MATLAB, you don’t need to ask for the answer or the result to be printed and it will continue to print by itself as part of the response. However, if you don’t want to see the output, you can suppress it.
You can also look at the value stored in a variable by simply writing the variable name and pressing ‘enter’.
We can even create a matrix of numbers as shown in the image below. This can be a 1D matrix, or a 2D matrix. Notice the use of square brackets, commas and semicolons in order to create the matrix of numbers.
You can even create matrices of numbers which are 3D numbers or even higher dimensions. When we will learn about images, we’ll see how an image is just a collection of numbers, and simple manipulation of those matrices will help us in manipulation of images.
You can write and save your own commands in the form of an ‘m-file’, which goes by the extension ‘.m’. You can write programs in the ‘Editor window’ inside the MATLAB which can be accessed by selecting the ‘New Script’ button in the top panel. This window allows you to write, edit, create, save and access files from the current directory of MATLAB. You can, however, use any text editor to carry out these tasks. On most systems, MATLAB provides its own built-in editor. From within MATLAB, terminal commands can be typed at the MATLAB prompt following the exclamation character (!). The exclamation character prompts MATLAB to return the control temporarily to the local operating system, which executes the command following the character. After the editing is completed, the control is returned to MATLAB. For example, on UNIX systems, typing the following commands at the MATLAB prompt (and hitting the return key at the end) invokes the vi editor on the
Emacs editor.
!vi myprogram.m % or
!emacs myprogram.m
Note that the ‘%’ symbol is used for commenting in MATLAB. Any command that is preceded by this simple will be ignored by the interpreter and not be executed.
In the figure above, we have saved our very first program titled ‘Program1.m’ using the editor window in MATLAB.
Since MATLAB is for scientists and engineers primarily, it directly understands a lot of mathematical numbers natively, such as pi, e, j (imaginary number) etc.
You can quickly go to the MATLAB or the Octave terminal to test this out. Just type pi, or e and press enter to see what you get.
MATLAB is also a great simulation software. For more sophisticated applications, MATLAB also offers SIMULINK which is an inbuilt simulation software and provides a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable block libraries, and solvers for modelling and simulating dynamic systems.
A very simple example of the Simulink block diagram model can be understood by the following model which simply adds or subtracts two or more numbers.
The block diagram looks as follows:
The model example for this can be opened using the following command.
openExample('simulink/SumBlockReordersInputsExample')
You can start playing with this model at once, on your MATLAB Desktop. And in fact you will find many more such examples of modelling and simulation programs that you can already start playing with online, in the set of MATLAB examples and also on the forum.
MATLAB provides a whole community known as MATLAB-Central where MATLAB enthusiasts can ask questions and a lot of enthusiasts are willing to answer these forum questions.
There is also also, ‘file-exchange’ which is part of MATLAB-Central where people post their programs, functions and simulations for anyone to use for free.
MATLAB provides on-line help for all of its built in functions and programming language constructs. The commands lookfor, help, helpwin, and helpdesk provide on-line help directly from the MATLAB prompt.
There are also several optional "toolboxes" available from the developers of MATLAB. These toolboxes are collections of functions written for special applications such as symbolic computation, image processing, statistics, control system design, and neural networks. The list of toolboxes keeps growing with time. There are now more than 50 such toolboxes. The real benefit of using MATLAB is that there are teams of engineers and scientists from different fields working on each of these toolboxes and these will help you quickly get started into any field, after understanding the basics of the language. A lot of functions that are frequently performed in any particular research field, will be at the tips of your fingers in the form of ready-to-use functions. This will help you gain essential intuitions about all the different fields you may be interested in learning, getting started on, and quickly becoming a pro in. That’s the unique power MATLAB users wield.
Over the coming tutorials, we will look at the wonders that can be performed with MATLAB.
MATLAB can also interface with devices, whether they are GPIB, RS232, USB, or over a Wi-Fi, including your personal devices. It can help you manipulate images, sound and what not! You can also do 3d manipulation of animated models in MATLAB, and that’s very easy to do. We will go over this as well. We will also look one level below these 3d models and see how these themselves are also just numbers and coordinates in the end.
I absolutely enjoy MATLAB, and there’s a simple reason I’m presenting this tutorial series to you. Because I believe you should enjoy it too!
This will not only let you see ‘The Matrix’, which is the way computers perceive the real world around us, it will also change the way you yourself look at the world around you, and maybe you eventually start asking the holy question yourself… “Are we all living in a simulation?”
Exercise: While you can get started on your own with the forum, and functions and simulations freely available, in order to procedurally be able to follow our tutorial and be able to build everything on your own from the scratch, we will strongly recommend you to follow our exercise modules.
In today’s module, we will ask you to perform very basic arithmetic tasks that will give you an intuitive feel of how to use the MATLAB prompt as an advanced calculator and make the best use of it.
For this we recommend finishing the following tasks:
sin(pi/2) exp(4)
log(10)/log(3)
a=1; b= 2; c = 3; A= [1,2,3,4]; B= [5,6,7,8];
Notice that the case-sensitivity does matter for the name of the variables.
Pro Tip: You can also perform the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and power, element-wise between any two matrices. While addition and subtraction work element-wise by default, you can perform element-wise multiplication, division, and power by using the arithmetic operations as ‘.*’, ‘./’ and ‘.^’
In the next tutorial, we will deep dive on the data types of MATLAB, keywords, what functions mean, and also write our very first function in MATLAB. If you are familiar with loops, that may come easy, because we will also write our very first loop that will help us perform repeated tasks with a relatively small number of commands.
Greetings and welcome to today’s lecture. Today, we are going to focus our discussion on the Surface Mount Technology of PCB components mounting. It's our 8th tutorial in the PCB learning series and is going to be a very interesting and interactive class. In Surface-mount technology, SMT components(having small pads) are placed on the surface of the PCB board and their pads are soldered on the same side of the board.
As we discussed in our last lecture on Though-Hole Technology, there are two main methods used to mount components on PCB boards. We studied THT in the last lecture and today, we will focus on Surface Mount Technology (SMT), we will discuss SMT classifications, types, applications, advantages and disadvantages in detail.
In the beginning, a breadboard was used to hold the components together. This had a major disadvantage because components could pull out as they remain loose in the breadboard, hence giving a hard time to designers, especially in the case of complex circuits. The engineers came out with a solution called the PCB board. Initially, Though-hole technology was used to plug components into the PCB board. Later on, with the invention of SMT components, surface-mount technology came into existence. So, let's have a look at SMT in detail:
The SMT employs the use of vias in order to connect components with the PCB board. There are three types of vias that are employed throughout the process i.e.
Here's the list of machines used in the SMT manufacturing process:
Now, let's have a look at the different types of Surface Mount Methods:
With SMT technology, it has become possible to produce
very compact and small-size boards, since machines are used to pick and
place the components. Therefore, SMT technology has numerous applications in real-life fields, few are as follows:
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In the next lecture, we will have a look at the difference between these two mounting techniques i.e. THT vs SMT. Till then, take care. Have fun !!!
The Internet of Things ( or IoT) is a network of interconnected computing devices such as digital machines, automobiles with built-in sensors, or humans with unique identifiers and the ability to communicate data over a network without human intervention.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn how to send sensor readings from ESP32 to the ThingSpeak cloud. Here we will use the ESP32’s internal sensor like hall-effect sensor and temperature sensor to observe the data and then will share that data cloud.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
It is an open data platform for IoT (Internet of Things). ThingSpeak is a web service operated by MathWorks where we can send sensor readings/data to the cloud. We can also visualize and act on the data (calculate the data) posted by the devices to ThingSpeak. The data can be stored in either private or public channels.
ThingSpeak is frequently used for internet of things prototyping and proof of concept systems that require analytics.
Downloading and installing the required Library file:
https://github.com/mathworks/thingspeak-arduino
Fig. 2: Adding ThingSpeak Library
To check whether the library is successfully added or not:
Fig. 3
This library comes with multiple example codes. You can use any of the example codes as per your requirements ad also modify the example code.
Fig. 6: Getting Started For Free
Fig. 7: Create New Account
Fig. 8: MathWorks Sign in
Fig. 9: New Channel
Fig. 13: Field Chart Edit
We have already published a tutorial on the ESP32 hall sensor and internal temperature sensor.
// ------style guard ----
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
// ------header files----
#include <WiFi.h>
#include "ThingSpeak.h"
// -----netwrok credentials
const char* ssid = "SSID"; // your network SSID (name)
const char* password = "PASSWORD"; // your network password
WiFiClient client;
// -----ThingSpeak channel details
unsigned long myChannelNumber = 1;
const char * myWriteAPIKey = "API Key";
// ----- Timer variables
unsigned long lastTime = 0;
unsigned long timerDelay = 1000;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200); // Initialize serial
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
if(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print("Attempting to connect");
while(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED )
{
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
delay(1000);
}
Serial.println("\nConnected. ");
}
ThingSpeak.begin(client); // Initialize ThingSpeak
}
void loop()
{
if ((millis() - lastTime) > timerDelay )
{
int hall_value = 0;
float temperature = 0;
hall_value = hallRead();
// Get a new temperature reading
temperature = ((temprature_sens_read()-32)/1.8 );
Serial.print("Temperature (ºC): " );
Serial.print(temperature);
Serial.println("ºC" );
Serial.print("Hall value:" );
Serial.println(hall_value);
ThingSpeak.setField(1, temperature );
ThingSpeak.setField(2, hall_value );
// Write to ThingSpeak. There are up to 8 fields in a channel, allowing you to store up to 8 different
// pieces of information in a channel. Here, we write to field 1.
int x = ThingSpeak.writeFields(myChannelNumber,
myWriteAPIKey );
if(x == 200)
{
Serial.println("Channel update successful." );
}
else
{
Serial.println("Problem updating channel. HTTP error code " + String(x) );
}
lastTime = millis();
}
}
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
(F-32) *(5/9) = degree Celsius
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31: ThingSpeak Channel Stats
Fig. 32: Results on the Serial Monitor
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this of some help and also to see you soon with new tutorial on ESP32.
With the ever-increasing demand for higher technology, there has been a rapid growth in the field of IoT. You would require a professional IoT app development company for implementing the correct connected technology solution for your business.
As we are moving towards and becoming the tech generation, it's exciting to know how IoT Application Development has a huge Market Potential - wondering how it is possible? Let us tell you more.
Let us tell you a fun fact. Worldwide there are about 9 billion Internet of Things (IoT) devices connected in 2020, which is expected to grow up to 25 billion in 2030.
In addition to this, we will also see a tremendous increase in the earnings & profit that would be generated by IoT and it is capturing all fields and sectors with speed equal to light and would soon become a major life-important technology.
Still not convinced enough to invest in IoT Application Development? Well, let us help you!
Familiar with these above questions? Don't worry; we have got your back!
The Internet of things has the potential to turn your home into a smart home and make processes automated. It's the world of 5G, and thus both IoT and 5G technologies, when combined, can result in super-advanced technologies and techniques. With each passing day, IoT Application Development services come to life and make more sense than previous days. IoT in the construction industry can boost work productivity and get access to real-time reporting. It can say that it covers almost every aspect!
Not only are the ones listed above, but there are many reasons why companies invest in IoT Application development.
To all the Start-up owners, this is for you. IoT applications are the need of the hour because they solve inefficient, slow, and costly processes that many enterprises of different industries were bearing previously. Therefore, many prominent global companies acquire the start-ups for their ideas and promising innovations so that they can integrate them with their existing operation to get better work efficiency performance and increase the turnover while decreasing the cost.
IoT sensors and devices can automate various routine operations, making it possible to have minimum human participation. It also reduces the amount of time required to complete a task. Hence it makes the processes more productive and cost-efficient.
IoT makes things simple for employees too. It helps them perform complex tasks that might take long hours of effort and work to be completed in minutes. Some of the advantages are:
IoT sensors can save you from significant breakdown risks. IoT sensors predict future equipment failures based on several factors.
This helps the responsible personnel take care of the faulty spare parts without affecting the whole operation.
And applying machine learning to collect data helps employees to determine the exact service time of each part of the machine that leads to efficiency in the investment of equipment.
Above, we have discussed the reasons to invest in IoT application and development and why big firms have ever-growing interests in IoT investment. IoT products and devices are becoming a vital part of every industry day by day, and soon they will become a necessity.
Many IT companies offer IoT application development services that help businesses to gain real-time data and insights to analyze their areas of improvement and increase revenue by reducing their costs.
So, if you are an IT start-up that is looking to revolutionize the industry, then all you need is to innovate an IoT product that solves industries' problems and delivers the results.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn about the ESP-NOW protocol and how to communicate data between two ESP modules through ESP-NOW protocol and that is too without Wi-Fi connectivity.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Fig. 1: ESP-NOW Protocol
ESP–NOW is a connectionless communication protocol that is used for sharing small data packets between two ESP boards. This protocol is developed by Espressif.
Although, ESP-NOW protocol can communicate only small data packets ( maximum 250 bytes), but it is a high-speed protocol for wireless communication.
ESP devices can communicate over ESP-NOW protocol in different network topologies which makes it a very versatile protocol. The communication can be a point to point or point to multipoint (broadcast).
Fig. 2: Point to Point Communication
In peer-to-peer communication, only two ESP (either ESP32 or ESP8266) devices can connect with each other for data exchange. Each ESP device can act as a master device, a slave device or both master and slave at the same time.
In broadcast one ESP device (known as a broadcaster) act as a master device and broadcast the data to ESP devices acting as slave devices. Data is shared with all the slave devices simultaneously.
This communication method is used when users want to control multiple slave devices at a time.
Fig. 4: Many to One Communication
In many to one communication scenarios, there will be a central node or gateway which collects all the data from its nearby connected ESP devices.
This scenario can be applied when you need to collect sensor data from various sensor nodes to a single collector or central device, which is connected to all the nearby sensors.
MAC address or Media Access Control address is a six-byte hexadecimal address, that is used to track or connect with devices in a network. It provides the user with a secure way to identify senders and receivers in a network and avoid unwanted network access.
Fig. 5: MAC Address
Each ESP device has a unique MAC address.
So, before sharing the data between two or more ESP devices the MAC address of the receiver device should be known to the sender device.
Both, the ESP32 and ESP8266 modules support the ESP-NOW protocol.
In this tutorial, we will connect the ESP32 and ESP8266 using the ESP-NOW protocol.
Fig. 6: ESP-NOW Example Code in Arduino IDE
#include <esp_now.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
// REPLACE WITH YOUR RECEIVER MAC Address
uint8_t broadcastAddress[] = {0xEE, 0xFA, 0xBC, 0xC5, 0xA4, 0xBF};
typedef struct struct_message {
char a[32];
int b;
float c;
bool d;
} struct_message;
// Create a struct_message called myData
struct_message myData;
// callback when data is sent
void OnDataSent(const uint8_t *mac_addr, esp_now_send_status_t status) {
Serial.print("\r\nLast Packet Send Status:\t");
Serial.println(status == ESP_NOW_SEND_SUCCESS ? "Delivery Success" : "Delivery Fail");
}
void setup() {
// Init Serial Monitor
Serial.begin(115200);
// Set device as a Wi-Fi Station
WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
// Init ESP-NOW
if (esp_now_init() != ESP_OK) {
Serial.println("Error initializing ESP-NOW");
return;
}
// get the status of Trasnmitted packet
esp_now_register_send_cb(OnDataSent);
// Register peer
esp_now_peer_info_t peerInfo;
memcpy(peerInfo.peer_addr, broadcastAddress, 6);
peerInfo.channel = 0;
peerInfo.encrypt = false;
// Add peer
if (esp_now_add_peer(&peerInfo) != ESP_OK){
Serial.println("Failed to add peer");
return;
}
}
void loop()
{ strcpy(myData.a, "THIS IS A CHAR"); // Send message via ESP-NOW esp_err_t result = esp_now_send(broadcastAddress, (uint8_t *) &myData, sizeof(myData)); if (result == ESP_OK) { Serial.println("Sent with success"); } else { Serial.println("Error sending the data"); } delay(2000); }
Fig. 12: Serial monitor and Wi-Fi Initialization
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
#include <WifiEspNow.h>
#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266)
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#elif defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_ESP32)
#include <WiFi.h>
#endif
// The recipient MAC address. It must be modified for each device.
static uint8_t PEER[]{0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x45, 0x53, 0x50};
void printReceivedMessage(const uint8_t mac[WIFIESPNOW_ALEN],
const uint8_t* buf, size_t count, void* arg)
{
Serial.printf("Message from %02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X\n", mac[0], mac[1], mac[2], mac[3],
mac[4], mac[5]);
for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(count); ++i) {
Serial.print(static_cast<char>(buf[i]));
}
Serial.println();
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println();
WiFi.persistent(false);
WiFi.mode(WIFI_AP);
WiFi.disconnect();
WiFi.softAP("ESPNOW", nullptr, 3);
WiFi.softAPdisconnect(false);
Serial.print("MAC address of this node is ");
Serial.println(WiFi.softAPmacAddress());
uint8_t mac[6];
WiFi.softAPmacAddress(mac);
Serial.println();
Serial.println("You can paste the following into the program for the other device:");
Serial.printf("static uint8_t PEER[]{0x%02X, 0x%02X, 0x%02X, 0x%02X, 0x%02X, 0x%02X};\n", mac[0],
mac[1], mac[2], mac[3], mac[4], mac[5]);
Serial.println();
bool ok = WifiEspNow.begin();
if (!ok) {
Serial.println("WifiEspNow.begin() failed");
ESP.restart();
}
WifiEspNow.onReceive(printReceivedMessage, nullptr);
ok = WifiEspNow.addPeer(PEER);
if (!ok) {
Serial.println("WifiEspNow.addPeer() failed");
ESP.restart();
}
}
loop()
{
char msg[60];
int len = snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "hello ESP-NOW from %s at %lu",
WiFi.softAPmacAddress().c_str(), millis());
WifiEspNow.send(PEER, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(msg), len);
delay(1000);
}
This concludes the tutorial. I hope, you found this helpful and I hope to see you soon for the new ESP32 tutorial.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Welcome to the 3rd lecture of Section 5(ESP32 Sensors) in the ESP32 Programming Series. We have already discussed the two built-in ESP32 sensors i.e. Hall Effect Sensor and Capacitive Touch Sensor. Today, we are going to discuss the 3rd and final built-in ESP32 sensor i.e. Internal Temperature Sensor.
ESP32 Internal Temperature Sensor is used to calculate the temperature of the ESP32 core. So, we can't use it to measure the ambient temperature (the temperature of the atmosphere), for that, we need to use embedded temperature sensors i.e. DS18B20, DHT11, BMP280 etc. We will first discuss the basics of this Internal Temperature Sensor and then will design a code to monitor the change in temperature by changing the frequency of the ESP32 CPU.
Note:
Important specs of the ESP32 Temperature Sensor are given in the below table:
| ESP32 Temperature Sensor Features |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Value | |||
| Converter Types | ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter) | |||
| Accurate Temperature Sensing Range | -40 °C to 125 °C | |||
| Suitability | Good | |||
| Most Accurate Range | -10 °C to 80 °C | |||
| Temperature Fluctuation Measurement | High resolution | |||
| Potential Performance & Accuracy Issues | Voltage fluctuations, Noise, Environmental factors, Nearby heat sources | |||
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
ESP32’s on-chip temperature sensor cannot be used for monitoring external temperature. It can only be used to monitor the temperature of the core. This temperature sensor is available on some selective ESP32 boards and obsolete on most ESP32 variants. It has a high-temperature sensing range of -40 to 125 °C.
ESP32 boards are normally used in real-time IoT Projects i.e. home automation, back security etc. Such projects need to run 24/7 to get live updates and may heat up the motherboard. Thus, to get a stable performance in continuous operations, these internal temperature sensors are introduced to monitor the ESP32 Core.
Most of the modern ESP32 variants are equipped with the Internal Temperature Sensor. I have created a list of the ESP32 boards by taking the ESP-IDF documentation that caters to the built-in temperature sensor. Here's the list:
As you can see, most of the newer versions have a temperature sensor, but some older versions may also have one.
ESP32 temperature sensor consists of 2 converters:
Sigma-delta ADCs are widely favored for their exceptional accuracy and remarkable resolution, enabling them to deliver precise measurements. This ADC takes the analog signal from the temperature sensor, converts it to a digital signal and feeds it to the microcontroller for processing.
The DAC is responsible for the accuracy of the temperature measurements. It is embedded within the ESP32 and converts the digital values(converted by the Sigma-Delta ADC) again into analog values to offset any temperature-induced variation. As a result, it ensures accurate readings from the sensor.
The accuracy of this temperature sensor changes according to the range group of the temperature values. Among different groups, the range of -10 ~ 80 is the most accurate. The reading errors along with their measuring ranges are shown in the below table:
| Measuring Errors in ESP32 Temperature Sensor | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Offset | Predefined Range (°C) | Error (°C) | Operating Range (°C) |
| 1 | -2 |
50 ~ 125 | < 3 | Not recommended(Error) |
| 2 |
-1 |
20 ~ 100 | < 2 | Ideal range for best accuracy |
| 3 |
0 | -10 ~ 80 | < 1 | Acceptable range with moderate accuracy |
| 4 |
1 |
-30 ~ 50 | < 2 | Usable range with increased error at extremes |
| 5 |
2 |
-40 ~ 20 | < 3 | Not recommended (error) |
Different factors, including voltage fluctuations, noise, environmental factors, and nearby heat sources, can affect the performance and accuracy of this sensor.
Formula to convert observed temperature i.e. Fahrenheit to Celsius:
(F-32) *(5/9) = degree Celsius
Here are the main applications of the ESP32 built-in temperature sensor:
A designer can easily monitor the internal chip’s temperature through the temperature sensor, identify bottleneck conditions, and conduct performance evaluations under extreme circumstances. So, the sensor helps in optimizing the chip's temperature and, thus, the performance.
Electronic components/modules are sensitive, and if they are designed to work for prolonged operation, temperature management is one of the most crucial points to be considered. The built-in temperature sensor is a useful way to measure the operating temperature of the components connected to its peripherals and the whole system. These values are then utilized to set the threshold value so the system can trigger the safety mechanism when a certain heat level is passed. This can be done using the ESP32 code and surely prevent overheating to maintain the performance.
The built-in temperature sensor helps to maintain the energy monitoring that, in turn, allows the energy monitoring of the project. The careful observation of the built-in temperature sensor output helps the user understand the relationship between temperature change and energy consumption. Using this approach, designers can target an optimized energy consumption.
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
}
void loop()
{
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temprature_sens_read() );
Serial.print(" F");
Serial.print("______");
// Convert raw temperature in F to Celsius degrees
Serial.print((temprature_sens_read() - 32) / 1.8);
Serial.println(" C");
delay(1000);
}#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
}void loop()
{
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temprature_sens_read() );
Serial.print("______");
}// Convert raw temperature in F to Celsius degrees
Serial.print((temprature_sens_read() - 32) / 1.8);
Serial.println(" C");
delay(1000);This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this of some help and also to see you soon with the new tutorial on ESP32.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In our previous tutorial, we learned SMTP server and how to implement an SMTP server for sending emails with ESP32. In the previous tutorial, we also demonstrated some examples like sharing raw text, HTML text, images and text files.
So, at the transmitter end, we are using the SMTP server.
But, what about the receiver end?
At the receiver end, we use another protocol called IMAP (or Internet Message Access Protocol) and POP3 (Post office Protocol V3) for receiving the emails.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
IMAP is an application layer (TCP/IP) protocol that is used at the receiver end to receive emails from SMTP server or mail server. IMAP follows the client/server model.
POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol version 3.
POP3 is another protocol to receive emails. This protocol is used to access the TCP/IP mailbox. The protocol is quite popular due to its offline mail access model.
The offline access model enables the user to access the mails from the mail server on the local machine, and then delete them from the mail server.
Though in some applications POP3 protocol is still used, but in most of the email receivers, it is preferred to use IMAP protocol over POP3 protocol.
Similarly, other email service providers like Outlook and Hotmail, have different setting parameters.
To send emails with ESP32 we need to install this ESP Mail Client library. This library, make ESP32 able to send emails over SMTP server.
Step to install ESP Mail Client Library:
Your Arduino IDE is ready to send email using ESP32.
It is recommended to create a new email account for sending emails using ESP32 or ESP8266 modules.
If you are using your main (personal) email account (for sending emails) with ESP and by mistake, something goes wrong in the ESP code or programming part, your email service provider can ban or disable your main (personal) email account.
In this tutorial, we are using a Gmail account.
Follow the link to create a new Gmail account: https://accounts.google.com
To get access to this new Gmail account, you need to enable Allow less secure apps and this will make you able to send emails. The link is attached below:
https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps?pli=1
Fig.
Fig IMAP and SMTP Example Code
Note: You can not use the exact code. Hence, you need to make some changes like replacing SSID and password with your network credentials, email address of sender and receiver, setting IMAP and SMTP parameters for respective email service providers etc, needs to be done before uploading the code. We will also describe these things during code description.
In this code, we will implement both IMAP and SMTP protocols to receive and transmit emails.
Although, we are using SMTP in this tutorial, but we have already discussed and demonstrated the implementation on SMTP protocol in our previous tutorial. So, in this tutorial we will not explain the SMTP part.
Follow our previous tutorial for detailed study of SMTP implementation in ESP32.
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <ESP_Mail_Client.h>
//To use only IMAP functions, you can exclude the SMTP from compilation, see ESP_Mail_FS.h.
#define WIFI_SSID "public"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "ESP32@123"
//-----------setting IMAP parameters------
/* The imap host name e.g. imap.gmail.com for GMail or outlook.office365.com for Outlook */
#define IMAP_HOST "imap.gmail.com"
#define IMAP_PORT 993
#define AUTHOR_EMAIL "techeesp697@gmail.com"
#define AUTHOR_PASSWORD "Tech@ESP123"
#define RECIPIENT_EMAIL "maneesha607ece@gmail.com"
//------------setting SMTP credentials----------
#define SMTP_HOST "smtp.gmail.com"
#define SMTP_PORT 465
//------IMAP Rx emails and their status
/* Callback function to get the Email reading status */
void imapCallback(IMAP_Status status);
void printAllMailboxesInfo(IMAPSession &imap);
void printSelectedMailboxInfo(SelectedFolderInfo sFolder);
void printMessages(std::vector<IMAP_MSG_Item> &msgItems, bool headerOnly);
/* Print all attachments info from the message */
void printAttacements(std::vector<IMAP_Attach_Item> &atts);
/* The IMAP Session object used for Email reading */
IMAPSession imap;
//-------SMTP sending mails and their status----
/* The SMTP Session object used for Email sending */
SMTPSession smtp;
/* Callback function to get the Email sending status */
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
#if defined(ARDUINO_ARCH_SAMD)
while (!Serial)
;
Serial.println();
Serial.println("**** Custom built WiFiNINA firmware need to be installed.****\nTo install firmware, read the instruction here, https://github.com/mobizt/ESP-Mail-Client#install-custom-built-wifinina-firmware");
#endif
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to AP");
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(200);
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
/** Enable the debug via Serial port
* none debug or 0
* basic debug or 1
*
* Debug port can be changed via ESP_MAIL_DEFAULT_DEBUG_PORT in ESP_Mail_FS.h
*/
imap.debug(1);
/* Set the callback function to get the reading results */
imap.callback(imapCallback);
ESP_Mail_Session session;
session.server.host_name = IMAP_HOST;
session.server.port = IMAP_PORT;
session.login.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
session.login.password = AUTHOR_PASSWORD;
/* Setup the configuration for searching or fetching operation and its result */
IMAP_Config config;
/* Set seen flag */
//config.fetch.set_seen = true;
/* Search criteria */
config.search.criteria.clear();
/* Also search the unseen message */
config.search.unseen_msg = true;
/* Set the storage to save the downloaded files and attachments */
config.storage.saved_path = "/email_data";
config.storage.type = esp_mail_file_storage_type_flash;
config.download.header = true;
config.download.text = true;
config.download.html = true;
config.download.attachment = true;
config.download.inlineImg = true;
config.enable.html = true;
config.enable.text = true;
/* Set to enable the sort the result by message UID in the ascending order */
config.enable.recent_sort = true;
/* Set to report the download progress via the default serial port */
config.enable.download_status = true;
config.limit.search = 5;
config.limit.msg_size = 512;
config.limit.attachment_size = 1024 * 1024 * 5;
/* Connect to server with the session and config */
if (!imap.connect(&session, &config))
return;
/* {Optional} */
printAllMailboxesInfo(imap);
/* Open or select the mailbox folder to read or search the message */
if (!imap.selectFolder("INBOX"))
return;
/* {Optional} */
printSelectedMailboxInfo(imap.selectedFolder());
String uid = String(imap.getUID(imap.selectedFolder().msgCount()));
config.fetch.uid = uid;
/* Read or search the Email and close the session */
//When message was fetched or read, the /Seen flag will not set or message remained in unseen or unread status,
//as this is the purpose of library (not UI application), user can set the message status as read by set \Seen flag
//to message, see the Set_Flags.ino example.
MailClient.readMail(&imap);
/* Clear all stored data in IMAPSession object */
imap.empty();
}
void loop()
{
}
/* Callback function to get the Email reading status */
void imapCallback(IMAP_Status status)
{
/* Print the current status */
Serial.println(status.info());
/* Show the result when reading finished */
if (status.success())
{
/* Print the result */
/* Get the message list from the message list data */
IMAP_MSG_List msgList = imap.data();
printMessages(msgList.msgItems, imap.headerOnly());
/* Clear all stored data in IMAPSession object */
imap.empty();
SMTP_MSG();
}
}
void printAllMailboxesInfo(IMAPSession &imap)
{
/* Declare the folder collection class to get the list of mailbox folders */
FoldersCollection folders;
/* Get the mailbox folders */
if (imap.getFolders(folders))
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < folders.size(); i++)
{
/* Iterate each folder info using the folder info item data */
FolderInfo folderInfo = folders.info(i);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("%s%s%s", i == 0 ? "\nAvailable folders: " : ", ", folderInfo.name, i == folders.size() - 1 ? "\n" : "");
}
}
}
void printSelectedMailboxInfo(SelectedFolderInfo sFolder)
{
/* Show the mailbox info */
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("\nInfo of the selected folder\nTotal Messages: %d\n", sFolder.msgCount());
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Predicted next UID: %d\n", sFolder.nextUID());
for (size_t i = 0; i < sFolder.flagCount(); i++)
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("%s%s%s", i == 0 ? "Flags: " : ", ", sFolder.flag(i).c_str(), i == sFolder.flagCount() - 1 ? "\n" : "");
}
void printAttacements(std::vector<IMAP_Attach_Item> &atts)
{
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Attachment: %d file(s)\n****************************\n", atts.size());
for (size_t j = 0; j < atts.size(); j++)
{
IMAP_Attach_Item att = atts[j];
/** att.type can be
* esp_mail_att_type_none or 0
* esp_mail_att_type_attachment or 1
* esp_mail_att_type_inline or 2
*/
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("%d. Filename: %s, Name: %s, Size: %d, MIME: %s, Type: %s, Creation Date: %s\n", j + 1, att.filename, att.name, att.size, att.mime, att.type == esp_mail_att_type_attachment ? "attachment" : "inline", att.creationDate);
}
Serial.println();
}
void printMessages(std::vector<IMAP_MSG_Item> &msgItems, bool headerOnly)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < msgItems.size(); i++)
{
/* Iterate to get each message data through the message item data */
IMAP_MSG_Item msg = msgItems[i];
Serial.println("****************************");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Number: %d\n", msg.msgNo);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("UID: %d\n", msg.UID);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Messsage-ID: %s\n", msg.ID);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Flags: %s\n", msg.flags);
//The attachment may not detect in search because the multipart/mixed
//was not found in Content-Type header field.
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Attachment: %s\n", msg.hasAttachment ? "yes" : "no");
if (strlen(msg.acceptLang))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Accept Language: %s\n", msg.acceptLang);
if (strlen(msg.contentLang))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Content Language: %s\n", msg.contentLang);
if (strlen(msg.from))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("From: %s\n", msg.from);
if (strlen(msg.sender))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Sender: %s\n", msg.sender);
if (strlen(msg.to))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("To: %s\n", msg.to);
if (strlen(msg.cc))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("CC: %s\n", msg.cc);
if (strlen(msg.date))
{
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Date: %s\n", msg.date);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Timestamp: %d\n", (int)MailClient.Time.getTimestamp(msg.date));
}
if (strlen(msg.subject))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject: %s\n", msg.subject);
if (strlen(msg.reply_to))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Reply-To: %s\n", msg.reply_to);
if (strlen(msg.return_path))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Return-Path: %s\n", msg.return_path);
if (strlen(msg.in_reply_to))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("In-Reply-To: %s\n", msg.in_reply_to);
if (strlen(msg.references))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("References: %s\n", msg.references);
if (strlen(msg.comments))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Comments: %s\n", msg.comments);
if (strlen(msg.keywords))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Keywords: %s\n", msg.keywords);
/* If the result contains the message info (Fetch mode) */
if (!headerOnly)
{
if (strlen(msg.text.content))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message: %s\n", msg.text.content);
if (strlen(msg.text.charSet))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message Charset: %s\n", msg.text.charSet);
if (strlen(msg.text.transfer_encoding))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Text Message Transfer Encoding: %s\n", msg.text.transfer_encoding);
if (strlen(msg.html.content))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message: %s\n", msg.html.content);
if (strlen(msg.html.charSet))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message Charset: %s\n", msg.html.charSet);
if (strlen(msg.html.transfer_encoding))
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("HTML Message Transfer Encoding: %s\n\n", msg.html.transfer_encoding);
if (msg.rfc822.size() > 0)
{
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("RFC822 Messages: %d message(s)\n****************************\n", msg.rfc822.size());
printMessages(msg.rfc822, headerOnly);
}
}
Serial.println();
}
}
void SMTP_MSG()
{
smtp.debug(1);
smtp.callback(smtpCallback);
ESP_Mail_Session session;
session.server.host_name = SMTP_HOST;
session.server.port = SMTP_PORT;
session.login.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
session.login.password = AUTHOR_PASSWORD;
session.login.user_domain = "";
/* Declare the message class */
SMTP_Message message;
message.sender.name = "The_Engineering_Projects";
message.sender.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
message.subject = "Auto_Response";
message.addRecipient("Maneesha", RECIPIENT_EMAIL);
//Send raw text message
String textMsg = "Thanks for contacting us. One of our client will contact you soon. www.theengineeringprojects";
message.text.content = textMsg.c_str();
message.text.charSet = "us-ascii";
message.text.transfer_encoding = Content_Transfer_Encoding::enc_7bit;
message.priority = esp_mail_smtp_priority::esp_mail_smtp_priority_low;
message.response.notify = esp_mail_smtp_notify_success | esp_mail_smtp_notify_failure | esp_mail_smtp_notify_delay;
/* Connect to server with the session config */
if (!smtp.connect(&session))
return;
/* Start sending Email and close the session */
if (!MailClient.sendMail(&smtp, &message))
Serial.println("Error sending Email, " + smtp.errorReason());
}
//-----------SMTP Status function-----
// Callback function to get the Email sending status
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status)
{
/* Print the current status */
Serial.println(status.info());
/* Print the sending result */
if (status.success())
{
Serial.println("----------------");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent success: %d\n", status.completedCount());
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent failled: %d\n", status.failedCount());
Serial.println("----------------\n");
struct tm dt;
for (size_t i = 0; i < smtp.sendingResult.size(); i++)
{
/* Get the result item */
SMTP_Result result = smtp.sendingResult.getItem(i);
time_t ts = (time_t)result.timestamp;
localtime_r(&ts, &dt);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message No: %d\n", i + 1);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Status: %s\n", result.completed ? "success" : "failed");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Date/Time: %d/%d/%d %d:%d:%d\n", dt.tm_year + 1900, dt.tm_mon + 1, dt.tm_mday, dt.tm_hour, dt.tm_min, dt.tm_sec);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Recipient: %s\n", result.recipients);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject: %s\n", result.subject);
}
Serial.println("----------------\n");
}
}
Fig. SMTP server address and port number
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Note:- We have already discussed the SMTP server in our previous tutorial that is Sending Emails with ESP32 using SMTP server. So, follow our previous tutorial for a detailed study on SMTP protocol and send an email using ESP32.
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this helpful and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on ESP32.
In 2021, supply chains benefited from the boom in e-commerce as online buyers reached 2.14 billion. Given the massive influx of customers, businesses had to scale up their operations. The challenge now is to improve efficiency and ensure the delivery of goods and services. It has become more challenging for companies to monitor every movement, especially logistics.
Fortunately, service dispatch software can make things easier and safer. Tracking vehicles and organizing schedules will no longer take so much time. This technology can impose desirable changes in daily processes. With that in mind, we will look at how it guides businesses toward growth.
Service dispatch software is a technology that plans and schedules routes. It sends the details to the driver's mobile device. Once received, the management can view the progress on the delivery day. This feature allows them to improve efficiency and customer service.
Through automated technology, 24/7 management of fleets is possible. After automating routing and scheduling processes, coordination of routes and deliveries is easier. It also provides solutions to field workers, technicians, and other service providers. The following are its primary features.
For a better result, it has to work hand in hand with route optimization software. Service dispatch software monitors the delivery process through a cloud-based application. Meanwhile, route optimization software finds the best routes for smooth and efficient delivery. Their combined features can improve business processes and customer satisfaction.
The number of products and services purchased online keeps growing. That is why transportation and logistics play a vital role in the e-commerce industry. Food and grocery delivery services have their software to monitor drivers. Here are the expected benefits of using service dispatch software.
Service dispatch software serves as a centralized tracking system for transportation processes. Its features and connection to GPS and mobile apps provide timely updates. It allows the management to track the location and status of the driver and the items. The information gives the company an idea to improve its dispatch system.
Moreover, it reduces or eliminates paperwork like work order management and service reports. It also generates invoices and provides billing assistance and resource management suggestions. It helps companies save more time and focus on improving customer experience.
Service dispatch software is similar to employee monitoring software. But, it has more detailed info to assess employees. The management can determine whether the drivers follow the driving standards or not. It includes their driving speed, one of the typical causes of road accidents. Also, customers can rate and review their performance.
In a fast-paced environment, responsiveness sets a business apart from its competitors. It is more crucial for those involving field workers and other service providers. With service dispatch software, the management does not have to make follow-ups. The system alone provides all the information they need to track deliveries.
Its real-time statuses alert the people involved with emergency calls and last-minute requests. That is why it is essential to integrate it with route optimization software. It helps you identify the location and nature of the raised concerns. From there, someone can go to the site, assist the driver, and solve the problem.
The system provides data, which helps businesses present them in charts and dashboards. These make the numerical values easier to interpret and generate recommendations. These figures enable them to assess their performance based on specific parameters. These include customer rating, delivery time, costs incurred. This feature also makes the business scalable and flexible to changing business requirements. It ensures that the services can suffice business needs.
Service dispatch software can enhance the delivery process, leading to smoother transactions. Management can do job assignments and schedules faster. There is also shorter waiting and delivery time since the system can find the best route. The goods and services arrive at the exact location on time. In turn, customer satisfaction increases, resulting in higher demand.
Technology is changing, so businesses have to adapt and meet the insatiable demand. In a competitive market landscape, operational efficiency is vital to outdo peers. Service dispatch software improves processes and reduces costs. It helps businesses adapt to the trend and sustain growth.