The rapid developments that have been achieved in the Light Emitting Diode industry more so in the area of high-power LEDs, have brought up a challenge on heat dissipation. The LEDs are always mounted on the printed circuit boards and they might end up bringing a lot of problems, especially on the heat generated from them. Without proper laid down structures to dissipate the excess heat will end up damaging the board. To solve this, designers have chosen to implement the use of metal core PCBs.
Metal core PCB boards are special types of PCBs that have a metallic layer that is made up of copper or aluminum. This metallic layer is what gives it this name.
There are many online PCB companies offering Metal Core PCB manufacturing. We are going to take the example of JLCPCB, a China-based online PCB Fabrication House. JLCPCB offers competitive rates and provides excellent results and is considered one of the best PCB manufacturers. You can place a PCB order on JLCPCB's official website.
So, it's quite easy to order for manufacturing of Metal Core PCB on JLCPCB.
When you compare the metal core PCB with other traditional standard PCBs you will realize that it has special layers. The total number of these layers on the PCB will be determined by the total number of conductive layers that you really need. They can be of single or multiple conducting layers. The layers can be categorized into three types
There are three major categories of the MCPCB as discussed below;
This type of metal-core PCB has the copper traces printed on one side of the board and the board comprises of the following;
The single-sided board also has a dielectric layer that is sandwiched between the copper and the metal core layer.
It comes with over two layers hence having a structure that looks like the FR-4 type of PCB materials.
Let us have a look at the steps that can be followed in the design of the metal core printed circuit boards as listed below;
After this step, you now need to confirm the digital image that you have with the original Gerber files from the designer using an inspection laser to confirm if you have done the right thing.
After the confirmation that you have done the right thing, now the design can be moved to the final process of the design. This final step involves the unpacking of the PCB layers accordingly. We are supposed to locate the drill points and this can be done by the use of the x-ray locator.
Now the board is supposed to undergo the process of plating and deposition of copper where the whole PCB is electroplated with the copper layer before the board is taken through the final process of v-scoring and profiling.
The PCBs that are made out of aluminum offer very smart heat dissipation and a good heat transfer mechanism. Aluminum PCBs are very light in weight and are used in LED lighting applications, electronic communication and audio frequency equipment. Listed below in the characteristics of the aluminum substrate;
PCBs made out of the copper core have better performance than those made out of aluminum. But aluminum is preferred to copper by most clients because copper is more expensive. Another disadvantage of copper core over aluminum is that copper boards are heavier and involve a tough process of machining. Copper has a higher rate of corrosion as compared to the aluminum core.
This type of board finds great use in the field of LED technology. Some of the applications are listed below;
ESP32 module comes with multiple inbuilt features and peripheral interfacing capability is one of those features. ESP32 module also consists of an inbuilt temperature sensor, but that can only measure the temperature of the ESP32 core not the temperature of the surrounding environment. So it is required to use a peripheral sensor to measure the temperature of the surrounding environment like home, garden, office etc.
Hello readers. I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn how to interface DHT11 (temperature and humidity sensor) with the ESP32. Later in this tutorial, we will discuss how to share the sensor readings obtained from the DHT11 sensor to a web server.
Before moving towards the interfacing and programming part, let’s have a short introduction to the DHT11 sensor, its working and its connections.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Fig. 1: DHT11 sensor
DHT11 is used to measure humidity and temperature from its surrounding. It monitors the ambient temperature and humidity of a given area. It consists of an NTC (negative temperature co-efficient) temperature sensor and a resistive type humidity sensor. It also consists of an 8-bit microcontroller. The microcontroller is responsible for performing ADC (analog to digital conversion) and provides a digital output over the single wire protocol.
DHT11 sensor can measure humidity from 20% to 90% with +-5% (RH or relative humidity) of accuracy and can measure the temperature in the range of 0 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2C of accuracy.
DHT11 sensors can also be used to implement a wired sensor system using a cable length of up to 20 meters.
There are two DHT modules (DHT11 and DHT22) available in the market to measure temperature and humidity. The purpose of both module are same but with different specifications. Like DHT22 sensor provides broader temperature and humidity sensitivity ranges. But DHT22 is costlier than DHT11. So you can prefer to use any of the module, as per your requirements.
Table: 1
Note: Connect a 10K resistor between data and power (+5V) pin of DHT11 sensor module.
Fig. 2: ESP32 and DHT11 connections/wiring
We are using Arduino IDE to compile and upload code into ESP32 module. To know more about Arduino IDE and how to use it, follow our previous tutorial i.e., on ESP32 programming series. Link is given below:
https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/11/introduction-to-esp32-programming-series.html
DHT11 sensor uses single wire protocol to communicate data which requires a precise timing. In order to interface DHT11 sensor with ESP32 module it is required to add necessary libraries. To install the DHT11 sensor library;
Fig. 3: manage libraries
Fig. 4: Install DHT sensor library
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 4 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
// Initializing the DHT11 sensor.
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println(F("DHT test string!"));
dht.begin();
}
void loop() {
// Wait a few seconds between measurements.
delay(2000);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)
float h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius (the default)
float t = dht.readTemperature();
// Read temperature as Fahrenheit (isFahrenheit = true)
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);
// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try again).
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {
Serial.println(F("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"));
return;
}
// Compute heat index in Fahrenheit (the default)
float hif = dht.computeHeatIndex(f, h);
// Compute heat index in Celsius (isFahreheit = false)
float hic = dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h, false);
Serial.print(F("Humidity(%): "));
Serial.println(h);
Serial.print(F("Temp.: "));
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println(F("°C "));
Serial.print(F("Temp.: "));
Serial.print(f);
Serial.println(F("°F "));
Serial.print(F("Heat index: "));
Serial.println(hic);
Serial.println(" ");
Serial.print(F("°C "));
Serial.print(hif);
Serial.println(F("°F"));
}
Fig. 5: Add necessary libraries
Fig. 6: Global declarations
Fig. 7
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12: Heat index
Fig. ESP32 and DHT11 interfacing
Fig. 13: Readings observed from DHT11 sensor
The IoT is the interconnection of physical objects or devices with sensors and software accessing capabilities to communicate data or information over the internet.
To build an IoT network, we need an interface medium that can fetch, control, and communicate data between sender and receiver electronics devices or servers.
Espressif Systems created the ESP32 Wi-Fi chip series. The ESP32 module is equipped with a 32-bit Tensilica microcontroller, 2.4GHz Wi-Fi connectivity, an antenna, memory, and power management modules, and much more. All of these built-in features of this ESP32 module make it ideal for IoT applications.
It is an open data platform for the Internet of Things (Internet of Things). ThingSpeak is a MathWorks web service that allows us to send sensor readings/data to the cloud. We can also visualise and act on the data (calculate the data) sent to ThingSpeak by the devices. Data can be stored in both private and public channels.
ThingSpeak is commonly used for internet of things prototyping and proof of concept systems requiring analytics.
Fig. 14: Getting started for free
Fig. 15: Create new account
Fig. 16: MathWorks Sign in
Fig. 17: New Channel
Fig. 18: Fill the channel details
Fig. 19: Field Chart Edit
https://github.com/mathworks/thingspeak-arduino
Fig. 20: Adding ThingSpeak library
To check whether the library is successfully added or not:
Fig. 21: manage libraries
Fig. 22: Arduino IDE Library manager.
//------style guard ----
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
// ------header files----
#include <WiFi.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include "ThingSpeak.h"
//-----netwrok credentials
char* ssid = "replace this with your SSID"; //enter SSID
char* passphrase = "replace this with your password"; // enter the password
WiFiServer server(80);
WiFiClient client;
//-----ThingSpeak channel details
unsigned long myChannelNumber = 3;
const char * myWriteAPIKey = "replace this with your API key";
//----- Timer variables
unsigned long lastTime = 0;
unsigned long timerDelay = 1000;
//----DHT declarations
#define DHTPIN 4 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
// Initializing the DHT11 sensor.
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200); //Initialize serial
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, passphrase);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
// Print local IP address and start web server
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
server.begin();
//----nitialize dht11
dht.begin();
ThingSpeak.begin(client); // Initialize ThingSpeak
}
void loop()
{
if ((millis() - lastTime) > timerDelay)
{
delay(2500);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
float h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius (the default)
float t = dht.readTemperature();
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {
Serial.println(F("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"));
return;
}
Serial.print("Temperature (ºC): ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println("ºC");
Serial.print("Humidity");
Serial.println(h);
ThingSpeak.setField(1, h);
ThingSpeak.setField(2, t);
// Write to ThingSpeak. There are up to 8 fields in a channel, allowing you to store up to 8 different
// pieces of information in a channel. Here, we write to field 1.
int x = ThingSpeak.writeFields(myChannelNumber,
myWriteAPIKey);
if(x == 200){
Serial.println("Channel update successful.");
}
else{
Serial.println("Problem updating channel. HTTP error code " + String(x));
}
lastTime = millis();
}
}
Fig. 23: Libraries
Fig. 24
Fig. 25: server port
Fig. 26
Fig. 29
Fig. 30: connect to wifi
Fig.31: Fetch and print IP address
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36: Displaying humidity on thingSpeak server
Fig. 37: Displaying Temperature on ThingSpeak server
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with new tutorial on ESP32.
Public cloud computing systems enable businesses to complement their data centers with worldwide servers that can scale processing capabilities up and down as required. In terms of value and security, hybrid public-private clouds are unparalleled.
However, real-time AI applications demand substantial local processing capacity, frequently in areas distant from centralized cloud servers. speedpak tracking is among the services including AI for the safety of your goods and parcels.
Moreover, some workloads demand low latency or data residency and must stay on-premises or specified locations.
That is why many businesses use edge computing to implement AI applications.
Instead of storing data in a centralized cloud, edge computing saves data locally in an edge device. Moreover, the gadget may function as a stand-alone network node without an internet connection.
Cloud and edge computing offer many advantages and application cases.
Cloud computing is a computing approach in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are supplied as a service through the Internet.
Cloud computing's popularity is growing as a result of its many advantages. Cloud computing, for example, has the following benefits:
Edge computing is the process of physically bringing computational capacity closer to the source of data, which is generally an Internet of Things device or sensor. Edge computing, so named because of how computing power is delivered to the network's or device's edge, enables quicker data processing, higher bandwidth, and data sovereignty.
Edge computing lowers the need for huge volumes of data to travel between servers, the cloud, and devices or edge locations to be processed by processing data at the network's edge. It is especially relevant for current applications like data science and artificial intelligence.
Edge and cloud computing have unique advantages, and most businesses will utilize both. Here are some things to think about when deciding where to deploy certain workloads.
In contrast, cloud computing is ideal for non-time-sensitive data processing, but edge computing is ideal for real-time data processing.
Also, the former requires a dependable online connection, while the latter should encompass rural regions with little or no internet access.
Furthermore, cloud computing stores data in the cloud, but edge computing includes very sensitive data and tight data rules.
Medical robotics is one example of when edge computing is superior to cloud computing because surgeons want real-time data access. These systems include a significant amount of software running on the cloud.
Still, the sophisticated analytics and robotic controls increasingly used in operating rooms cannot tolerate latency, network stability difficulties, or bandwidth limits. In this case, edge computing provides the patient with life-saving advantages.
Convergence of cloud and edge is required for many enterprises. Organizations centralize when possible and disseminate when necessary.
Firms may benefit from the security and management of on-premises systems with hybrid cloud architecture. It also makes use of a service provider's public cloud resources.
For each firm, a hybrid cloud solution implies something different. It might imply training in the cloud and deploying at the edge, training in the data center and deploying at the edge using cloud management tools, or training at the edge and deploying in the cloud to centralize models for federated learning. There are several options to connect the cloud and the edge.
Though both the computing systems are equally important, each carries distinctive perks. As the world is moving toward the hybrid approach, understanding the right computing choice will ease your process. Our guide will assist in this regard.
The IoT is the interconnection of physical objects or devices with sensors and software accessing capabilities to communicate data or information over the internet.
To build an IoT network, we need an interface medium that can fetch, control, and communicate data between sender and receiver electronics devices or servers.
Espressif Systems created the ESP32 Wi-Fi chip series. The ESP32 module is equipped with a 32-bit Tensilica microcontroller, 2.4GHz Wi-Fi connectivity, an antenna, memory, and power management modules, and much more. All of these built-in features of this ESP32 module make it ideal for IoT applications.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn another application of ESP32 in the field of IoT (Internet of Things). We are using a PIR sensor to detect motion and an Email alert will be generated automatically whenever a motion is being detected.
Fig.1
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The HCSR-501 sensor module is used with ESP32 to detect the motion. So whenever a motion is detected, the PIR sensor will generate a HIGH output signal which will act as an input to the ESP32 module. In the absence of motion, the output of the PIR sensor will remain LOW. If a HIGH input signal is generated from the PIR sensor module, the LED (either peripheral or inbuilt) will be turned ON and along with that, an Email will be generated to the receiver’s email address as per the program instructions.
Fig. 2 PIR Motion Sensor
PIR stands for Passive Infrared sensors. It detects heat energy in the surrounding environment using a pair of pyroelectric sensors. Both sensors are placed next to each other, and when motion is detected or the signal differential between the two sensors changes, the PIR motion sensor returns a LOW result (logic zero volts). It means that in the code, you must wait for the pin to go low. The desired function can be called when the pin goes low.
There are two potentiometers available in the HCSR-501 PIR motion sensor module. One of the potentiometers is to control the sensitivity to the IR radiations. Lower sensitivity indicates the presence of a moving leaf or a small mouse. The sensitivity can be changed depending on the installation location and project specifications.
The second potentiometer is to specify the duration for which the detection output should be active. It can be programmed to turn on for as few as a few seconds or as long as a few minutes.
PIR sensors are used in thermal sensing applications such as security and motion detection. They're commonly found in security alarms, motion detection alarms, and automatic lighting applications.
The simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) is an internet standard for sending and receiving electronic mail (or email), with an SMTP server receiving emails from email clients.
SMTP is also used to establish server-to-server communication.
Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, and other email providers all have their own SMTP addresses and port numbers.
Fig. 3 SMTP
To send emails, the SMTP protocol, also known as the push protocol, is used, and IMAP, or Internet Message Access Protocol (or post office protocol or POP), is used to receive emails at the receiver end.
The SMTP protocol operates at the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
When the client wants to send emails, a TCP connection to the SMTP server is established, and emails are sent over the connection.
SMTP commands:
There are various email service providers available like, Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail, Outlook etc. and each service provider have unique service parameters.
In this tutorial, we are using the Gmail or Google Mail service.
Gmail is the email service provided by Google and Gmail SMTP server is free to access and anyone can access this service, who has a Gmail account.
It is recommended to create a new email account for sending emails using ESP32 or ESP8266 modules.
If you are using your main (personal) email account (for sending emails) with ESP and by mistake something goes wrong in the ESP code or programming part, your email service provider can ban or disable your main (personal) email account.
In this tutorial we are using a Gmail account.
Follow the link to create a new Gmail account : https://accounts.google.com
Fig. 4 create new gmail account
To get access to this new Gmail account, you need to enable Allow less secure apps and this will make you able to send emails. The link is attached below:
https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps?pli=1
Fig. 5 permission to less secure apps
Table 1
Fig. 6 ESP32 and HCSR-501 connections
We are using Arduino IDE to compile and upload code into ESP32 module. To know more about ESP32 basics, Arduino IDE and how to use it, follow our previous tutorial i.e., on ESP32 programming series. Link is given below:
https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/11/introduction-to-esp32-programming-series.html
To enable the email service in ESP32 it is required to download the ESP-Mail-Client Library. This library makes the ESP32 able to send email over SMTP server.
Follow the steps to install the ESP-Mail-Client library:
https://github.com/mobizt/ESP-Mail-Client
Fig. 7 Adding ESP-Mail-Client Library
//To use send Email for Gmail to port 465 (SSL), less secure app option should be enabled. https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps?pli=1
//----Add the header files
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <ESP_Mail_Client.h>
//-----define network credentials
#define WIFI_SSID "public"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "ESP32@123"
//--add the Server address and port number with respect to a particular email service provider
#define SMTP_HOST "smtp.gmail.com"
#define SMTP_PORT esp_mail_smtp_port_587 //port 465 is not available for Outlook.com
//----The log in credentials
#define AUTHOR_EMAIL "techeesp697@gmail.com"
#define AUTHOR_PASSWORD "Tech@ESP123"
//----The SMTP Session object used for Email sending
SMTPSession smtp;
//---Declare the message class
SMTP_Message message;
//---Callback function to get the Email sending status
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status);
const char rootCACert[] PROGMEM = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n"
"-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
int inputPin = 4; // connect with pir sensor pin
int pir_output = 0; // variable to store the output of PIR output
void setup()
{
pinMode(inputPin, INPUT);
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(115200);
pir_output = digitalRead(inputPin);
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to AP");
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(200);
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
/** Enable the debug via Serial port
* none debug or 0
* basic debug or 1
*
* Debug port can be changed via ESP_MAIL_DEFAULT_DEBUG_PORT in ESP_Mail_FS.h
*/
smtp.debug(1);
/* Set the callback function to get the sending results */
smtp.callback(smtpCallback);
/* Declare the session config data */
ESP_Mail_Session session;
/* Set the session config */
session.server.host_name = SMTP_HOST;
session.server.port = SMTP_PORT;
session.login.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
session.login.password = AUTHOR_PASSWORD;
session.login.user_domain = "mydomain.net";
/* Set the NTP config time */
session.time.ntp_server = "pool.ntp.org,time.nist.gov";
session.time.gmt_offset = 3;
session.time.day_light_offset = 0;
/* Set the message headers */
message.sender.name = "ESP Mail";
message.sender.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
message.subject = "Email Alert on Motion detection";
message.addRecipient("Anonymous",
"replace this with receiver email adderss");
String textMsg = "Motion Detected!!!!!";
message.text.content = textMsg;
message.text.charSet = "us-ascii";
message.text.transfer_encoding = Content_Transfer_Encoding::enc_7bit;
message.priority = esp_mail_smtp_priority::esp_mail_smtp_priority_low;
/* Set the custom message header */
message.addHeader("Message-ID: <abcde.fghij@gmail.com>");
/* Connect to server with the session config */
if (!smtp.connect(&session))
return;
}
void loop()
{
if (pir_output == HIGH)
{
//----Start sending Email and close the session
if (!MailClient.sendMail(&smtp, &message))
Serial.println("Error sending Email, " + smtp.errorReason());
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
Serial.println("Motion detected!");
Serial.println("Email sent");
}
else {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
Serial.println("No Motion detected!");
}
delay(1000);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Free Heap: %d\n", MailClient.getFreeHeap());
//to clear sending result log
smtp.sendingResult.clear();
}
/* Callback function to get the Email sending status */
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status)
{
/* Print the current status */
Serial.println(status.info());
/* Print the sending result */
if (status.success())
{
Serial.println("----------------");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent success: %d\n", status.completedCount());
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent failled: %d\n", status.failedCount());
Serial.println("----------------\n");
struct tm dt;
for (size_t i = 0; i < smtp.sendingResult.size(); i++)
{
/* Get the result item */
SMTP_Result result = smtp.sendingResult.getItem(i);
time_t ts = (time_t)result.timestamp;
localtime_r(&ts, &dt);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message No: %d\n", i + 1);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Status: %s\n", result.completed ? "success" : "failed");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Date/Time: %d/%d/%d %d:%d:%d\n", dt.tm_year + 1900, dt.tm_mon + 1, dt.tm_mday, dt.tm_hour, dt.tm_min, dt.tm_sec);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Recipient: %s\n", result.recipients);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject: %s\n", result.subject);
}
Serial.println("----------------\n");
//You need to clear sending result as the memory usage will grow up as it keeps the status, timstamp and
//pointer to const char of recipients and subject that user assigned to the SMTP_Message object.
//Because of pointer to const char that stores instead of dynamic string, the subject and recipients value can be
//a garbage string (pointer points to undefind location) as SMTP_Message was declared as local variable or the value changed.
smtp.sendingResult.clear();
}
}
Note: The exact code cannot be used. As a result, before uploading the code, you must make some changes such as replacing the SSID and password with your network credentials, email address of sender and receiver, SMTP setting parameters for respective email service providers, and so on. We'll go over these details as well during the code description.
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17 Variable for PIR sensor
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25 ‘If motion detected’
Fig. 25 No motion detected
Fig. 26 Clear the email log
Fig. 27 select development board and COM port
Fig. 28 ESP32’s Inbuilt LED is turned ON when a motion is detected
Fig. 29 Serial monitor
Fig.30 received email on motion detection
This concludes the tutorial. We hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on ESP32.
Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. In this post, I’ll walk you through What is Edge Computing?
Edge computing is the extension of cloud computing. Cloud computing is used for data storage, data management, and data processing. While Edge Computing does serve the same purpose with one difference: edge processing is carried out near the edge of the network which means data is processed near the location where it’s produced instead of relying on the remote location of the cloud server.
Confused?
Don’t be.
We’ll touch on this further in this article.
Curious to know more about what is edge computing, the difference between edge computing and cloud computing, benefits, and applications?
Keep reading.
Edge computing is the process where data is processed near or at the point where it’s produced. The word computing here is used for the data being processed. Simply put, Edge computing allows the data to be processed closer to the source of data (like computers, cell phones) rather than relying on the cloud with data centers. This process is used to reduce bandwidth and latency issues.
For instance, Surveillance cameras. When these cameras are required simultaneously to record a video, if you use cloud computing and run the feed through the cloud, it will increase its latency (latency is the time delay between actual data and processed data) and reduce the quality of the video.
This is where edge computing comes in handy. In this particular case, we can install a motion detector sensor that will sense the movement of the physical beings around the camera. This motion-sensing device will act as an edge device that is installed near the data source (camera). When live feed data is processed near the edge devices instead of the cloud or data centers, it would increase the video quality and practically reduce the latency to zero.
Cloud storage takes more time to process and store data, while edge computing can locally process data in less time. The market of edge computing is expected to grow from $3.5 billion to $43.4 billion by 2027, according to experts in Grand View Research. Many mobile network carriers are willing to apply edge computing into their 5G deployment to improve their data processing speed instead of picking the cloud server.
Normally in cloud computing, two components are used: the device and the cloud server. In edge computing an intermediate node is introduced between the device and the cloud server, this node is called an edge device.
How data was stored in data centers before edge computing stepped in? Yes, this is the main question to discuss before we explain how edge computing works.
Before edge computing, data was gathered from distributed locations. This data was then sent to the data center which could be an in-house facility or the public cloud. These data centers were used to process the stored data.
In edge computing that data processing is carried out near or at the point from where data originates. This is very useful for making real-time decisions that are time-sensitive. Like in the case of automatic cars interacting with each other.
Plus, less computing power is required in edge computing since we don’t need to push back all data to the data center. Like in the case of a motion-detecting sensor installed near the camera. In case we require a video of a particular instance, we need to pull out the entire information recorded inside the camera to reach that particular instant clip. However, when the motion sensor is installed near the camera that acts as an edge device, we only require that information where that sensor has detected the movement of any physical beings, and we can easily discard the rest of the information and we don’t need to store that information into the cloud server.
Know that edge data centers are not the only way to store and process data. Rather, edge computing involves the network of different technologies. Some IoT devices can become a part of this edge computing and can process data onboard and send that data to the smartphone or edge server to do the difficult calculations and efficiently handle the data processing.
An edge computing environment is developed using a network of data centers spread across the globe. The data centers in edge computing are different than the data centers at cloud computing. In former data centers store and process information locally and comes with the ability to replicate and transfer that information to other locations. While in the latter, data centers are located hundreds of thousands of miles away. The network latency issues and unpredictable pricing model of the cloud storage allow the organizations to prefer private data centers and edge locations over public cloud.
Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft Azure are the best examples of cloud computing. They use cloud computing infrastructure which is developed to transfer the data from data source to one centralized location called data centers.
While facial recognition lock feature of the iPhone uses an edge computing model. If the data in this feature runs through cloud computing, it would take too much time to process data, while the edge computing device, which is the iPhone itself, in this case, does this processing within a few seconds and unlocks the mobile screen.
For massive data storage or for software or apps that don’t require real-time processing needs, cloud computing is the better solution and is commonly called the centralized approach. And if you require less storage with more real-time processing power that is carried out locally, edge computing is the answer and is called a decentralized approach where not a single person is making a decision, rather decision power is distributed across multiple individuals or teams.
Know that companies typically harness the power of both cloud computing and edge computing to develop advanced IoT frameworks. These two infrastructures are not opposite but are complementary for designing a modern framework.
Edge computing is a form of distributed computing infrastructure that is location-sensitive while IoT is a technology that can use edge computing to its advantage. Edge computing is a process that brings the processing data as near to an IoT device as possible.
Don’t confuse an edge device with an IoT device. The device is the physical device where data is stored and processed while the IoT device, on the other hand, is the device connected to the internet. It is nothing but the source of the data.
Edge computing is changing the way how data is stored and processed. This gives a more consistent and reliable experience at a significantly lower cost.
With new technology comes new security issues and edge computing is no different. From a security point of view, data at the edge computing can become vulnerable because of the involvement of local devices instead of the centralized cloud-based server. A few ricks of edge computing include:
Hackers always seek to steal, modify, corrupt, or delete data when it comes to edge computing. They strive to manipulate edge networks by injecting illegal hardware or software components inside the edge computing infrastructure. The common practice followed by these hackers is node replication where they inject malicious node into the edge network that comes with an identical ID number as assigned to the existing node. This way they can not only make other nodes illegitimate but also can rob sensitive data across the network.
Tampering of connected physical devices in edge networks is another malpractice carried out by potential hackers. Once they approach the physical devices they can extract sensitive cryptographic information, change node software and manipulate node circuits.
Routing attach is another security risk in edge computing. This approach can affect the way how data is transferred within the edge network. The routing information attacks can be categorized into four different types:
In wormholes attach, hackers can record packets at one location and tunnel them to another. In grey holes attach, they slowly and selectively delete the data packets within the network. In a hello food attack, they can introduce a malicious node that sends hello packets to other nodes, creating routing confusion within the network. While in black holes attach the outgoing and incoming packets are deleted which increases the latency.
Know that these practices can be avoided by establishing reliable routing protocols and incorporating effective cyber security practices within the network. It’s wise to put your trust in manufacturers who have proper policies in practice to guarantee the effectiveness of their edge computing solutions.
Edge computing comes in handy where quick data processing is required. With computing power near the data source, you can make better and quick real-time decisions.
A few edge computing examples include:
Predictive maintenance is another example where edge computing can play a key role. It helps to identify if the instrument needs maintenance before its major failure or total collapse. This saves both time and money which would otherwise require for entire instrument replacement.
Edge computing becomes common practice among many organizations since it provides more control over processed data.
This trend will continue to grow with time and it is expected by 2028 edge services will become widely available across the globe.
Wireless technologies such as WiFi 6 or 5G will work in favor of edge computing, giving chance to virtualization and other automation capabilities, at the same time making the wireless network more economical and flexible. Many carriers are now working to incorporate edge computing infrastructure into their 5G developments to provide fast real-time processing capabilities, particularly for connected cars, mobile devices, and automatic vehicles.
It is not about which one is better cloud computing or edge computing. It’s about the requirement. If you want data to be processed quickly near the source, you’ll adopt edge computing and if you want more data storage and data management, you will pick cloud computing.
The prime goal of edge computing is to reduce bandwidth and practically reduce the latency to zero. With the extension of real-time applications that require local computing and storage power, edge computing will continue to grow over time.
That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can reach out in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.
Hi guys! Hope you’re well today. In this post today, I’ll cover What is Industrial IoT (Internet of Things?)
IIoT is now a talk of mainstream conversation. This term has blown up in the past couple of years. Before we move further to describe IIoT, it is evident that industries are no longer dependent on the traditional production processes that happened to be costly and guaranteed no optimal results. Now companies are willing to incorporate automation in manufacturing and production processes. Smart systems, no doubt, are dangerous for the traditional labor workforce, but on the other hand, they create more opportunities for the people equipped with the latest business trends.
Curious to know more about Industrial IoT, how does it work, the difference between IoT and IIoT, examples of IIoT, the impact of IIoT on jobs and workers, and the advantages of IIoT?
Keep reading.
The Industrial Internet of Things, also known as Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet, is the use of smart connected machines, embedded sensors, and actuators mainly used to enhance the overall efficiency and productivity of manufacturing and production processes.
At its core, it is used to automate processes for the production of optimal products that build a strong connection with the customers and create new revenue streams. Automation leads to accuracy and better efficiency and removes the likelihood of error that is difficult to attain by a simple human workforce. The Industrial IoT is used across a range of industries including manufacturing, oil and gas, logistics, mining and metals, transportation, aviation, energy/utilities, and more.
The smart devices deployed in Industrial IoT are used to capture, store and analyze data in real-time and that data is delivered to the company leaders to make faster, smarter business decisions.
A typical Industrial IoT system contains:
For example, I own a PCB manufacturing industrial unit. And I want to know which types of PCBs are most popular among customers. With IoT technology I can:
The information gathered by the smart devices helped me to make better decisions on which items to stock up on which ultimately helped me save both time and money.
You’ll find a range of Industrial IoT examples. A few of them include:
When a certain industrial process or a piece of instrument is at the brink of total failure, preventive and proactive maintenance is applied to allow a quick fix to the problem beforehand. This saves both time and money which otherwise results in costly instrument replacement. Traditional methods are obsolete to identify the problem in advance since they often required access of labor to remote places to perform manual testing. With IIoT, you get an alert when the problem starts developing, which provides a valuable insight into whether the instrument requires overhauling or complete replacement.
Automating the process is the main takeaway of employing IoT in industrial settings. When industrial processes are automated and involve no human intervention, it removes the likelihood of errors and improves operational productivity, and reduces overall production costs.
Remote monitoring is challenging for the industries. With traditional methods, not only is it difficult but also inefficient and risky. The businesses require consistent monitoring of the instruments working out in the field. Manual testing is risky since the field environment is often occupied with lots of heat, vibration, or humidity. And the access of humans is not recommended to those places.
With the inception of digital technology, workforce transformation is on the rise. This new wave of technology, no doubt, removes the need for certain jobs but it also creates the possibility of generating new ones. According to the survey of business leaders in Accenture, this new digital era will create more jobs than it will eliminate.
The Industrial IoT provides scores of opportunities in optimization, automation, smart industry, intelligent decision making, industrial control, asset performance management, and in the sectors directly dealing with the customer’s behavior. They strive to create an environment tailored to the exact customer’s needs and demands so they keep coming back for what industries have to offer.
The IIoT makes the processes more efficient and improves productivity. It advocates for smart work, not hard work. Plus, the smart devices in IIoT removes the possibility of errors that may otherwise affect the production process if the traditional workforce is employed. Automation can gather data from hard-to-reach places, even reducing the risks to human lives. When a worker knows, they will get a notification on the smartphone about the tank leakage or the certain equipment that needs replacement, which means danger can be predicted in advance before it goes catastrophic.
This leads us to the conclusion: to survive in the ocean of digital transformation, it’s obligatory to equip yourself with the latest trends in engineering and information technology and liberate yourself from traditional research and development processes.
There are many advantages of industrial IoT and low operating cost tops the list. With IIoT, you no longer need the physical presence of a human that requires monthly wages, paid leaves, healthcare costs, and holidays. Moreover, it doesn’t require commissions, monthly bonuses, and pensions that are compulsory if you induct human employees into your industry. More advantages of IoT include:
Industries have been incorporating automation into their production and manufacturing processes.
And this trend will increase over time and you’ll witness more industries are stepping into the realm of automation.
Industries are committed to upgrading their system and instruments to keep up with the modern trends and to make a footing in disruptive technologies.
This process is, no doubt, more efficient, delivers better results, maintains product quality, and is more economical. Even though it requires a high initial cost, it doesn’t need a regular labor force, reducing the overall operating cost of the processes.
If you want to make your worth in the industry, it is wise to keep you updated with the latest industry trends to make sure you’re not left out in the traditional industry jobs.
That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions regarding IIoT, you are most welcome to ask in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.
Welcome to the fourth lesson of this python course. Our previous session taught us how to utilize the print function in python, so we have a firm grasp of the terminology and the functions themselves. In this lesson, we'll cover a few more Python terms, such as:
Also, we'll build a simple program to print out an imagined dog so that we may better grasp how these concepts are employed. So, let's get started now.
Programming is a lot like building a structure out of blocks. Even with just a few types of children's toy blocks and some time and imagination, you can build anything. Because we'll be utilizing these phrases all the time in programming, it's critical that you know what they mean and how to use them.
An alphabet, word, or other character collection is referred to as a "string." As one of the most fundamental data structures, it serves as a framework for manipulating data. An in-built string class called "str" is available in Python. After they've been produced, strings are "immutable," which means that they can't be rewritten. Because of the immutability of strings, we must generate new ones each time we want to represent newly computed values.
Quotes are used to denote a string. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this:
"Double quotes allow you to embed 'single' quotes in your string."
Triple quoted strings to make it possible to work with a set of multiple-line strings and include all of the whitespaces that accompany them.
The fact that a string cannot be changed results in an error if you try to do so. The adjustments require the creation of a new string.
Instead, use this method.
The built-in len() function can be used to determine the length of a string:
Strings can be sliced and indexed since they are a sequence of characters. A string's indexing starts at 0 and is based on each character in the string.
The initial character in the string is C, which is located at position 0 of the index. The final syllable is a period, which is the string's sixteenth character. When you want to access characters in the opposite direction, you can use -1 as an index. when it's strung together, Chocolate and cookie are separated by a whitespace, which has its own index, 9 in this example. Slicing is a good way to verify this.
For the same reason as for other sequential data types, you can read and manipulate Python strings using their associated index numbers. It is possible to slice an object using its index values in Python to select a specific element or a subset of elements. You don't have to write a loop expression to identify or access specific substrings in a string. Slicing does this for you automatically.
Suppose you were trying to find the cookie substring in the following string. What's the best way to go about it?
Range slicing is used in these situations. The range slicing syntax is as follows:
Alternatively, you might use a negative stop index:
In this case, when you slice a sentence without giving an end index, you get characters from the first index to its last. In the same way, slicing a string without a starting index indicates that you begin at the beginning and end at the end.
Additionally, the stride parameter can be accepted by string-slicing as a third argument, which specifies the number of characters to advance once the initial one is picked from the string. In the default configuration, stride has a value of 1.
stringnu = "1020304050"
print (stringnu [0:-2:2])
Striding allows you to reverse a string, which is a really cool feature. With a stride of -1, you can begin at the end of the string and move forward one character at a time. With a value of -2, you can start at the end and move two characters at the same time.
String operations such as slicing and range slicing are frequent. As simple as adding, string concatenation is also available.
Concatenating a string with another data type, on the other hand, will fail.
You attempted to concatenate an integer value with a string, which is not permitted. Integer addition or string concatenation is not understood implicitly by the interpreter. However, give this a try:
The reason for this is that you used concatenation after you turned the integer into a string.
A string can be repeated using the * method.
wordsig = 'hip '
line1 = wordsig * 2 + 'hurray! '
print (line1 * 3)
To manipulate strings, Python comes with several built-in methods and utility functions. It is possible to use these built-in techniques to replace substrings, to put some words in a paragraph in capital letters, and to locate the position of a string within another text.
Multiple string formatting options are available in Python. To better understand these formatting strings, let`s dive right in.
Python has a built-in modulo percent operation. The interpolation operator is the name given to it. There is a percent followed by the data type that must be prepared or transformed. This operation then replaces the word "percent datatype" with one or more components of that type:
Percent d is used for integers, whereas percent s is used for strings; you've seen both. Octal values can be converted to octal equivalents with this type of conversion, as can Hexadecimal values with this type, and Floating-Point Decimal Format with this type.
One of the built-in string classes is the formatter class. The format () method can be used to perform sophisticated variable substitutions and value formatting. Rewriting public methods such as format () and vformat () allows you to build your own string formatting techniques (). There are a number of methods that are designed to be replaced by subclasses, such as parse (), get field, get value, check unused arguments, format field, and convert field ().
Templates allow substitutions based on dollars rather than percentages. A major reason for template syntax creation in Python Version 2.4 was that, despite the strength of percent string formatting, errors are easy to make, because the forms that follow '%'are extremely restrictive. This is a common blunder when it comes to percent formatting: forgetting to include the e in percent (variable).
substitution () and safe_substitute() are two methods specified within templates (). You can use them in the following ways:
Safe substitution () is an advantage to employing a template, in addition to other advantages.
In Python 3, this is yet another way to format strings. A prefixed 'f' or 'F' string literal is known as a formatted string literal or f-string. Within curly brackets, you may include identifiers that will be utilized in your string.
What's the point of adding another string formatting option? well, this is because practicality and simplicity are appealing.
To demonstrate why f-strings are the best way to format strings in Python, check out the examples below.
Please note that the preceding code is only compatible with Python 3.6 and above. With f-strings, Python expressions can be used inside curly braces, which is a significant benefit of using them.
Syntax is the most important consideration here. For the most part, it boils down to the trade-off between simplicity and the amount of verbosity you're willing to sacrifice. People with a C programming background will find it easy to use the percent sign to format strings, for example. Using the format () function can be more verbose, but it provides a wider range of options.
While your application is running, you can utilize input routines to get data from the user. A key benefit of this approach is that it does not rely on preexisting values or file content to function. The syntax for the input function is as follows.
input([prompt])
Input functions will cause our application to pause. After the user inserts the text into the Python shell or command line, the application resumes.
input(message)
In order to prompt the user for text, you'll need to provide a message. It's important that a user understands what they need to do by reading this message. As a result, a user may wonder why the software isn't progressing. For example,
input ("Enter email address: ")
print ("Confirm it is your email address:")
In order to request an email address from a user, we've implemented the input () method. Messages in brackets are displayed on the same line where a user is expected to enter text in the command line.
Note that as soon as a user inputs data into the input () function, it is automatically converted to a string.
Using the fundamentals of strings that we've learned in this lesson; we'll construct a simple program that prints out an image of a dog.
Let's open up our favorite coding editor, Atom, and get started. Before looking at the solution, I advise you to give it a shot on your own.
Congratulations! You've made it this far. You have learned about string slicing, what strings are, and explored a variety of string-related processes. Many approaches to formatting strings have also been discussed. But don't forget that practice is the key to mastering any skill! I'll see you in the next tutorial.
Hello readers, we hope you all are doing great. Welcome to the 1st lecture of Section 4 in the ESP32 Programming Series. In this section, we will interface the ESP32 module with common Embedded modules(i.e. LCD, Keypad, RTC etc.).
In today's tutorial, we will interface ESP32 with a 16x2 LCD and will display data using both Data Mode and I2C Mode. LCD is the most commonly used embedded module in IoT Projects. It is used to display different types of data i.e. sensor readings, warning messages, notifications etc.
Before going forward, let's first have a look at what is LCD and How it works:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of electronic display module that is used in a wide variety of applications and devices such as calculators, computers, mobile phones, TVs, etc. There are different types of LCDs available for commercial use. Today, we are going to use the most simple one i.e. 16x2 LCD, shown in the below figure:
This 16x2 LCD has 16 columns and 2 rows, so in total of 32 blocks to display characters. Each Block can display a single character at a time. We can display text in different styles on this LCD i.e. blinking, scrolling etc. Another variant of this LCD is 20x4 LCD and as the name suggests, it has 20 columns and 4 rows and so can display 80 characters at a time. The operating principle of both of these LCDs is quite similar. So, if you are working with a 20x4 LCD, you can still follow this tutorial.
Let's have a look at the LCD pinout:
Both 16x2 and 20x4 LCDs have 16 pins each, used to control 7 write on these LCDs. Among these 16 pins, we have:
LCD Pinout and its working is shown in the below table:
| LCD Pinout |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pin No. | Name | Working | ||
| 1 |
GND(Ground) |
Connected to Ground Terminal. |
||
| 2 |
Vcc(+5V) |
Connected to +5V. |
||
| 3 |
VE |
To Control the LCD Contrast. |
||
| 4 |
RS(Register Select) | If RS=0(GND), LCD operates in Data Mode and we can write characters on the LCD. |
||
| If RS=1(+5V), LCD Command Mode gets activated and we can send commands to LCD i.e. erase, new line etc.. |
||||
| 5 |
R/W(Read & Write) | R/W=0(GND) enables the write operation on the LCD. (So, we normally keep this pin LOW, as we are interested in printing on the LCD). | ||
| R/W=1(+5V) enables the read operation on the LCD. |
||||
| 6 |
EN(Enable) |
Enables the LCD to operate, so it should be kept HIGH. |
||
| 7 |
Data Pin 0 |
LCD has a total of 8 Data Pins(D0-D7) | ||
| 8 |
Data Pin 1 |
|||
| 9 |
Data Pin 2 |
|||
| 10 |
Data Pin 3 |
|||
| 11 |
Data Pin 4 |
|||
| 12 |
Data Pin 5 |
|||
| 13 |
Data Pin 6 |
|||
| 14 |
Data Pin 7 |
|||
| 15 |
LED+ |
Connected to +5V. Turn on the backlight LED. |
||
| 16 |
LED- |
Connected to GND. |
||
Now, let's interface the LCD with ESP32:
There are two methods to interface ESP32 with a 16x2 LCD:
In the Data Mode, we use the LCD Data Pins and send data serially, while in the I2C mode, we solder an I2C adapter with the LCD, which acts as a bridge and maps I2C data coming from the microcontroller to the Data Pins. Let's first interface ESP32 and LCD via Data Pins:
As we discussed earlier, LCD has 8 Data Pins used to communicate with the Microcontroller. There are two ways to send data from the Microcontroller to the LCD:
In complex projects, where you are dealing with multiple sensors & modules, its quite difficult to spare 8 Pins for LCD interfacing. So, normally 4-Pin method is preferred, which we are going to design next:
Here are the components required to interface LCD with ESP32:
Now, let's design the ESP32 LCD Circuit Diagram:
[Image]
As you can see in the above figure:
Here's our hardware setup for ESP32 LCD Interfacing:
[Image]
Now let's design the Programming Code to print a simple message on the LCD:
We are using Arduino IDE to compile and upload code in the ESP32 module. If you haven't installed it yet, please read How to Install ESP32 in Arduino IDE. Here's the code to print a message on the LCD:
#include
LiquidCrystal lcd(22,23,5,18,19,21);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.clear();
// go to row 0 column 5, note that this is indexed at 0
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("ESP32");
// go to row 1 column 0, note that this is indexed at 0
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print (" TheEnggProjects");
}
void loop()
{
} #include
LiquidCrystal lcd(22,23,5,18,19,21);
In the Setup() Function:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
So, if you are using a 20x4 LCD, you should change its arguments to 20 and 4, as shown below:
lcd.begin(20, 4);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print("ESP32");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print (" TheEnggProjects");
As you can see, the LCD code is quite simple and I hope now you can easily print on the LCD. So, let's check the results:
Fig. 6
Sol. : Check the EN pin.
Fig. 7
This concludes the tutorial. We hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on ESP32.
Tech tools can make or break a business in this day and age, regardless of the industry or niche a venture is in. As such, it’s vital to source the best possible technologies that will help you make your organization the best it can be and the most likely to reach its goals. As you invest in technology, it pays to avoid some common mistakes.
Many entrepreneurs have a detailed business plan they created when they began or bought their business, but they fail to plan much for technology. It’s essential to have a vision and strategy for your technological needs so you don’t keep jumping from one system, app, or product to another with no clarity on why you need certain programs.
A lack of planning can add to your total costs, too, since you’re more likely to have to keep buying new software to try to find the right things to suit your needs, rather than understanding from the start what’s required. Consider the various areas of your business and what you need in each.
For example, think about your sales and marketing processes, HR and payroll requirements, finance and accounting needs, where you’re up to with strategic sourcing in 2022, customer service plans, and more. Where possible, invest in tech tools that can be used across different parts of your organization and that will integrate well, too.
With so many different tech products coming out all the time, it’s easy to be like a bowerbird and get distracted by shiny new objects in this field that seem fun and interesting. However, focusing on trends and the latest gear rather than what’s actually the best fit for your company and needs is a common mistake.
Going down this path will mean you likely end up spending a lot more money than you need to on technology and buying devices or programs that aren’t suited to your business or are simply irrelevant. Instead, refer back to your tech plan to see if new products will provide the solutions you’re after and, if not, appreciate what they offer but don’t bother buying them.
If you feel called to test a new offering, at least sign up for a free trial so you don’t have to outlay money on it. You can always cancel after the zero-cost introductory period if you can tell you really won’t use the software or that it doesn’t do enough for your needs.
Another common mistake many business owners and managers make is not creating a budget for technological items at the start of the calendar or financial year. When you have a budget in place, you stop and think twice before signing up for a subscription service when it releases or the latest gadget you hear other entrepreneurs talking about.
A set budget specifically for tech goods keeps you on track financially and keeps you and your team accountable. Keep in mind, too, that every new tool you buy needs setting up and learning in some way, which is time-consuming. When you adhere to a budget, you’re less likely to end up getting bogged down with too many things to wrap your head around.
Unfortunately, though, many people get so busy with general day-to-day tasks that they forget about this area or think it’s something they can consider later (a time that never really comes until the worst happens). If you want to protect your firm’s and customers’ data from prying eyes and stop hackers from charging you ransom or stealing money, you need to spend plenty of time and energy upgrading your company’s security processes.
Invest in quality, comprehensive security software and firewalls that protect devices and accounts. Ensure all computers and programs are kept updated at all times so there are fewer security gaps for hackers to take advantage of. Train your staff to be very careful about what links they click on and emails they open. They should choose solid passwords that can’t be easily guessed. Proper codes are at least eight characters in length, made up of a mixture of numbers, letters, and symbols, and changed every so often.
Other mistakes to avoid include rushing into purchases, neglecting free downloadable tools, and not testing systems enough before going live or otherwise implementing them. Be wary of considering price only when evaluating products, as customer support, security, scalability, and other factors also matter.
Technology can help us considerably to run our ventures but only when we invest in suitable options. Think about all these errors that others have made before you when buying tech tools so you can save yourself cash, headaches, and time.
The more you learn about Python, the more you may use it for your own purposes. Data analyst, application developer, or the ability to automate your work processes are all examples of jobs that can be automated.
This Python 3 tutorial will show you how to create a simple "Hello, World" program. Python's basic syntax and components include the following:
An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software development tool. Integrated development environments (IDEs) include a variety of software development-specific tools. Examples of these instruments include:
There are many distinct programming languages supported by IDEs, as well as a wide range of additional functionality. Because of this, they can be very huge and take a long time to download and install. Using them correctly may necessitate additional training.
A function is a piece of code that serves a single purpose and can be reused multiple times. Functions provide for greater modularity and code reuse in your program. Functions have the benefit of being well-known by a variety of names. Functions, methods, subroutines, procedures, etc. are all referred to in different ways by different programming languages. Think about what we'll be talking about later in this session if you come across any of these terms.
Since you all learned Python by printing Hello, World! you might think that there is nothing new to learn about the Python Print function. As with any language, learning to use the Print function in Python or any other is like taking your first baby steps into a new world of programming. When studying a programming language, it's easy to get caught up in the more advanced concepts and lose sight of the simplicity and usefulness of basic functions.
Today's tutorial is all about Python's Print function; you'll learn about one of the most underappreciated functions.
For example, in Python3, parenthesis is required or else you'll get a syntax error as illustrated in the image below.
In Python3, print () is not a statement but a function, as demonstrated by the above output. First things first, let's see what the print () function returns.
Built-in functions and methods are returned by this method, which indicates that it is a Python function.
A new line or vertical space between the two outputs can be added by simply using the print () function without sending any arguments in.
The Command Palette, which is possibly Atom's most essential command, is shown to us on that welcome page. The command palette will appear if you press Ctrl+Shift+P while in an editor pane.
Packages from the Atom community are available to help you assemble and run programs. We'll be utilizing "script" to run our application in this example.
go to file>settings>install
Install script by searching for it in the search bar. It should appear under "Packages" in the Settings menu after installation. Please be aware that script does not support human input. The "apm" package manager can be used to install packages on Mac OS or Linux.
Go to File > Add Project Folder in atom and pick a directory to serve as the project's root directory.
In the folder, right-click the folder and select "New File," type "hello."py," and click "OK."
Now that you've made your adjustments, you can open the new file in the editor by clicking on it and then saving it.
Then, in the Print dialog box, type "hello, world!"
To execute the script, use CTRL+SHIFT+B. You may also use View > Toggle Command Palette and type Script: Run to execute a script.
You can also use your terminal to run the python file by navigating to the file directory containing your hello.py file and running this command
python hello.py
File editing is rather simple. You can use your mouse and keyboard to navigate and edit the content of the page. A separate editing mode or key commands are not provided. Take a look at the list of Atom packages if you prefer editors that have modes or more advanced key commands. Many programs are available that mimic popular design elements.
You may save a file by selecting File > Save from the menu bar or by pressing Ctrl+S. There are two ways to save the current material in your editor: by selecting File > Save As or using Ctrl+Shift+S. Finally, you can save all open files in Atom by selecting File > Save All.
The majority of your time will be spent working on projects with numerous files, not just single files. Take advantage of the File > Open Folder menu option and select an appropriate folder from the drop-down menu. File > Add Project Folder or hitting Ctrl+Shift+A can also be used to add other directories to your current Atom window.
The command line utility, atom, allows you to open unlimited number of directories by supplying their paths to it. The command atom./hopes./dreams, for example, can be used to simultaneously open the hopes and dreams directories.
An automated Tree View will be displayed on the side of Atom if one or more directories are open.
When you use the Tree View, it's a breeze to see the whole file and directory structure of your project. You can open, rename, and delete files, as well as create new ones, using this window.
In order to toggle between concealing and showing it, use Ctrl+, use the tree-view: toggle command from the Menu Bar, or press Alt+ to bring focus to it. The A, M, and Delete keys can be used to add, move, or remove files and directories in the Tree view. It's also possible to access these choices by right-clicking on a file or folder in the Tree view, as well as copying or pasting its path into your clipboard.
Unlike functional programming languages that used a single long list of instructions, Python uses code modules that may be switched out. Cpython is the default Python implementation. It is the most often used Python implementation.
Python does not translate its code into a form that hardware can understand, known as machine code. As a result, it turns it into byte code. Python does have a compiler, but it doesn't compile to a machine language. CPUs are unable to decode the byte code (.pyc or.pyo). We'll run the bytes through Python's virtual machine interpreter.
To convert a script into an executable, the Python source code follows these steps:
First, the python compiler reads a python source code or instruction from the command line. It ensures proper formatting of the instruction by inspecting the grammar of each line. The translation is immediately interrupted if an error is found, and an error message is presented.
Assuming there are no errors and the Python source code or instructions are properly formatted, the compiler proceeds to translate them into a form known as "Byte code," which is an intermediate language.
The Python interpreter is invoked by executing bytes of code in the Python Virtual Machine (PVM). PVM is a Python virtual machine (PVM) that turns bytecode into machine code. If there is a problem with the interpretation, the conversion will be interrupted and an error notice will be displayed.
Congratulations for completing your first program. Beginners who want to learn Python can benefit greatly from this guide. To get the most out of this lesson, you may want to play around with the Print function a little more and discover more features that were not covered.