Hello, friends today we will discuss the basic concept of chemistry it is our first tutorial series in which we will discuss:
Now in this article, we will discuss atoms. Its definitions, examples, properties, its evolutionary history, and also some important facts in the form of questions.
A tiny particle that cannot be seen with a naked eye so-called atom.
Or
Atom is the lowest unit of matter and is often divided without the discharge of electrically charged particles.
Or
Atom is the introductory structure block of chemistry.
Examples
Hydrogen (H2)
Nitrogen (N3)
Helium(He)
We discuss different properties of atoms like:
The no of protons present in the nucleus of an element is called atomic number Or nuclear charge no.
. Its symbol is Z.
Examples
The sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic mass or mass no.
Example
Sodium has 11 electrons = 11 protons and 12 neutrons in an atom. So its mass no is
A= 11+12= 23
Periodic table
In this table, we can see atomic numbers, atomic mass, and symbols of atoms. Above the symbol is atomic no and below is the atomic mass.
The distance between the nucleus and the outermost orbit of the electrons of an atom is called atomic radius or atomic radii.
The relative mass unit or atomic weight open element is defined as the number of atoms of an element in grams contained in 12 grams of carbon _12(isotope)
The atomic mass unit or Dalton is defined as the one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom.
Types of bonds
This type of bond is formed by the complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another.
Example
In this type of bond, electrons are mutually shared between two atoms.
Types
In which one bond pair of electrons is formed by the contribution of an electron by each bonded atom.
In which two bond pair is formed by the contribution of electron pair from each atom.
In which three bond pairs are formed by the contributions of three electrons from each bonded atom.
A bond is formed between the electron pair donor and the electron pair acceptor.
Example:
Those covalent bonds in which hetero atom takes part and one attracts the bond pair of an electron more strongly than the other.
If a covalent bond is constituted in which two similar atoms shared pair of the electron is excited by the both equally. such a type of bond is called a nonpolar covalent bond.
If the electronegativity between two elements is more than 1.7 the bond between them will be predominantly ionic and if it is less than 1.7 the bond between two atoms will be predominantly covalent.
Metallic bond:
A metallic bond is formed due to free electrons.
Timeline: 400 BC.
Scientist: Democritus
A first-person who uses the term atom(mean individual derived from atoms) was a Greek philosopher. He says that if you divided a piece of matter and divide and continue dividing, at any moment reach when you can’t divide it more, that fundamental unit was Democritus called an atom.
Timeline:1800s
Scientist: Jhon Dalton
Timeline: 1890s.
Scientist: Thomson
J.JThomson was a physicist who use cathode ray tube technology to discover electrons.
When he found that negative charge, he did not stop and did a series of experiments, he discover the mass of the electron. He found that the mass of an electron is 1000 times lighter than a hydrogen atom. He made a statement saying that an electron must be inside an atom. Before it, he says the negative charge corpuscles later his name was changed and named as an electron.
Using her prediction, he discovered what an atom looks like?
Timeline: 1910’s.
Scientist: Ernest Rutherford
Sir Rutherford made a famous gold foil experiment and proved the Thomson atomic model.
Timeline:1910’s
Scientist: Neils Bohr
Niels obeys the planetary model but he found some disadvantages. He could answer the Rutherford question
Why electrons do not fall into the nucleus?
He replies with a perfect answer to the question because of his knowledge of quantum physics and energy.
There is a problem with this theory: Electrons could not move in a specific path or orbit.
Timeline:1920’s
Scientist: Erwin Schrodinger
He was a revolutionary physicist and he presented the atomic model by using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
By the definition, atoms are the units of matter, so those are not atoms that do not consist of matter.
Parts of atoms that are not associated with a proton are not atoms.
An electron is not an atom, also neutrons bonded to other neutron is not an atom.
Atoms react for attaining the nearest noble gas configuration and become more stable by following the duplet or octet rule.
We can say that an atom “has the shape of the sphere” because a positively charged nucleus is at the very center, and the negatively charged electrons are distributed around it. The electrons are attracted to the nucleus and repel each other. A nucleus, the mass of neutrons and protons within an atom, arranged itself in a roughly spherical shape.
Electrons revolve in fixed energy levels around the nucleus. It can not befall into the nucleus because electrons do not radiate energy and move in a circular orbit due to necessary centripetal force.
We have an idea from its name, the neutron is the neutron. In other words, the interaction between protons and electrons can cause the formation and destorarion of neutrons. As electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged particles. So they cancel each other charge and that’s why neutrons carry no charge and they are neutral. They exist in the nucleus for the stability of nuclei.
At the start, hydrogen is used to measure but it gives a fraction. so it would be changed into oxygen, Scientists used a mixture of natural oxygen but it led to confusion. So again changed the reference and turned it into carbon – 12. We use this because it gives all the atomic mass units in exact no. The reason is the different ratio of the mass of proton and neutron performing the change of nuclei.
I Hope, I cover all aspects of the atom, in the next tutorial we will learn about the molecules. If someone has any questions about the atom I will try to answer them. write it in the comment box. Thanks
Hello readers, I hope your all are doing great. We know that a Raspberry Pi Pico module comes with multiple inbuilt features for example onboard memory, processing units, GPIOs or General Purpose Input Outputs (used to control and receive inputs from various electronic peripherals) etc.
In our previous tutorials, we discussed how to access GPIO pins of the Raspberry Pi Pico module for both input as well as output operations.
In this tutorial, we are going to discuss another important feature of the Raspberry Pi Pico module (RP2040) which is Dual Core Processor. The Pico board features with 133MHz ARM Cortex-M0+, Dual Core Processor. This dual-core feature makes the Pico module capable of multiple thread execution or multithreading.
Now before writing the MicroPython program let’s first understand the concept of the dual-core processor in the Raspberry Pi Pico module.
Fig. 1 raspberry Pi Pico dual-core programming
A core is the basic unit of any processor which is responsible for executing program instructions. A multi core processor comes with the features of executing multiple tasks at a time. Multithreading is the ability of a processing unit to provide multiple threads of execution simultaneously (operating system supported). In multithreading, threads share their resources with each other. So this dual-core processor feature results in increased processing speed.
Raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040) module is having two processing cores, Core0 and Core1. In the default mode of Raspberry Pi Pico program execution, Core_0 executes all the tasks and Core1 remains idle or on standby mode. Using both the cores of RP2040 provides us with two threads of execution and hence a more powerful project with better processing speed.
Both core0 and core1 execute their assigned tasks independent of each other while sharing all the resources like memory space and program code with each other. Sharing the memory location between two cores can create race conditions and hence can cause trouble when mutual memory accessing is not assured. On the other hand, sharing program code with each other (core0 and core1) may sound troublesome but practically it is not. The reason is fetching code is a read instruction that does not create a race condition.
Fig. 2 Core_0 and Core_1 communication
As we mentioned above, sharing memory space with two cores simultaneously can cause race conditions. So, to make the cores to communicate with each other the Raspberry Pi Pico module is featured with two individual ‘First In First Out’ (FIFO) structures. Each core can access only one FIFO structure so both core have their own FIFO structure to write codes which helps in avoiding race condition or writing to the same memory location simultaneously.
You can follow the given link for detailed study on Raspberry Pi Pico: https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2022/04/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi-pico.html
The development environment we are using is Thonny IDE, to program the Raspberry Pi Pico board for accessing the dual core feature with MicroPython programming language.
So, before writing the MicroPython program user need to install the respective development environment.
We already published a tutorial on how to install and access Thonny IDE for Raspberry Pi Pico programming using MicroPython programming language. You can find the details at the given link address: https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2022/04/installing-thonny-ide-for-raspberry-pi-pico-programming.html
Now let’ write a MicroPython program with Thonny IDE to access raspberry Pi Pico’s both cores:
In this example code we using just a simple “print()” commands to print the messages from each core for testing purpose.
Fig. 3 Importing necessary libraries
Fig. 4 declaring thread lock object
Fig. 5 Task for Core_1
Fig. 6 Core_1 thread
Fig. 7 Task for default core (core_0)
The MicroPython code with thonny IDE for Raspberry Pi Pico is written below:
import machine
import utime # access internal clock of raspberry Pi Pico
import _thread # to access threading function
spLock = _thread.allocate_lock() # creating semaphore
def core1_task():
while True:
spLock.acquire() # acquiring semaphore lock
print( "message from core_1")
utime.sleep(0.5) # 0.5 sec or 500us delay
spLock.release()
_thread.start_new_thread(core1_task, ())
while True:
spLock.acquire()
print( "message from Core_0 ")
utime.sleep( 0.5)
spLock.release()
Fig. 8 Enabling Shell
The result obtained from the above code is attached below. Where we can see the messages received or executed by both the cores as per the instructions provided in the micropython code.
Fig. 9 output printed on shell
Let’s take another example where we will interface some peripheral LEDs and will toggle those LEDs using different threads of execution or cores.
Fig.10 importing necessary libraries
Fig. 11 declaring led objects
Fig. 12 Toggling LED with core_1
Fig. 13 toggling LED with core_0
from machine import Pin
import utime # access internal clock of raspberry Pi Pico
import _thread # to access threading function
# declaring led object
led_0 = Pin( 14, Pin.OUT ) # led object for core_0
led_1 = Pin( 15, Pin.OUT ) # led object for core_1
spLock = _thread.allocate_lock() # creating semaphore lock
def core1_task():
while True:
spLock.acquire() # acquiring semaphore lock
print( " message from core_1" )
led_1.value( 1)
utime.sleep( 0.5) # 0.5 sec or 500us delay
led_1.value(0)
spLock.release()
_thread.start_new_thread( core1_task, () )
while True:
spLock.acquire()
print( "message from Core_0" )
led_0.value(1)
utime.sleep( 0.5)
led_0.value(0)
spLock.release()
In the results attached below we can that two LEDs are attached with raspberry Pi Pico boar. Green (GPIO14) and Red (GPIO15) LEDs represent the output of Core_1 and Core_0 respectively.
Fig. 14 Core_1 output (GPIO 14)
Fig. 15 Core_0 Output (GPIO15)
In this tutorial, we learned how to access both the cores of the raspberry pi Pico module and to execute task or control peripherals with individual cores. We also learned the concept of threading and multithreading.
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on raspberry Pi Pico programming.
The Industry 4.0 market size will reach $267.01 billion by 2026. Industry 4.0 depends on the secure, fast, and cost-effective data transfer between IoT devices. IoTA is designed to ensure secure communication between two devices within the IoT(internet of things) framework. Let's have a detailed look at the role of IoTA in industrial IoT.
The terms MIOTA and IoTA together make up the term IoTA. While MIOTA is a cryptocurrency, IoTA is a non-profit foundation. Since its inception in 2015, IoTA has formed joint ventures with firms like
IoTA is technically different from blockchain in terms of the underlying technology. IoTA works on a technology called DAG (directed acyclic graph). Under the DAG technology, two transactions need to be validated to send one transaction. Apart from this, a proof of work needs to be submitted to validate the transaction. You will find a lot of boxes in the figure given below. Each box represents a transaction. This system of boxes is known as an IoTA tangle.
One of the most distinguishing features of the IoTA tangle is that, unlike blockchain, it can work offline. The data can be synchronized later. The ability to work offline happens to be an essential feature to consaider while developing IoT applications. This is because IoT devices often work in scenarios wherein there is no guarantee of a strong internet network.
Now that we have had a look at the basics of IoTA, let's now see why IoTA is important for industry 4.0.
The first industrial revolution was industrialization through water and steam power. The second industrial revolution consisted of mechanization through electricity. The third industrial revolution started with the wide-scale adoption of computers in manufacturing. The fourth industrial revolution will be built on what started in the third industrial revolution.
Products will be produced automatically by machines that will talk with each other. All this will be fuelled by machine learning and data science.
The success of Industry 4.0 relies a lot on IoT devices. The IoT devices need a base layer to connect the different industries.
The base layer should have the following characteristics.
If there is one technology with all these characteristics, it's IoTA. IoTA is a highly scalable technology that enables fast transactions. Unlike blockchain, there are no fees or mining costs with IoTA.
The following are the significant benefits that IoTA provides.
IoTA allows for the secure transmission of data. Data sent through other communication channels only proves that someone sends data. With IoTA, it is possible to ascertain whether the same data was sent to everyone else or not and when the data was sent. This feature of IoTA is important because fraudsters can send one set of data to one person and another set of data to another person. The “Notarization" feature of IoTA can be used to prove that an electronic document existed in a physical form earlier and the document has not been changed since its creation.
IoTA is a system that is designed specifically for IoT devices like sensors. IoTA is an energy-efficient system that can easily participate in a low-energy network. An IoTA system allows nodes with low hardware resources to participate in the IoTA network.
An IoTA system is a fair system as nobody can gain a higher priority in processing by paying more money. Unless the system is congested, all the transactions in an IoTA system are treated equally.
Unlike blockchain, no mining is required in an IoTA system. This makes IoTA transactions feeless. The ability to conduct feeless transactions is an essential feature of the IoTA system as it enables micropayments to be done easily. Using an IoTA system, you can build a machine-to-machine economy and implement consumption-based payments.
The IoTA is an open-source communication protocol. As it is an open-source protocol, everyone can collaborate on the code. Being open-source, the growth of IoTA is exponential as many companies come together in the Tangel EE Working Group and work on solutions for commercial uses.
There is a wide range of Industrial use cases of IoTA. We have discussed the most popular ones below.
Mobility is one area where IoTA can prove helpful. According to research, by 2025, there will be 8 million consumer vehicles that will have self-driving capability.
IoTA tangle allows for secure data transmission between cars and other machines. The vehicles can transact data about weather conditions, traffic congestion and road conditions using IoTA.
IoTA can also enable cars to automatically pay for tolls, parking, battery charging and other services. IoTA makes cars safer and reliable through real-time software updates.
Using IoTA, trucks can do platooning. In platooning, the trucks drive semi-autonomously, with minimum distance between them. Consistent speed creates fuel efficiency and safety, improving the profitability of truck owners.
Around 10% of goods transferred in the global supply chain are fraudulent. The supply chain industry faces trackability, and transparency of goods being transferred is the most prominent issue. IoTA can help resolve these issues.
The logistics companies can keep an immutable and encrypted audit trail of logistical updates with IoTA.
An IoTA-enabled tracking system includes real-time data about weather conditions and geo-location. It also verifies transfer of ownership/custody of goods. Thus, an IoTA-enabled system helps logistics companies improve their trackability and traceability.
IoTA helps healthcare service providers secure patient data. IoTA also helps in democratizing access to healthcare data.
Healthcare researchers can verify the integrity of research data through an IoTA ledger. IoTA can also help companies conduct better pharmaceutical trials. IoTA does this by logging every step and test result of the trial process into the IoTA tangle.
The MAM protocol helps healthcare providers and patients securely exchange patient data.
IoTA can open up doors toward a decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading system.
An IoTA-enabled system can help users to control energy assets remotely. The energy companies can achieve better grid stability and peak shaving through an IoTA-enabled system.
An IoTA-enabled system can provide seamless EV smart charging based on M2M micro-payments.
An IoTA enabled smart factory system securely stores the factory data in an IoTA tangle. The IoTA-enabled factory system stores only the encrypted hash in the tangle, thus creating a tamper-proof audit trail.
Through an IoTA-enabled system, the machine owners can lease out entire production lines to people who want to produce products.
Once the products leave the factory, they automatically become part of the smart supply chain. This way, an IoTA-enabled system brings a significantly higher efficiency into the industry.
Industry 4.0 is the next leap forward in the growth of mankind, and IoTA will play an important role in deciding the future of industry 4.0. Businesses that want to be a part of the industry 4.0 growth story need to leverage the power of IoTA to achieve exponential business growth.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our Raspberry Pi programming course. Our previous tutorial taught us how to use a raspberry pi as a DNS server. We also looked at the benefit of this DNS server. This tutorial will teach us to set up Raspberry pi as a VPN server.
This is an excellent method for increasing your network security and getting access to your local area network from the world wide web, but setting up your VPN server might be a challenge. Pi VPN uses a guided install to turn your Raspberry into a low-cost, high-performance VPN server.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
It is an OpenVPN server optimized for all Raspberry platforms above pi 2. It allows you to access your home network over the internet safely and securely. Smart devices and your network can be connected via a "bridge" created by connecting a Raspberry Pi to your router.
A virtual private network (VPN) is a secure option if you frequently use your router to forward traffic. Anyone can gain access to your network through any of the ports you forward. For maximum network security, use Pi VPN, which only exposes a single port and employs industry-standard encryption algorithms.
Selecting a virtual private network service is critical before you begin this project. It would be best to bear in mind cybersecurity, bandwidth, and delay when making this decision.
Ensure that your Virtual private network supplier doesn't record how you use their services. Nevertheless, speed and delay are critical here.
As a result, we've decided to go with IPVanish in this project. When it comes to network latency and network bandwidth, IPVanish is among the best.
The Raspberry Pi can get the best out of the device with a wired or wireless connection.
Use the Interfacing settings menu to turn on the secure shell service in RPi Settings. The configuration tool can be launched from the Pi menu or with the following command:
You can disconnect your display and switch off your desktop once your Pi hooks to your local network via a secure shell. It's simple to use a program like Putty or the terminal on your Mac to access your RPi.
You will not have to use a monitor to manage your Pi virtual private network server. A Raspberry Pi can be accessed from another device using SSH.
Use the ifconfig command to display your Raspberry IP address before unplugging it from the monitor.
If you configure your Raspberry Pi VPN server on Windows, you should use Putty.
Login to the RPi using the Internet protocol address noted earlier when Putty runs. Check to see if the secure shell is for the connection type. To save this connection to your profile, click the Save button.
You don't need a secure shell client if you're using a Macintosh or Linux computer to install Pi VPN. SSH is in your operating system's terminal, so you don't need to do anything extra.
A security key is saved on your Raspberry Pi the first time you access the raspberry pi. Accept the key and store it on your computer by pressing the Yes option on the screen.
Your password must be entered next. You'll be logged in as Raspberry Pi as long as you haven't changed the default password on your Raspberry
The prompt pi@hostname shows a successful login.
Begin by obtaining a list of the most recent applications. Using the command: you can see if any installed programs are up to date.
When it comes to network services, you will have to locate your RPi, implying that you will set up a static Ip before you begin using the app. Also, modify your hostname at this point. When you get access, you'll notice a difference in the prompt. It's a simple way to distinguish between several Pis, but you can always change your hostname.
To establish a static Ip, you'll have to update the configuration file /etc/dhcpcd.conf. Before opening the file, know your router's Internet protocol address and Domain name system. This data is available using the ifconfig utility.
Take advantage of this command when you're ready to edit its config script:
To find an example of static IP configuration, look for the line with the label Sample static IP config inside the file. Simply remove the example comments and replace your Ip, routers, and gateway with your own to get started.
If you prefer a static IP address, remove the comment from it and replace it with the desired value.
Your custom values should be provided for static IP and DNS.
To alter your hostname, run the command below as superuser to open /etc/hostname in nano:
When finished, use Ctrl+X to close the editor. Then, press Yes to save the changes.
The /etc/hosts file must be edited in the same way. The file editing command is:
Change your hostname from 127.0.0.1 to whatever you've selected. Use the command below to force a reboot of your Raspberry Pi:
You should always change your connection's IP address after restarting your Raspberry Pi to reflect its new static address.
In Linux distributions, firewalls are embedded in kernels and will activate by default in Raspbian. The default setting for a new installation is to leave it unlocked.
There are no restrictions on inbound or outbound packets, and the firewall forwards any requests. Before securing the firewall, make sure it is entirely accessible.
Use iptables -L to see if your firewall protocols match. It's possible to return the firewall to its default settings using the following commands:
During configuring the Raspberry virtual private network, you will select the level of encryption. What you need to remember is the following:
Allowing 4096-bit is enticing for those who stream film or music; however, it will add a significant amount of overhead and slows down your connection significantly. For the most part, we use 2048-bit encryption, which is the industry standard.
You'll inevitably stumble across a peculiarity in a secure shell. For more prolonged operations, if you are using SSH to communicate with the Raspberry, the connection is lost whenever the desktop hibernates. Any pi commands running stop working whenever a secure shell connection is lost; therefore, you must re-enter it.
A screen is an excellent tool for dealing with long SSH processes. One task might be the only focus of your screen sessions. Afterwards, you'll be able to join and disconnect at will and return to your session to see how it progresses.
Once Screen installs, you will need only a handful of commands to get the most out of it. Use apt to install screen utility as a starting point:
Once Screen installs, run it by typing the following command into your terminal window:
Even if nothing has changed, the commands you issue will continue to run even if you disconnect.
Whenever your Raspberry Pi connection stops, simply re-SSH in and type:
If only one secure shell session is open, you'll immediately get reconnected.
The Pi VPN works once you have your Raspberry working. It's the first step in a multi-part installation that will grant you access to Pi's virtual private network backend capability. Setting up an outgoing virtual private network tunnel connection for privacy will be done in the following steps.
Configure the Pi VPN via a command-line utility called curl, which you download from the company's website. You don't even need a browser to use curl to download from the internet.
Pi VPN installs using the following command:
You can obtain the installation package and feed it into bash for execution using this command.
Instantly, the procedure of installation begins. It begins by scanning for any packages that need updating on your system. Your system should be the latest version
to proceed.
Launch the pi VPN installation after meeting a few pre-requisites.
To get the most out of your SSH session, you should use the Pi Virtual private network Installer. We can get started when the Screen changes colour to blue, and an installer notification appears.
Start by pressing Enter to begin the VPN setup procedure.
Static IP addresses are required, and in case you do not have any, you will get a notice. If you have not already done so, head back to the previous section and finish configuring a static IP address.
The Ip that Raspberry Virtual private network detects displays to you. Click the Yes if it is correct.
IP address conflicts display for your attention. Static IP addresses outside the dynamic host configuration protocol range are the safest method of avoiding conflicts with other devices on your network.
To continue, simply press the OK button.
Set the raspberry user, then click the OK to proceed with installing your preferred software.
If you want your Raspberry virtual private network server to get automatic security upgrades, you should select Yes when prompted. Because port forwarding makes your Pi vulnerable to the internet, Pi VPN must be updated.
Make sure you conduct frequent updates manually if you select "No."
After activating automatic updates, it's usual to see the console for some time. You can expect another installation attempt in the next few seconds.
You'll want to use the UDP protocol while setting up a Pi VPN for most circumstances. If you're going to use a VPN subscription service to establish a highly secure two-hop connection, stick with TCP instead of UDP.
The default port you're using for the virtual private network will come in handy later.
UDP uses port 1194 by default, whereas TCP uses port 443. Do not use port 443 when configuring the double-hop virtual private network because it will end up causing a conflict afterwards. Instead, we use TCP port 4430.
Select the encryption type you want at this point. Earlier, we explained why you might choose each option and why you should do so. If you're still undecided, refer back to what we discussed.
Using the space bar, choose the encryption you want to employ and press OK. Streaming video is only possible with 2048-bit encryption.
It may take some time to generate these keys. It will take significantly longer if you're encrypting at a high level. Wait for Pi VPN to produce your server keys.
The Raspberry Virtual private network setup procedure is nearly complete once the server key generates. After a few more stages, you'll be able to establish a connection.
If you do not have a domain Name system account, choose the public IP. In this case, we will need to input your hostname and domain name system account settings as usual if we are using a Dynamic domain name system.
You will need to select a domain name server provider for your virtual private network. Google is recommended to most people because it is free and straightforward. If you're concerned about DNS leakages, OpenDNS offers safe DNS solutions. If you plan to use Pi-hole to handle DNS requests, you may want to select Custom.
The installation will guide you through the process of adding additional users using the command line. Install a web app for managing users in the following phase. Additionally, pivpn add is an option.
Select Yes and restart your Raspberry Pi.
There is a Pi Virtual private network Graphical interface for Pi VPN. Using it simplifies the process of adding new devices and users.
When you add a new user to the VPN, a *.ovpn profile generates. In addition to creating a user account, you may efficiently utilize the Pi Virtual private network GUI to download the profiles.
If you don't want to utilize the Pi Virtual private network GUI, you can use the following to add or delete users.
Adding a repository is necessary if you want the Pi VPN GUI's required software to be easily accessible. Let me show you how.
Edit apt's source list with nano. The directive is:
Add the lines below to the sources. Make a list of everything you can find:
This will inform apt that Raspberry can install packages. Debian stretch repositories do not currently contain some of the required third-party software Pi Virtual private network GUI uses.
It's not good to include a link to a previous build in the sources.list script, even though we currently need it. Once additional software installs, it may interfere with it. Once these software packages install, you can delete the line in the sources.list you just added.
Next, save the changes and exit the Nano application. Then update with the command below:
Once the check is complete, use the following command to install any new or updated packages:
All you have to do now is tell apt about the new repository. The Pi VPN Graphical interface pre-requisites can now install using the command:
When prompted, select "YES" and allow the setup to begin. Before using the Pi Virtual private network GUI, you must change some config files.
Make sure all of your pre-requisite software install before running the apt update.
The Pi Virtual private network GUI relies on an apache server to function effectively as a web application. However, we need to make a few adjustments before the Pi Virtual private network GUI start operating.
To begin, modify the user’s account under which apache executes. It runs as an unsupported account by default; therefore, we need to change it to the user pi. Use the following command to make changes to the Apache configuration file:
Find the line with $(APACHE RUN USER)
To exit and save, use Ctrl+X.
You'll also want to give yourself complete control over the /var directory, where Apache stores all of its web pages. Use the following command to grant pi complete control over the webroot directory:
Run the following command to move to the /var/www/HTML folder:
The raspberry pi should install the Pi Virtual private network Interface from that location.
After troubleshooting, downloading and installing the raspberry virtual private network graphical user interface is a breeze. You only need to use git to check out the project. You've already installed the git software if you've been following along.
Then run the following command from the HTML folder.
The command below will utilize git to copy the Pi Virtual private network GUI project folder into the directory of your apache server so that it is accessible as a web page. With a quick check-in of your browser, you can verify that the installation went smoothly.
You can now launch the Pi Virtual private network GUI from your internet browser and manage Pi Virtual private network users.
Use the Internet address that matches your setup and launch the Pi Virtual private network GUI from your internet browser.
Once a login screen appears, you've successfully connected to the network. For the time being, simply save a link to the Pi Virtual private network GUI for quick access. Setting up an outgoing VPN connection is the next step in protecting your online activity. If you don't want to utilize IPVanish, you may set up your router and add users without signing up for anything.
In the absence of an outbound Virtual private network, all traffic from all connected devices will use the public IP address of the local network to reach the worldwide web. The websites think that you are in the home network whenever you are connected. For example, you may wish to watch Netflix while away from home.
We recommend creating a "double-hop" connection with a VPN service outside the Pi virtual private network for the best results.
VPN connections with two hops allow for complete encryption whenever you access a site using HTTPS. Since the outgoing virtual private network server never notices the request source, the additional security offered by using two tunnels goes far beyond standard Virtual private network solutions.
If your Vpn service provider retains logs, they will not identify the devices from which each specific request was made. This additional layer of anonymity further obscures anything you do online.
Do not bother with this step if all you need is remote access to your local network via Pi's virtual private network. In contrast, if you're looking for safe and anonymous internet access for your mobile device, you can use an outgoing virtual private network connection and Raspberry virtual private network.
Due to its low latency, IPVanish is an excellent choice for establishing a double-hop virtual private network connection, requiring two separate virtual private network servers. Any OpenVPN profile-publishing VPN service will follow the same procedure.
Your VPN service's digital certificate and an autologin profile can be obtained below.
SSH onto your Raspberry Pi VPN server, then use wget to obtain the resources you need from the internet. Take a look at your Pi Virtual private network server and ensure it is online before using these instructions to obtain the data you require:
If you want to access the IPVanish server, you'll need to alter the uniform resource locator in the second field.
Make sure you rename the *.ovpn to use the OpenVPN service when connecting to IPVanish. Only profiles ending in *.conf can be connected to the network. Change the name of the file with the command below to outgoing.conf:
You can easily track two concurrent virtual private connections by renaming each interface.
The connection names will not change to or from between the two interfaces when renaming interfaces. To effectively configure your firewall, you must know the device's name.
If you go into the connection settings for each interface, you can modify the name. There is a *.config file for each OpenVPN connection linked with it. By altering the first few lines of each file, you can rename the network's graphical user interface.
To begin, run the command below to edit the Pi Virtual private network settings:
You should change the first line to:
Add a new line to the following:
Save your modifications by pressing Ctrl+X, then Y. /dev/tun-incoming will be created the next time the Pi Virtual private network is online.
Also, edit the OpenVPN outgoing configuration file.
Modify the first statement and add another at the start of the configuration file like before. In this case, the text should be as follows:
In addition, the outbound Virtual private network will need to be updated as well. Enter your name and password so that the Virtual private network can immediately connect to the server's cert you obtained in the previous stage.
To use the IPVanish server SSL certificate, make the necessary changes to the outgoing.conf file. Replace the word ca with:
Please use the following command to direct IPVanish to the password file we will create shortly: auth-user-pass
In addition, you must instruct your outbound virtual private network connection not to relay Local traffic. Your outgoing.conf file must have the following line added to it to allow access via Pi virtual private network to your home network:
Password files are now generated for use with IPVanish by OpenVPN.
Click Ctrl + X followed by the key to save the changes after entering your password and email address. You should encrypt the file because it holds your login details. With chmod, you can prevent anyone from accessing the password file in the OpenVPN configuration directory:
The root user can modify the password script file, which is the bare minimum level of protection required when keeping your login information in the clear text form.
Your Rpi should be configured correctly for the outgoing Virtual private network to encrypt your internet connection. The static IP address of your Raspberry Pi must be substituted if it is different.
You'll need to update or generate the file below and add some lines. The command is as follows:
Include the following two lines in your script:
We require only one change to the routing table of your Raspberry Pi. We can use incoming and outbound VPN connections simultaneously when you save the adjustments and restart your Raspberry Pi computer.
To ensure that your connection is genuinely safe, you must prevent DNS leaks. Using a Domain name server that isn't part of your virtual private network encrypted network results in a Domain name server leaks. For example, domain name server login and perform a man in the middle attack on your Virtual private network customers.
Forcing all incoming Virtual private network users to utilize the safe Domain name server from your outbound Vpn service provider is the solution.
OpenVPN config file is updated to change your domain name server without reinstalling the Pi Virtual private network. Use the following command to open the config file for editing:
The lines that send the Domain name server to your virtual private network clients are found by scrolling in the file.
When utilizing IPVanish, you need to replace these lines:
To identify the Domain name servers of a different Virtual private network, you'll need to research online. Save the file after editing it. As soon as the OpenVPN server starts up, your Virtual private network clients will connect automatically to secured servers provided by IPVanish.
OpenVPN should not connect automatically to the outbound virtual private network provider unless the connection is tested and verified. Type the following into the Run window:
The virtual private network connection status displays in the text on your screen. If you're having trouble connecting, double-check the outgoing configuration file and ensure your user information is in the password file on different lines. Hit Ctrl + C to exit the VPN once you've established a connection.
After the connection is tested and found to be working, you should automate the startup for your VPN tunnel. You can connect to every connection using OpenVPN by its configuration file name.
This command will edit the OpenVPN global config file, which you'll need to begin.
Undo this line's comments.
Change it to:
Afterwards, save your modifications and reboot your Raspberry virtual private network server:
A virtual private network is a tunnel from the wide-area network to the local area network. Consequently, your router must be configured to accept specific connections. If you have a router that doesn't support port forwarding, you may have to perform this manually.
If you didn't specify a port forward before, no Virtual private network clients would be able to access the network. We have to apply an exception to the security of our router's policies to allow these requests.
To access your router, copy its Internet address into your internet browser.
After logging in, go through the menus and select it from the list to enable port forwarding.
You'll have to remember the port number you previously chose in this process. Additionally, you'll need to know the static IP of your Raspberry Virtual private network server.
When you've completed port forwarding, click Save. VPN users can now access their accounts even if they are not in the local network.
This tutorial taught us to set up Raspberry pi as a virtual private network server. We also learned how to set up port forwarding and improve our network security. In the following tutorial, we will learn how to use a raspberry pi as a DNS server.
Hello, Students here I am present to cover an article on a series of Electronic devices and circuit theory. The foremost article of this series is Ideal diode vs practical diode. I try to elaborate on basic to modern theory related to the diode. This component act as fundamental to many important circuit devices such as rectifiers, transformers, etc. The question which we cover in this article are;
Along with these questions, numerous questions may arise in your mind related to diode because it is a very vast concept in circuit theory. If you want to know the answer to these questions, keep sticking with our article. The best step taken by our platform for the easiness of our readers is to provide two things in a single platform. A short video of this article is also tried to cover on our YouTube channel. You may visit. The link is given at end of the article.
A diode is a two-terminal device that worked as a one-way conductor. A diode may assume as a simple solid-state component. This solid-state component is formed when the intrinsic semiconductor such as germanium or silicon Crystal is grown in such a way that one end is doped with pentavalent and the other end is doped with a trivalent impurity. It is also referred to as PN-junction Diode. Here word doped comes from techniques of doping which is used during the manufacturing of diode.
The process of adding an impurity to an intrinsic semiconductor I.e germanium and silicon. Semiconductors are those materials whose conductivity lies between a conductor ( good to conduct electricity) and an insulator ( bad to conduct electricity). To enhance the conducting capacity of semiconductors they are doped with different Impurities. Here the word impurity is used for those elements which are doped to pure semiconductor, after they are doped the germanium or silicon Crystal no longer remains pure.
Basically, elements from a fifth and third group of the periodic tables are commonly used in this process. Which refer to as pentavalent impurity (5the group) and trivalent impurity. Byword pentavalent means there are five electrons present in the outermost shell they lose one electron to complete their Octate and to become stable. That’s why these impurities are also named Donor impurity examples of such impurity are phosphorus, bismuth, etc. When we add such impurity to a semiconductor then N-type material is formed. Trivalent are those which have 3 electrons in the outermost shell and they need 1 electron to become stable due to this reason they are also named acceptor impurities. Examples of such impurities are Aluminum, Boron, etc. When they are doped with pure semiconductors then P-type material is formed.
When intrinsic semiconductors is doped with two different Impurities then a junction is formed which I explain you in video of our Engineering prove t channel and I try to explain this also in my article;
When an N-type material is combined with P-type material then a PN junction is formed. In N-type material, there is the availability of a large number of free electrons which act as a majority charge carrier and holes act as minority charge Carriers. While in P-Type materials the doped material belongs to a trivalent group, they need 1 more electron to complete their covalent bond tendency. To complete one hole an electron jump from one shell to another. This creates another hole in the second shell which results in more than holes these holes act as majority charge carrier and electrons act as a minority charge carriers in P-Types material. As soon as these material are combine electrons from the N-side start to attract toward holes in P-side where they both diffuse and as soon as electron diffuse in the P-side this leave behind a positive ion and holes from the P-side move toward N-side and leave behind a negative ion result information depletion layer where there is lack of Carrier but still, there is the availability of negative and positive ions. This creates a natural potential difference between the two sides, thus forming a junction which refer to as PN-junction. Given below energy diagram and other pictorial representation helps to understand my concept.
Biasing is a process in which to obtain the desire mode of operation we apply potential to both sides of the diode. This potential also helped us to control the width of the depletion layer.
As shown in figure when biasing is applied in such a way that we provide the positive potential to cathode or P-Side of diode which makes it positive and negative potential of battery is connected with N-side of diode this makes the N-side more negative than P-side. This meets the necessary condition for a diode to conduct. This allows the flow of charges with little opposition almost negligible along with the depletion layer which reduces its width. Once a diode starts to conduct, there is slight opposition faced by carriers. This opposition is a referee to as bulk resistance. It combines the resistance of N-type and p-type. Its value is a most 5 ohm or less.
As the value of R(B) is very low therefore there is little voltage drop across the resistance. Thus negligible in circuitry calculations. When the diode conduct fully the forward voltage becomes greater than the barrier potential. Typically the value of barrier potential or forward voltage for silicon and germanium are;
V(f) =0.7V for silicon
V(f)= 0.3V for germanium
Thus we can drive a diode to conduct by making the N-side more negative than the P-side of a diode.
When the potential is applied in such a way that the N-side is connected to positive terminal and P-side of diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery then no electron and hole move through the junction they attracted toward their own attached pole side of the battery thus enhancing the width of depletion layer, junction current becomes reduces to zero. This means that there is large opposition faced by carriers in reverse biasing. However, there is a small few Milliampere current drawn in reverse biased condition due to some thermal agitation process which causes electron and hole pair combination. We can set a reverse biased condition by applying a potential to the N-side such that it drives more positively than the P-side of diode.
Ideal diode act as switch. There might be two possibilities which we attain while studying ideal diode. One is open switch and other is close switch. Let’s put a through back on some characteristics which a switch possess:
Ideal diode have following properties, which I also explain in my video whose link is given below of our article source.
Ideal diode can acts as a good conductor and good insulator under varying biasing schemes.
Now consider a characteristics algorithm for an ideal diode;
Characteristics curve of a circuit is the curve which is dream between the current and voltage to explain the manner in which device work under different situation.
Forward voltage is measured along positive x- axis and reverse voltage along negative x-axis. Similarly forward current and reverse current are measured along positive y-axis and negative y-axis respectively. 1st quadrant represent the forward bias region and 3rd quadrant represent reverse biased operating system. For vertical line in forward bias region the value of forward voltage increases with increase in forward voltage. For horizontal line in reverse bias mode we see that value of reverse current remains at zero level no matter what the value of reverse voltage. This implies diode act as perfect Insulator or open switch under reverse bias condition.
(a) A practical diode can’t act as a perfect conductor and perfect insulator.
(b)Under reverse bias conditions there are a few milli-ampere current flows. Its value is very low. Now the question is why its Draws a small amount of current when reverse biased, it might be due to some thermal agitation process. Let’s try to explain this query. Consider the characteristics curve of the diode in both situations ideal and practical. in an ideal diode under reverse bias, the curve starts from the origin and there is no reverse current. And knee voltage is zero. Byword knee voltage we consider a point on the current-voltage curve at which there is a sudden increase or decrease of current. When a reverse voltage is increased beyond a limit then a breakdown occurs. Which break the electron-hole pair, and provides us a flow of free charge carrier due to this reason a small current is drawn even under reverse condition for practical diode due to electron-hole pair recombination. The value of knee voltage for silicon PN-junction is 0.7 V.
( c) In an ideal diode under forward biasing there is no voltage drop. While in practical diode there is a finite voltage drop across the terminal component whose value is different for silicon and germanium PN-junction.
(d) Piratical diode offers some finite Resistance under forward biasing which can’t be ignored and under reverse biased conditions there is no infinite Resistance.
(a) As Long as the knee voltage is not reached, the diode current is zero.
(b) When the knee voltage is achieved the diode begins to work and draws forward current.
Lastly, there is an observable difference between the characteristics curve of both diodes.
In an ideal diode for forward biasing the forward current is maximum and the voltage drop is zero. And under reverse conditions no matter what’s the voltage, the reverse current is zero.
While in practical diode under forwarding biased, no current is drawn until the knee voltage that is 0.7 V is reached. Once this voltage is reached and the diode start to conduct the value of knee voltage is approximately equal to forward voltage I.e 0.7 regardless of the value of forwarding current.
The comparison between voltage and current values calculated in both diodes is summarized in below pictorial representation.
Some other considerations which we should make while dealing with practical diode are;
This is the article from the series of electronic devices and circuit theory. I hope this material might be helpful for you. If you have any queries you may mention your problem in the comment section. Thanks to All.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our Raspberry Pi programming course. Our previous tutorial taught us to set up a free media server on Raspberry Pi. We also learned how to connect with different devices and stream media files. This tutorial will teach us how to use a Raspberry pi as a DNS server.
You must have access to the following resources to follow this tutorial:
There must be a unique identifier for every machine on the Internet to speak with each other Using IP addresses; clients can identify the servers they need to contact. However, no one is expected to remember the digits of an address; thus, DNS names are used instead. This DNS can be built on a Raspberry. It's a number-to-domain converter. Clients first need to get the internet address by querying Domain name servers. This can take up valuable time. As a result, it is possible to accelerate Internet connection by configuring a dedicated Domain name server.
The DNS helps you navigate IP-based networks. You typically type in a domain name like www.example.org in your browser's address bar. Computers use iPv4 and IPv6 addresses to communicate across the Internet. However, the server must transform the memorable domain for the transmission to work. Domain name servers are utilized for name resolution. Using a cache first is necessary for this. It may not be necessary to look for the individual system's IP address in some cases.
As a result, DNS queries are routed to single or multiple servers. The internet service provider's DNS server is the first to be called upon most of the time. This DNS offers an optimum result by comparing the search with its database. Otherwise, a request is sent directly to one of the Thirteen Internet core nameservers. This database contains all of the URLs on the Internet.
Static IP addresses are rare among internet users, especially those who aren't the owners of their routers. This property goes hand in hand with the use of dynamic DNS. Internet service providers only assign IP addresses for up to 24 hours. This assignment is followed by a brief forced separation, network disconnection, and a new IP address assignment for the user. Since clients are rarely addressed from outside the home network and only make an HTTP request to the server– rather than vice versa – this usually is not an issue.
However, setting up a DNS server may be necessary for the following situations: Remote desktops and mini-game servers are two examples of this type of technology. As a result, dynamic DNS is employed. A DDNS server assigns a domain name to the domestic server, allowing it to be accessed. DynDNS is a good option if you want a web-based Domain name server that clients from anywhere in the world can access at any time.
For several reasons, users prefer to use Domain name servers instead of manually looking up external IP addresses. When you have a large family, numerous roommates, or an office, having your server is a no-brainer when everyone uses the same devices and shares the same network.
To begin, use the commands below to update the software packages:
Once the DNSMasq tool installs, the Domain name server is configured. The Domain name server forwarder is configured with the aid of DNSMasq.
Several devices on the same network can use it to get their Domain name server queries answered. It also manages limited resources utilized while configuring the Domain name server on a Raspberry.
Increasing the DNS server's responsiveness is the goal of this stage.
Modify the dnsmasq.conf file by following the steps outlined below:
CTRL plus W will locate and delete any # symbol from the lines:
To remove the line displayed below, press CTRL followed by W to locate it.
Then, add these lines:
We will ensure the upstream is the Google Domain name server by completing the preceding steps.
If you want to increase the size of the cache to 1000, delete the # symbol and do the following:
It is possible to speed up response times by increasing the cache's capacity. Performance is also boosted by storing more domain name server responses.
Next, save the changes, then run the following command to reboot DNSMasq:
Use the following command to see if the DNS is up and running:
Dig is used to verify the server's functionality. If you want to gather info about DNS servers, static IP, and other things, you can use dig in Linux.
For example:
The query execution time is shown in the preceding image.
Keep in mind that the server's response time of 1091 msec is all that matters here.
The time it takes to make a query is reduced since the address is saved in the cache. The image below makes this quite evident.
Keep in mind that the Request Time is all that matters.
Ifconfig is used to get the raspberry network address.
For example, our server Ip is 10.0.2.15.
The next step is to configure devices to use this Ip as their Domain name server. To make this happen on your Windows PC, follow these steps:
Press Windows key Plus R to access run, access the Control panel by typing control, and press Enter.
In the control panel, select Network and Internet.
Afterwards, click on the View networks option in the newly opened window that appears.
Choose adapter configuration from the left-hand menu of the new pane.
You may do this by right-clicking on the interface you're using, such as Wlan0 or Eth0, and selecting Preferences.
Right-click on TCP/IPv4 and choose Preferences once more.
Then choose those Domain name server addresses from the drop-down menu that appears inside the new window.
Using a Raspberry, you can maximize the speed of the network. Domain name server query response times can be sped up by storing IPs in a local cache.
Keeping a Domain name server safe is essential since it is a common target for fraudsters.
Ensure that the upgrades automatically keep it running smoothly. Use the following command to upgrade.
Whenever you enter a web link into the browser's address bar, a Domain name server searches for the desired address. As a result, various Domain name servers are queried, and each of them performs a translation of the domain you entered. The following are the several servers that are contacted:
You'll see the web page you were looking for after the Ip has been found in the internet browser. Even while it sounds complicated, the process is relatively simple and takes only a few seconds to get you back to the website of your choice.
A single denial of service assault can overwhelm a web server with just one machine and one internet connection. When it comes to overloading the high-capacity systems today, they don't work very well.
Another sort of Cyberattack known as a DNS magnification is where attackers exploit open Domain name servers to overwhelm domain name server responses. As part of an attack, the intruder spoofs the user's Domain name server source address and sends another request to the open DNS. The Domain name server response is sent to the destination rather than the Domain name server.
Domain name server hijacking can take place in three ways:
Domain name server tunnelling uses the Domain name server protocol, which is used to determine the network id to transfer data.
When a client sends a domain name server request, the only info included is that which is necessary for the server and the client to communicate. By using Domain name server tunnelling, an extra set of data is routed over the network. Communication can proceed unhindered by filtering, firewall, or sniffing software.
As a result, it is challenging to identify and trace its origins. It is possible to establish command structure and control via Domain name server tunnelling. It is also capable of leaking data. When information travels via a Domain name server, it is often broken down into smaller bits and reconstructed.
Web traffic can be redirected to infected sites using security holes in the domain name server protocol known as domain name server poisoning or server spoofing.
When you visit a website, your internet browser first asks for a local Domain name server for the Ip. The local domain name server will contact the root servers of the domain and authoritative name servers to obtain the address of your domain.
For the Internet to function, a company's ICT department must support the DNS servers as a critical piece of infrastructure. A well-maintained authoritative Domain name server is required for this.
The most important thing to remember is that a server going offline is impossible with an adequately designed anycast Domain name server. It is possible to maintain each server at a time while providing a fast and reliable Domain name server by connecting geographically distributed endpoints with redundancy servers at every station.
Do you need a "perfect" domain name server? Yes, Outages to your external Domain name server can have a direct impact on the following departmental activities:
This is an extensive list, but there are likely many more devices and programs that rely on the Domain name server to work correctly. Although outages and poor performance can harm your bottom line, the ROI is robust and measurable. As long as a Domain name server outage spares your team from having to meet with the above departments, the service will pay for itself.
This tutorial taught us how to use a raspberry pi as a DNS server. We also learned the possible attacks on a domain name server and how to prevent these attacks. In the following tutorial, we will learn how to use a raspberry pi as a VPN server.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our Raspberry Pi programming course. Our previous tutorial taught us to set up a webserver in raspberry pi. We also looked at configuring addclient and deploying apps to our repositories. This tutorial will teach us to set up a free media server on Raspberry Pi.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Even if you lack some of the expertise mentioned above and experience, we can still attempt to accomplish this task, and you will gain new knowledge in the process!
This can be done in a variety of ways. It's a mix of free and paid options. While we're here, we'll learn how to use the DLNA protocol to run a public media server on a Raspberry Pi. Let's get right down to business right away.
It's possible to store information in the form of files on a media server at a central location. It doesn't matter if it's a document, image, film, ebook, or scripting file stored on a conventional media server; everything it contains is a file. It merely allows you to store data in a more orderly fashion. Accessing data should necessitate you navigating it on your own.
A media server sits on top of the file server. Media items such as photos, music, and videos can be accessed with this application. In addition, it enables network playback. There's no need to worry about where the video files are kept. You don't have to do anything more than type in your questions and wait for the results to appear. For example, you can search for all the music by a particular artist or musician. These new features improve the media server's usability, manageability, and overall appeal.
Let's have a look at the DLNA, shall we? When it comes to digital living, DLNA (Digitized Living Network Alliance) is the acronym. SONY with Intel collaborated to create a multimedia transfer protocol standard. Its primary purpose is to set guidelines for media distribution via the Internet. Smart gadgets like android Tv, smartphones, and set-top boxes that can share multimedia content are all DLNA-compliant. Microsoft Media Player, VLC, and Plex will all be DLNA-enabled in the future.
Computers can now be used as multimedia servers thanks to the DLNA standard. A DLNA server and a DLNA client are necessary for DLNA to function. Media sharing is a server-to-client process that occurs at all times. Servers and clients cannot independently share material. Clients and servers are two terms you may hear used interchangeably. What do you think about their appearance? Any DLNA-enabled device can serve as a DLNA client. Smart devices that can stream media over the Internet are one example. Setting up a DLNA server does not necessitate a large server. Any of your friends can access it and set up their server with it. The Windows Player is capable of serving as a Digitized Living Network Alliance server. In addition, many NAS devices are equipped with DLNA server programs that allow users to view multimedia files stored on them. Free multimedia services can be built on the Raspberry Pi using the miniDLNA software.
Because of its small size, it can be run on any Raspberry model. Let us set up a miniDLNA service on our RPi and transfer multimedia files to external smart devices via the network.
A better grasp of the setup procedure is gained by splitting this topic into four primary subsections.
It's as easy to set up as any other application. Let's do an apt installation.
/mnt/data-ext4/ is where we'll create all of the directories we need for our demonstration purposes.
Inside the minidlna folder, we can write to a folder instead of root, as shown by the permissions below. In general, it's not a good idea to offer complete access to everyone. s Instead, new users and groups are created, and the ownership is transferred to them. Therefore, the database and logs are stored in this folder.
Ownership can be changed with the command shown. In the chown command, the user and the group are permitted to access the folder.
Minidlna folder ownership after the chown command is shown here.
Set up an entirely new subdirectory named "Music" inside the "public" folder you just created. The 'public' folder has all permissions for all the users, so the sudo word isn't necessary anymore. This folder is owned by 'user' and group 'pi,' and no one else has to write access to this folder.
You can use the same 'chown' command to make the Music folder owned by everyone and grant write access. Everyone acknowledges the file/directory because nobody and no group are users.
Likewise, you can reorganize your multimedia files in any way you see fit by creating new folders. For demonstration, we will establish a couple of extra subdirectories.
Add a few extra subdirectories inside the /mnt/NTFS public folder. Then, add some audio and video files to each of these folders.
Now tell miniDLNA where to find the media files. Modify the configuration file in your preferred text editor.
Make a list of all additional folders you've made to contain multimedia files in the line where you see 'media dir.' Just after the equal sign is a letter, ',' include the location of the files.
A: Audio
P: Picture
V: Video
PV: Pictures and Videos
Navigate a little farther down the page to specify where the DB and logs will get saved. Quit the editor and save the modifications you've just made.
Restart your minidlna server for the modifications to be reflected in the database and take effect. If everything is okay, the program should be functioning. Please check the status of the server.
Analyze the logs to confirm that everything is functioning as intended.
Just keep an eye out for warning logs. There are claims it can manage up to 8192 folders and subfolders. If you have a more extensive selection, you can change the value of your collection to make it more valuable.
/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches. But, this will not survive a reboot.To keep the value set indefinitely. Modify the document /etc/sysctl.conf.
At the very end, add the following sentence:
This can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Here's an easy one:
It's done. However, keep in mind that indexing and cataloging massive data will take longer. The cataloging process might take a little longer at times.
Use Plex to set up a media server for your home.Choose Plex Media Server from the menu button of the official website, then Linux from the left-hand platform drop-down, and select the Choose Distribution button there.
If you're looking for an ARMv7-based distribution, choose Ubuntu (16.04+) or Debian (8+), then save the image. Then follow the steps below to install.
Installing WinSCP is as simple as going to the official website and downloading the software. Run the program you downloaded and installed after it has finished downloading and installation.
Once you've logged in, you should see the local Computer system files on your left side and the Raspberry Pi system files on the other side.
Locate the Plex Storage Server you already downloaded, right-click on it, and select Upload. On the raspberry home directory, the file will be stored there.
Using a secure shell, you may download plex with the wget command from your Raspberry Pi. Direct access to the application file is required to download the entire package. Copy the link address of the application by right-clicking on it and selecting "Copy Link Address."
To download a specific package, run wget accompanied by the URL link and press return on your pi terminal.
The package is saved to the current working directory after downloading.
Connect to the Pi through a secure shell using PuTTY. You should be in the root directory. The program 'ls' output will reveal the file that was previously.
We'll now use the dpkg tool to complete the installation.
IMPORTANT: The filename must match exactly what appears in the secure shell terminal. The reference name of the command is just for illustrative purposes.
Press the return key then you'll be prompted for additional verification. Please accept them, and it'll be deployed as intended. Once the server has been set up, it may be found at:
Whenever you launch the service for the first time, it will prompt you to check in to the Plex account. Once you've entered your username and password, the page should reroute to the local server.
The OS makes it more difficult to mount a hard drive in headless mode. Using this method, you should be able to get everything you need to get this working.
Use the following command to make a new directory in the media directory:
To make a copy of your system's /etc/fstab, type the command:
To identify the external HDD, type the command:
The name may differ if you're looking for the sda2 (/dev/sda2).
Type the command below to obtain the partition Block ID:
There is a LABEL to identify this drive and its type as NTFS, which you can see by looking at the printout. You may also get it as ext4, depending on the format.
The following command is used to modify the /etc/fstab file:
Insert this line in the file:
This UUID is the one that we acquired when we checked the id of the block in the steps above. Ntfs or ext4 should be the file system on the attached drive.
Hit Ctrl + O to save the file, followed by Ctrl + X to quit; the file is saved.
Reboot the Pi while the HDD is still plugged, and then run the df program once more to make everything work as it should. A working /media/HDD mount is still required.
If something goes wrong during this stage, getting the server up and running again will be more challenging.
The Plex app can is found on the Internet by browsing the following address:
Then, click the settings button displayed below.
Navigate to MANAGE > LIBRARIES from the left menu. Libraries are now clearly visible. Select "Add Library" from the drop-down menu. You should now be able to select a media type from a new popup:
Click Next, then Browse for a Multimedia Folder to select the files you want to use. The hard drive will be as seen in the image below. To upload media, click Add and then choose the media directory from which you want to add it.
At this point, the service should begin searching for your files. Depending on the content and the volume of data in the folder, this could take a while to accomplish.
The server-side plex setup is now complete and operational. You can now choose from a variety of ways to consume your media.
You'll be able to watch movies, web series, and live TV through the client application and your local media files.
This tutorial taught us to set up a free media server on Raspberry Pi. It is now possible to stream and organize your media files attractive and portable manner. In the following tutorial, we will learn how to use a raspberry pi as a DNS server.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we are going to share the 2nd tutorial of Section-VIII in the Raspberry Pi Programming Course. In the previous tutorial, we interfaced a Barcode Scanner with Raspberry Pi 4. In today's tutorial, we will discuss how to set up a web server in raspberry pi. So, let's get started:
We are going to use the following components, in today's project:
When configuring a Raspberry Pi, select the expand FileSystem option to ensure that all of the Micro SD storage is allocated for the operating system and modify the default Pi passwords to protect your server from attackers.
Next, we will install the web server. As a result of its minimal memory footprint and compatibility with Node.js, We use Nginx as our web server. Apache or Lighttpd web servers could also be used.
Run ifconfig to discover the IP address of your Rpi. Your ethernet adapter's output will be found under eth0.
After discovering the IP addresses, you can direct your browser to it and expect to receive the default Welcome message for Nginx.
If you don't intend to get access to your Raspberry Pi from elsewhere in your local area network, the following step is unnecessary. Those who wish to connect to their server from a different area should nevertheless be able to do so.
It is common for devices connected to a router in a domestic home networking environment to appear hidden from view. The external IP address of your network can only be used to access your router. Those devices can receive incoming traffic depending on your router's decision-making abilities.
As soon as you access a web page, the router understands that the response traffic is associated with that connection, and it will allow it through. It's possible to get around this by using a router that blocks incoming traffic that isn't part of a currently open connection (like whenever an external device tries to connect to a local device). This is a critical network safety precaution!
From the outside, how can you access your Pi's onboard network? What you need to do is to use port forwarding. Incoming connections on specific ports must be allowed to travel through the gateway and then sent to the specified device. Default by HTTP and SSH protocols use ports 80 and 22. Therefore, opening these ports in your router will enable users to access the web app and secure connections to manage the server.
Enable and forward a port on your gateway using the advanced configuration settings on the admin site. A simple search for "Forwarding," "Port Forwarding," or "Network Address Translation" will yield the results you need.
For Hypertext transfer protocol, one port must be opened, and a different port must be opened for secure shell protocol. The central concept is to have your Rasp Pi forward traffic addressed to the two ports: port 80 for Hypertext transfer protocol traffic and port 22 for Secure shell protocol traffic. Here's an illustration of what your router's setup page may look like if you applied this:
In case the IP address of your rasp pi is 192.168.1.16, you'll need to configure port forwarding. We use this address to forward all incoming connections to the Internet.
The external Internet address of your router can be found on Google by searching "what's my IP address."
Establish a Secure shell connection using the command below once you've left your router's network to confirm if forwarding is working.
Similarly, you may check for Hypertext transfer protocol forwarding by redirecting your web browser to the external IP address. However, it's essential to know that port forwarding lets anyone with knowledge of the external IP of your router access this port.
Static IPs aren't necessary with dynamic Domain name servers. It's a straightforward procedure. You can use your router to set up a dynamic Domain name server, or you can use a Raspberry Pi to do it.
Cloudflare's API is used to connect to the newest version of ddclient. After downloading directly from Sourceforge, we'll copy and paste the program.
To configure the Cloudflare protocol, we need to set up ddclient. Cloudflare details like our address, API secret and time zone, and records will be required to make the changes.
The values procured are as such:
Using the asterisks marks, we will alter the script with the change above:
We will test to ensure that our hostname is updated correctly. Here is the command we'll use:
The following notice will appear on our screens:
This section will teach you how to run JavaScript in a full-stack environment on Nginx. Installing Node.js and MongoDB is required to perform this.
Installing Node.js on a Raspberry Pi has never been easier.
Once the installation is complete, use Node -v to see if it's working.
You can now install MongoDB simply by entering the command:
To maintain database integrity, you must stop the service on the Raspberry Pi before you can turn the raspberry pi off.
Developing an application locally and later pushing any modifications to a BitBucket repository is possible. The pre-installed version of Git on Raspberry pi 4 makes it easy to download and run your most recent program code.
Let's create a Git repo and add some program code to it. We will start an application using the generator-angular-full stack, which scaffolds the server and client code.
This is how you get angular running on your computer:
A new directory is created for your application:
And then build the app:
The following instructions will walk you through setting up a BitBucket repository.
Next, create a directory on your computer's hard drive:
As a result, the code can be committed and pushed:
The grunt-build-control tool is included with the generator to keep track of your builds. Add the BitBucket config to Gruntfile.js in the root folder of your app:
Create a folder for distribution by running the following command:
The code should be committed and pushed to your repository's build branch.
Your code is already on a server for your convenience. You will require a secure shell key for your Raspberry before using it on your BitBucket account for deployment. As a result, login to the Raspberry desktop and generate a public/private key from the terminal:
Afterward, launch the agent:
Also, provide the agent with the key:
Now you need to output the content of the public key:
Now copy and paste it into BitBucket.
Configure your BitBucket account by clicking on your profile image. Click on the Add keys tab under the SSH section of SECURITY.A /var/www folder can serve as a place to store all of your application's code, but it's not a necessity.
To eliminate the need for sudo, you can make your Raspberry user the owner and www-data the group when you place the files inside the webroot:
Cloning your repo build branch and installing the required dependencies is now possible.
Now you may launch your application in production mode:
Open a web browser and type in the device's Internet protocol address to see if it works.
One final step must be taken before the application can be accessed from the outside world. Even though Nginx listens on port 80 to receive Hypertext transfer protocol requests for your Raspberry Pi, the Node app will be listening on another port. Configure Nginx to reverse proxy to recognize requests for your app and pass them forward to Node.
The sites-available subdirectory is where Nginx stores the configuration files for all of the applications it serves:
Download and modify the config file from here.
With Nginx set as a server proxy, the finished config file will look like the following:
Creating a symlink inside the sites-enabled directory where Nginx searches for activated configurations during runtime is required to enable this config.
To make these modifications effective, you must reload the service.
As a result of the server "name my-app.dev" command you specified earlier, your app is now available to receive hypertext transfer protocol traffic addressed to the my-app.dev domain. You must now figure out how to make the traffic you transmit from outside this domain name resemble this domain name as your final challenge. The host file eliminates the need to purchase a domain and link it to your Internet address.
The external Internet address of your router should be entered on the workbench from which you intend to visit the site, and the host my-app.dev should be entered in the same place. The correct domain name will be included in the Host hypertext transfer protocol header in any HTTP communication you send to my-app.dev.
If you want to keep the servers running, you can install pm2 on your Raspberry Pi, and In the event of an error, you can erase the MicroSD card and start over.
A JavaScript application can be accessed beyond your network since deployment is possible on your new home development server.
Managing the equipment you use for development while working from far is a huge benefit.
PI Server Applications' responsibility is to gather, store, and retrieve mathematical and text data.
Engineers can analyze and evaluate the entire plant with the help of this Software. It all begins with the PI Server Applications. Numbers and strings are all handled by computers in the same way: collected, stored, and retrieved. Additionally, the PI Information Archive serves as a data provider for Windows-based apps used by researchers, engineering teams, and other plant staff to access the plant data contained in the Archive's database. In most cases, the PI Servers Application runs on a network of computers running different software packages.
The following are some examples of PI Server Applications:
This tutorial taught us to set up a webserver in our Raspberry pi. We also learned how to configure and create a repository for our app and deploy it. However, In the following tutorial, we will learn how to use a raspberry pi as a media server.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In our previous tutorial, we discussed the implementation of pulse width modulation (PWM) in Raspberry Pi Pico using the MicroPyton programming example. We also implemented the LED brightness control program to demonstrate an application of the pulse width modulation technique.
In this tutorial, we are going to implement another application of pulse width modulation technique which is ‘Direction and position control of a servo motor’ with Raspberry Pi Pico module and MicroPython programming language.
Later in this tutorial, we will also discuss how to control the position of a servo motor with push buttons (to be used as control inputs) and also to use LEDs for indication purposes.
Before interfacing the servo motor with the Raspberry Pi Pico module, let’s first understand the behavior of a servo motor and how it is different from a DC electric motor.
There are several applications for electric motors in which the motor must only rotate at a specific angle. We need a special type of motor with a special arrangement that causes the motor to rotate at a specific angle for a given electric signal (input) in such applications, or we can call it an angular precision motor. The Servo motor is used in these types of applications.
A servo motor is a low-cost, high-power output device that can only rotate 180 degrees (90 degrees in each direction) and can control the angle of rotation anywhere within that 180-degree range.
Fig. 1 Servo motor
Technically speaking, a servo motor is a linear or rotary actuator that can control acceleration, linear or angular position, and velocity with precision. It consists of a motor and a position feedback sensor. It also requires a sophisticated controller, which is often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servo motors.
The main feature of using a servo motor is that it has angular precision, which makes the motor capable of rotating as far as we want it to before stopping and waiting for the next input signal from the microcontroller (or Raspberry Pi Pico in this project). Unlike a standard DC electric motor, the servo motor starts turning as soon as the power supply is applied to it and continues to rotate until the power is turned off. On the other hand, we cannot restrict the rotational progress of the DC motor, but we can control its speed of rotation and turn it on and off or we can say that the DC motor does not have angular precision. Small servo motors are available there in numerous Arduino launcher kits (beginners) since they are simple to use in small electronic projects and applications.
A servo motor is mostly used in obstacle detector/avoidance robots and robotic arms.
We have already published tutorials on how to download and install the above mentioned software components.
Follow the given link for a detailed study of Raspberry Pi Pico: https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2022/04/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi-pico.html
A servo motor is controlled by sending a PWM or pulse width modulated signal. A servo motor can only turn for a total of 180 degree movement (90 degree in either direction).
Pulse width modulation technique is used to control the amount of power delivered to the load for a particular time. The pulse width modulated signal sent to the motor specifies the position of the shaft, and to turn the rotor into a desired position depending on the duration of the pulse sent through the control wire.
The major factors affecting the behavior of pulse width modulation are frequency and duty cycle. Frequency defines the number of cycles per second or it is the reciprocal of total time ‘T’.
Frequency = 1/ T
Where, T= ON time + Off time
The duty cycle determines the time for which the output pulse from the Raspberry Pi Pico is high.
Duty Cycle = ON time/ T
Fig. Interfacing servo motor with raspberry pi pico
Servo motor consists of three wires; red, brown and yellow. Two wires are for VCC and ground and the third one is the data or control pin. The servo motor we are using operates at 5V dc supply so the red wire of the motor is connected to the VBUS pin of raspberry Pi Pico board. The interfacing of servo motor with raspberry Pi Pico module is shown in Table1.
Table 1 Raspberry Pi Pico and servo motor interfacing
To program Raspberry Pi Pico board there are various development environments available (like uPyCraft IDE, Visual Studio Code, Thonny IDE ect.) and multiple programming languages as well.
In this tutorial, we are going to use Thonny IDE to program the Raspberry Pi Pico board.
We have already published a tutorial on installing Thonny IDe for Raspberry Pi Pico Programming on our website. Follow the given link to install the IDE: https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2022/04/installing-thonny-ide-for-raspberry-pi-pico-programming.html
Fig. 4 New Project
Fig. 5 Select Interpreter
Image: 6 MicroPython for raspberry Pi Pico programming
Image: 7 Ready to program
Fig. 8 Importing libraries
Fig. 9 object declaration
Fig. 10 PWM frequency
Fig. 11 Changing angular position continuously
Fig. 13 Save the program
Fig. 14 Save the program
Fig. 15 Run the saved program
from machine import Pin, PWM
import time
# declaring pwm object for servo motor pin i.e., GPIO_1
pwm = PWM(Pin(0))
# setting PWM frequency at 50Hz
pwm.freq(50)
while True:
for position in range(1000, 9000, 50): # changing angular position
pwm.duty_u16(position)
time.sleep(0.1) # delay
for position in range(9000, 1000, -50):
pwm.duty_u16(position)
time.sleep(0.1) # delay
Fig. 16 Raspberry Pi Pico and servo motor
That’s all about interfacing and controlling a servo motor with Raspberry Pi Pico module and pulse width modulation.
So far in raspberry Pi Pico programming series, we discussed and demonstrated the interfacing of output devices with raspberry Pi Pico board.
Now let’s take another example, where we are going to control the direction of rotation of a servo motor using push buttons which are acting as control inputs and we are also using LEDs (outputs) as indicators for various positions.
GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output which means a GPIO pin can be configured both either as an input or an output pin. In raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040) module we have 30 GPIO pins and hence any of them can be used either as input or output pin.
Push button is used as an input component to trigger some event or an interrupt in microcontrollers. So here in this example, we are using some push button as control inputs to control the direction of rotation in a servo motor.
Push button operates in two logic states, Digital High and Digital Low. A push button can be connected with raspberry Pi Pico either in pull-up or in pull-down mode. In pull-down mode, when the button is presses the GPIO input will be in logic high and otherwise the input will be logic zero. On the other hand in pull-up mode the GPIO input will be in logic low state when the button is pressed and vice versa.
A schematic is attached below representing the interfacing of a push button with raspberry pi Pico:
Fig. 17 Push button interfacing
Most of the programming instructions will remain similar to the previous example with some additional instruction to interface LEDs and Push buttons and assigning their respective task.
Fig. 18 led object declaration
Fig. 19 Push button object Declaration
Fig. 20 Push Button 1
Fig. 21 Push button 2
Fig. 22 Push button 3
Fig. 23 Interfacing push button, servo motor and LEDs with Pico board
Fig. 24
from time import sleep
from machine import Pin, PWM
# declaring pwm object for servo motor
pwm = PWM(Pin(0)) # PWM pin for Servo motor
# declaring led object
led1 = Pin(5, Pin.OUT)
led2 = Pin(6, Pin.OUT)
led3 = Pin(8, Pin.OUT)
led4 = Pin(9, Pin.OUT)
led5 = Pin(10, Pin.OUT)
led6 = Pin(13, Pin.OUT)
led7 = Pin(14, Pin.OUT)
led8 = Pin(15, Pin.OUT)
led9 = Pin(15, Pin.OUT)
led10 = Pin(16, Pin.OUT)
led11 = Pin(17, Pin.OUT)
led12 = Pin(18, Pin.OUT)
led13 = Pin(19, Pin.OUT)
led14 = Pin(20, Pin.OUT)
led15 = Pin(21, Pin.OUT)
led16 = Pin(22, Pin.OUT)
# object declaration for push buttons
button_1 = Pin(26, Pin.IN)
button_2 = Pin(27, Pin.IN)
button_3 = Pin(28, Pin.IN)
pwm.freq(50) # set PWM frequency for servo motor
def led_blink (x):
led1.value(x)
led2.value(x)
led3.value(x)
led4.value(x)
led5.value(x)
led6.value(x)
led7.value(x)
led8.value(x)
led9.value(x)
led10.value(x)
led11.value(x)
led12.value(x)
led13.value(x)
led14.value(x)
led15.value(x)
while True:
button1_state = button_1.value()
if button1_state == True:
for position in range(1000,5000,50):
pwm.duty_u16(position)
led13.value(1)
sleep(0.01)
led13.value(0)
button2_state = button_2.value()
if button2_state == True:
for position in range(5000,9000,50):
pwm.duty_u16(position)
led14.value(1)
sleep(0.01)
led14.value(0)
button3_state = button_3.value()
if button3_state == True:
for position in range(1000,9000, 40):
pwm.duty_u16(position)
led_blink(1)
sleep(0.05)
for position in range(9000, 1000, -40):
pwm.duty_u16(position)
led_blink(0)
sleep(0.05)
The results observed are attached below. In the image attached below, we can see the difference in the servo motor’s shaft position when compared with the previous image (off state).
Fig. 25 Servo motor control with push buttons
In this tutorial, we implemented another application of Pulse width modulation technique with Raspberry Pi Pico module and MicroPython Programming language. We also learn how to use Raspberry Pi Pico’s GPIO pins to receive input from peripheral devices.
So, this concludes the tutorial. We hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on raspberry Pi Pico programming series.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our Raspberry Pi programming course. Our previous tutorial taught us to how to print from a Raspberry pi. We also discussed some libraries to create a print server in our raspberry pi. We will learn how to take screenshots on Raspberry Pi using a few different methods in this lesson. We will also look at how to take snapshots on our Raspberry Pi using SSH remotely.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Breadboard | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | Jumper Wires | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | PIR Sensor | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 4 | Raspberry Pi 4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
This article will assist you when working with projects that require snapshots for documenting your work, sharing, or generating tutorials.
Screenshots are said to be the essential items on the internet today. And if you have seen these screenshots in tutorial videos or even used them in regular communication, you're already aware of how effective screenshots can be. They are quickly becoming a key internet currency for more efficient communication. Knowing how and when to utilize the correct ones will help you stand out from the crowd.
In this case, we'll employ Scrot, a software program, to help with the PrintScreen procedure. This fantastic software program allows you to take screenshots using commands, shortcut keys, and enabled shortcuts.
Scrot is already installed by default in the latest release of the Raspbian Operating system. In case you already have Scrot, you may skip this installation process. If you're not sure whether it's already installed, use the command below inside a pi Terminal window.
If your Pi returns a "command not found" error, you must install it. Use the following command line to accomplish this:
After installing it, you may test its functionality by using the scrot instruction again. If no errors occur, you are set to go on.
Capturing a snapshot on a Raspberry Pi isn't difficult, especially if Scrot is installed. Here are a handful of options for completing the work.
If you have the Scrot installed on your Pi successfully, your default hotkey for taking screenshots will be the Print Screen key.
You can try this quickly by pressing the Print Screen button and checking the /home/pi directory. If you find the screenshots taken, your keyboard hotkey (keyboard shortcut) is working correctly.
In addition, screenshots and print screen pictures will be stored with the suffix _scrot attached to the end of their filename. For instance,
This is easy as pie! Execute the following command on your Pi to snap a screenshot:
That is all. It is that easy.
The following approach will not work unless you have the navigation closed and have to snap a screenshot without the menu. To get a perfect snapshot with no menu, you must wait a few seconds after taking the picture. You may then close your menu and allow the Scrot to initiate the image capture.
To capture in this manner, send the following command to postpone the operation for five seconds.
Other Scrot settings are as follows:
You might need to give the images a unique name and directory on occasion. Add the correct root directory, followed by the individual title and filename extension, exactly after scrot.
For instance, if you prefer to assign the title raspberryexpert to it and store it in the downloads directory, do the following command:
Remember that the extension should always follow the file name .png.
If the capture command isn't already mapped as a hotkey, you'll have to map it by altering your Pi's config file, and it'll come in handy.
It would be best if you defined a hotkey inside the lxde-pi-rc.xml script to use it. To proceed, use this syntax to open the script.
We'll briefly demonstrate how to add the snapshot hotkey to the XML script. It would be best to locate the <keyboard> section and put the following lines directly below it.
We will map the scrot function to the snapshot hotkeys on the keyboard by typing the above lines.
Save the script by hitting CTRL X, Yes, and afterward ENTER key when you've successfully added those lines.
Enter the command below to identify the new changes made.
You may discover that taking snapshots on the raspberry is impractical in some situations. You'll need to use SSH to take the image here.
When dealing with Ssh, you must first activate it, as is customary. You may get more information about this in our previous tutorials.
Log in with the command below after you have enabled SSH:
Now use the command below to snap an image.
If you've previously installed the Scrot, skip line 2.
Using the command below, you can snap as many snapshots as you like using varying names and afterward transferring them over to your desktop:
Remember to change the syntax to reflect the correct username and Ip.
you can snap a screenshot and save it immediately to your Linux PC. However, if you regularly have to take snapshots, inputting the passcode each time you access the Rpi via SSH will be a tedious chore. So you can use publicly or privately keys to configure no passcode ssh in raspberry pi.
To proceed, use the following command to install maim on raspberry pi.
Return to your computer and use the command below to take a snapshot.
We're utilizing the maim instead of other approaches since it's a more elegant method. It sends the image to stdout, allowing us to save it to our laptop via a simple URL redirect.
Raspi2png is a screenshot software that you may use to take a screenshot. Use the code below for downloading and installing the scripts.
After that, please place it in the /usr/local/bin directory.
Enter the following command to capture a screenshot.
Ensure to use your actual folder name rather than <directory_name> used.
Because we are using a GUI, this solution is relatively simple and easy to implement.
First, use the following command to download the GNOME Snapshot tool.
After it has been installed, go to the Raspberry navbar, select the menu, select Accessories, and finally, Screenshot.
This opens the GNOME Picture window, where you can find three different taking options, as seen below.
Choose the appropriate capture method and select Capture Image. If you pick the third choice, you will have to use a mouse to choose the location you wish to snip. If you use this option, you will not need a picture editor to resize the snapshot image. The first choice will record the entire screen, while the second will snip the active window.
GNOME gives you two alternatives once you capture a screen. The first is to save the snapshot, and the other is to copy it to the clipboard. So select it based on your requirements.
It all begins with a simple screenshot. You don't need any additional programs or software to capture a basic screenshot. At this moment, this feature is built into almost all Raspberry Pi versions and Windows, Mac PCs, and cellphones.
It is the process of capturing all or a part of the active screen and converting it to a picture or video.
While it may appear the same thing as a screenshot and a screen capture, they are not the same. A screenshot is simply a static picture. A desktop window capture is a process of collecting something on the screen, such as photographs or films.
Assume you wish to save a whole spreadsheet. It's becoming a little more complicated now.
Generally, you would be able to record whatever is on your window. Still, in case you need to snip anything beyond that, such as broad, horizontal spreadsheets or indefinitely lengthy website pages, you'll need to get a screen capture application designed for that purpose. Snagit includes Scrolling snapshot and Panorama Capture capabilities to snap all of the material you need in a single picture rather than stitching together many images.
This is a GIF file containing a moving image. An animated succession of picture frames is exhibited.
While gif Images aren't limited to screen material, they may be a proper (and underappreciated) method to express what's on your display.
Instead of capturing multiple pictures to demonstrate a process to a person, you may create a single animated Version of what is going on on your computer. These animations have small file sizes, and they play automatically, making them quick and simple to publish on websites and in documents.
This is making a video out of screen material to educate a program or sell a product by displaying functionality.
If you want to go further than a simple snapshot or even gif Animation, they are a good option. If you have ever looked for help with a software program, you have come across a screencast.
They display your screen and generally contain some commentary to make you understand what you are viewing.
Screencasts can range from polished movies used among professional educators to fast recordings showing a coworker how to file a ticket to Information technology. The concept is all the same.
Using screenshots to communicate removes the guesswork from graphical presentations and saves time.
The snapshot tool is ideal for capturing screenshots of graphical designs, new websites, or social media posts pending approval.
This is a must-have tool for anybody working in Information Technology, human resource, or supervisors training new workers. Choose screenshots over lengthy emails, or print screen pictures with instructions. A snapshot may save you a lot of time and improve team communication.
Furthermore, by preserving the snapshot in Screencast-O-Matic, your staff will be able to retrieve your directions at any time via a shareable link.
To avoid confusion, utilize screen captures to show. IT supervisors, for instance, can utilize images to teach their colleagues where to obtain computer upgrades. Take a snapshot of the system icon on your desktop, then use the Screen capture Editor to convert your screen capture into a graphical how-to instruction.
Any image editing tool may be used to improve pictures. You may use the highlighting tool to draw attention to the location of the icons.
Everybody has encountered computer difficulties. However, if you can't articulate exactly what has happened, diagnosing the problem afterward will be challenging. It's simple to capture a snapshot of the issue.
This is useful when talking with customer service representatives. Rather than discussing the issue, email them an image to help them see it. Publish your image immediately to Screencast and obtain a URL to share it. Sharing photos might help you get help quickly.
It can also help customer support personnel and their interactions with users. They may assist consumers more quickly by sending screenshots or photographs to assist them in resolving difficulties.
Snapshots are a simple method for social media administrators to categorize, emphasize, or record a specific moment. Pictures are an easy method to keep track of shifting stats or troublesome followers. It might be challenging to track down subscribers who breach social network regulations. Comments and users are frequently lost in ever-expanding discussions.
Take a snapshot of the problem to document it. Save this image as a file or store it in the screenshots folder of Screencast. Even if people remove their remarks, you will have proof of inappropriate activity.
This tutorial taught us how to take screenshots from a Raspberry Pi using different methods. We also went through how to remotely take snapshots on our Pi using SSH and discussed some of the benefits of using the screenshot tool. However, In the following tutorial, we will learn how to use a raspberry pi as a webserver.
