Hey peeps! Welcome to an exciting tutorial on Python in which you will learn about the Python reverse list. We are on a series of deep learning phases where Python is under our observation. In the last tutorial, we saw the variables in Python and practised many codes in the TensorFlow. Today, we are interested to practice many interesting methods in an easy way. These are the built-in functions and you do not have to be an expert in the programming to perform them in TensorFlow. All you need is to read this tutorial and have the TensorFlow working fine. Before going deep into the topic, it is important to have a look at the list of content that you will learn today:
How do you define the python reverse list?
Why we should know about the python reverse list or keywords?
How do you practice the codes of Python reverse list in TensorFlow?
What is the core difference between some related keywords that seems to be work relatively?
How do you run some loops in the Python while working on the TensorFlow?
All these concepts will be cleared by discussing them in detail and while using the codes, you must keep in mind, there are more than one way to run the program in your own way but the one that we have defined in this lecture are the precise one and these are enough to understand the concept that we want to share with you. So work smarter then to word harder.
We know that there are some rules that have to be followed when you are naming your variables in python. Usually, these rules are applied to almost all the present programming languages but we are specifying Python because we want to connect this discussion with the Python reverse list. There are some restricted words that cannot be used as variable names. These are pre-defined in each language. You can define it in the following way:
"The Python reverse list (also known as keywords) is the complete list of pre-defined functions that are already stored in Python and these particular names are not allowed to be used as the name of variables while coding."
If you go into the detail, there are hundreds of reverse words in Python but this will be out of the scope of this course. For your information, we have added some very common keywords that you have to learn and practice to keep in mind. IT WILL HELP YOU A LOT WHEN YOU WILL WORK WITH THE COMPLEX AND LONG CODES. In Python, the following table is useful to understand what kinds of names are not allowed.
Python Reserve List |
|
True |
del |
false |
def |
not |
elif |
as |
class |
if |
break |
return |
None |
else |
with |
for |
lambda |
except |
yield |
The list does not end here, but I think it is enough to understand what types of variable names must not be used when you are practising deep learning with the help of TensorFlow (in our case).
Once you have read about the reverse list, you must practice it for the practice. Here, we are using some of the variables from the list given above. To practice it on TensorFlow, you have to follow the steps given next:
Open your Anaconda navigator to use TensorFlow.
Navigate to the environments and start the Jupyter lab.
The screen here will show you the cells where you can write the codes.
Start writing the codes using the keywords from the list mentioned in the above table.
The declaration of a function is done by using the “def” keyword. There is no need to tell the compiler the type of variable. After that, you can use this variable in other operations. Have a look at the code.
def welcome(name):
print (f"{name}, Welcome to theEngineeringProjects")
welcome ("Student")
The output of this program is given next:
Hence, you can see that we have declared the variable “welcome” and then provided the string in which we are using the function that we specified for ourselves. In the next line, we simply provide the value of the variable for that given string. You can simply change the value of a function in the last line to change the name with the same string.
This is a different type of keyword than in the previous case. The value “false” is declared by the compiler if we are providing information that is universally wrong. The best example in this regard is the one in which we are trying to equilibrate two different values of numbers.
The compiler is intelligent enough to clarify that the command given by you is not right.
This is the other simple keyword that is shown by the compiler itself, and if you are familiar with the keyword “false” given above, then it is obvious that if a universal truth or condition is fulfilled, the compiler will provide the answer in the form of the “true” keyword, as can be seen in the next image:
Another thing to notice here is, the string, or other data types may also be used with teh equality operation but as we are mentioning again and again, the Python is the case sensitive therefore, if the alphabets are the same but the case is different, the result will be contrary to the one given above:
The “L” of the second name is capitalized and therefore, the compiler is recognizing it as a different letter. It is the reason we are getting the “false” keyword as result.
As you can see, del is the short form of the “Delete” operation, and therefore, you can use this to delete any specific entry, value, or object from the list or the code. Here is an example of how to do so:
subjects = ['Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Biology']
print(subjects)
#applying the delete option
del subjects[1]
print (subjects)
When we put this code in our cells, you will get the results as expected:
At the start of the code, we declared an array of named subjects. You will learn more about these concepts in detail, but for now, just keep in mind that we have a group of sciences in our array, the index of which starts from 0. So, when you delete the first entry that is under the second name, you will get the list with only two entries.
Here is another keyword that is used in Python for your convenience. You can think of the “None” keyword as a blank space or an empty container. Take the example of the case when the user does not put the information required on a survey that is necessary to answer, then he/she gets the error from the website that this is a required field and therefore, the user has to put the information in it to move forward. This is best understood by the code given next:
Here, you can see the error message that appears when the required field is empty and the user wants to proceed.
The “if” is a special keyword in Python, and you cannot name it as a variable because it is against the rules. This is the name of a loop, and you must know that loops will be discussed in detail when you proceed in this series; therefore, we will not explain too much about this keyword. But for now, have a look at the code given next to get an idea about the workings of this reverse word
number = 300
if number >= 18:
print("You are eligible to become an Engineer")
Output of this code is given as:
Here is an interesting keyword that uses words in a very useful way. We have seen the error indication in different websites and other platforms where the user input the data and if it is not according to the rules of the input data then the screen shows the warning about the error. It can be done with the help of the raise keyword in Python. Let us take the case in mind where you have to provide your name in the form, and if the user provides the numbers rather than the name, then it will throw an error at you.
name = 123
if not type(name) is str:
raise TypeError("Only strings are allowed.")
So, it is clear that you have to put the name in the form of a combination of alphabets. By looking at this program deeply, we have seen the following points:
It is important to specify the type of content that you want to allow.
The “if statement” is also used in this program so that we can use more than one keyword in one line.
You can also change the type of content by specifying it in the first line.
The name of the variable does not matter.
By deleting the word “not” in the second line, you can invert the whole program.
In advanced programs, you can add more than one condition to apply all the necessary information so that any illegal way to type the name can be detected and the error may be shown.
The return keyword looks like the print function in the code, but both of them are not the same. The return function combines two or more results, and then control is given to the print function, which displays the results on the screen. Here is the program to do so.
def sum(x, y,z):
return x + y + z
print (sum(55,7,34))
The TensorFlow output is as follows:
Here, we have written a program that calculates the sum of three numbers. The start is done by using the define function, and here, we define a function that defines the pattern. This pattern will be used in the future. In the second step, the “return" function specifies the way the three components will work. In the third and last step, the values are put into the print function so that it may show us the result. This can be done in another way if we initialize another variable in which the result of summation is stored, and then we put that particular variable into the print function. The second way is more practical, but it occupies more space.
In addition to this, you must know that you can specify any number of elements in the formula in the first step. If the pattern contains more than three elements and you do not have a large number of elements to test, you can enter "0" in place of the extra elements, but you must follow the pattern and cannot enter fewer than the specified number of elements.
Here is the last keyword to explain in this lecture. It is the combination of two words, “else” and "if,” and it is used in the loops. You will practice a lot about the loops in the coming sessions; therefore, I am not explaining it much. But for now, you must know that when you want to add more than two conditions to a program, you use this keyword. In the language of C++, we use the else if the keyword for the same purpose. So, have a look at this program:
So, the user with knowledge of artificial intelligence is more likely to get the skills of deep learning, and we have made this program to show you this.
So, it was a helpful tutorial to learn a lot about the Python reverse list. These are the keywords that are pre-defined in Python, so it is not advisable to name your variable exactly like these. If you do not follow this rule, the compiler will be confused between your defined variable and the keyword saved in it, and therefore, it will throw the error. You must know that there are more words in the list, but for now, it is enough to understand and practice the words mentioned here.
Hey learners! Welcome to the new lecture on deep learning, where we are using TensorFlow to learn it with the help of Python. Previously, we worked on the syntax of Python, and now it's time to discuss the variables in detail. There are some variables that you will learn about as well as get hands-on experience within TensorFlow. These are important concepts that will help you throughout your coding career. If you are new to programming, this is a crucial concept for you, and if you know it already, you can use this tutorial to polish your concepts. We will move forward after looking at the list of content for this lecture:
What are the variables in Python?
How do you assign the value to the name of the variable in Python?
What are some rules to define the name of the variables?
How do you declare or initialize the variables in Python?
Can you get the type of variable that is declared before?
What is the difference between statically and dynamically typed programs?
What is the purpose of re-declaration in Python?
In the previous lecture, we mentioned the name string, and the difference between the string and character is just the amount of storage these two occupy. The reason these are important to understand is to use an accurate way to store our data. This will be clearer when you see the introduction of the variables in Python:
"In Python, the variables are the containers that store the information in them and are defined as the name given to the location in the memory."
We all know that when a program is saved in the compiler, it allocates a specific amount of memory. Variables in Python work differently than variables in other programming languages such as C++ and C#. In these languages, the programmer has to define the type of the variable and allocate the specified amount of memory required to store that variable. Still, in Python, the program statically types. The other type of program in this regard is dynamically typed programming. For your convenience, I have made a comparison between these two types:
Sr# |
Statistically Typed Programs |
Dynamically Typed Programs |
1 |
The checking in the code for the error is done before running the program. |
The checking for the error is ignored at the compile time and is done in the run time. |
2 |
The type of the object is known by the variables. |
The variable does not know the type of object but the object knows itself. |
3 |
At compile time, the “Unsafe operation” is rejected. |
The “Unsafe” operation is rejected at the runtime. |
4 |
Example: C++, C |
Example: Python, PHP |
So, Python is easy to understand, and you do not have to work hard for the declaration of variables of a different kind; most of the time, the declaration is super easy. You will see this when we work on the examples of the variables in just a bit.
When declaring the variables, you have to be very careful about the data you are placing in different containers. The reason behind this is, there are hundreds or more than it variables in the code when we start professional coding in Python. In such cases, it is important to memorize the name and working of the variables instantly. It is not advisable to name the variable without following any logic to memorise the exact information about that particular variable. The list of the variable is shown on the side of the TensorFlow but the working must be shown with the name of your variable.
For example, if you are declaring the variable that calculates the sum of numbers then the name of that particular variable must be “sum” or “addition”, or any other word that describes the function otherwise if you are naming it as “x”, or “var1” then you have to think for some moment that why you had initialized these variables. This rule is also beneficial to the case when the code is read by the other person or if you are sharing your code with the other person to work further on it.
Here, you must know, the code that we are practising is tiny and these are easy to understand to make the points clear to the beginners as well but at a professional level, the coding is different and you have to make sure that you are writing a clear, clear, and easy to understand code as the code in such cases are too long and contain many concepts in a single line sometimes.
For the declaration of the variables in the Python programming language, you have to follow certain rules, and for the convenience of the reader, we have made the points, and there is no need to memorize them; you just have to read them first.
The name of the variable must always start with the alphabet or the underscore character; otherwise, it is against the rules.
The variable name does not start with the number. You can use the number in between the alphabets of the variable name, but not at the beginning.
Symbols are not allowed to be used in the variable name. In other words, you can use only alphabets (A to z, in which the case of the alphabet does not matter), numbers from 0 to 9, and the underscore only. As a result, you can't use symbols like @, #, and $.
Variables name is case sensitive. This can be understood with the example that the variables Type, Type, and Type are totally different, and these are the names of three variables.
The declaration of the variable may be done with the help of a single alphabet as well such as x, j, y, etc. But it can't be a single number such as 1, 2 3, and so on.
These are the universal rules, and usually, the programmer creates his or her own code of conduct in order to ensure that he or she always follows the same route to write the code, making it easier to understand the old codes written by him.
Another reason why we say that Python is an easy and convenient programming language is that the declaration of different types of objects is easy in it. As we are studying the variables right now, I must tell you that in other programming languages, you have to declare the type of the variable first and then give it a name. You can set the variable's value either at the declaration or on the following line by providing the name and value. An example of the variable declaration in C++ is given below:
Int x=78;
or int x;
x=78
In contrast, when working with variables in Python, you do not need to define the type of the variable and can simply give it a name and a value. As a result, the program's work is simplified because the Python compiler is intelligent enough to recognize the type of the variable on its own and does not require the user to specify it. Here is the example that verifies the information given here:
Similarly, when you are declaring the string or character, you will simply declare it with the name and value without specifying the type.
#Declaring the Character
character='Python'
print('Character is "', character,'"')
#Declaring the String
string="We want to work with deep learning through Python."
print('string is "', string,'"')
Just look at the output, and then I'll discuss the details of the code.
The following points are proven with this code:
The name of a variable may be anything, and the value determines the type of variable in Python. It can be understood with the fact that even if we name of a string is declared as a character but detail the value has double quotation marks around the values, the compiler will read it as the string and it will occupy the space in the memory accordingly.
Comments in the code are totally ignored by the compiler, and these are helpful to understand the block of code defined by it.
In the print function, if you want to show the values as they are, you write them in single quotation marks, and if you want to declare the value stored in the variable, the variable is written as it is.
To separate the printed message and the name of the variable, we use a comma between them.
Using the single "print" function, you can print multiple variables or messages.
While printing more than one output on the screen, you do not have to use indentation these print functions are non-consecutive.
In Python, the single quotation marks are equal to the double quotation marks but as we have seen that both of these are different in other programming languages, to illustrate the type, we have used both examples.
The types of data will be given in the next session, where you will learn a lot about them.
If you do not know the type of variable and want to get the related information for different types of operations, Python has a special pre-defined function that works in a simple way. You just have to put the value you want into the “type” function. The syntax of the “type” function is given next:
print(type(variable name))
Hence, the type of the variable will be printed on the screen. This can be best understood when you see some examples in TensorFlow. To do this, write the following code in the TensorFlow cell:
a=56
b="Deep Learning is easy with TheEngineeringProjects.com"
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
As soon as you will pop the play button, you will get the results as follow:
The reason why “class” words are used here is that Python is an Object-Oriented programming language, and it makes the classes perform the operations; therefore, it has presented the results in the form of classes.
Once you have learned about the declaration of the variable, you might be thinking that the single value may be assigned to the single name only, but it is not true all the time. Suppose if you are using a large number of values in a program that will be used only once and you do not want to suggest single name to a single value, you can declare the variable again and this method is called the re-declaration. Have a look at the example to do so:
a=45
print("The value of the variable is", a)
a=90
print("The value of the same variable is now", a)
So, you have simply masked the first value and given the same name of the variable to any other value. But in such cases, you cannot get the previous value back until you provide the first value to the name again. This is the reason why we call them "variables,” which means the non-fixed process. The values in the variable keep changing over time according to the needs of the program and the code written by the programmer.
Hence, it was the day when we learned a lot about the variables in the Python programming language. We have seen a lot of information about the variables and seen how you can introduce and work with the Python variables in different ways. We have compared the declaration of the Python variables with the other programming languages and also got information about the statistically typed programs versus the dynamically typed programs. Moreover, it was interesting to know about the type function and the declaration of the variables in Python. I hope it was an informative tutorial for you and that you will practice more to get experience coding in Python.
Hey learners! Welcome to another deep learning tutorial, in which we are beginning the practical implementation of Python on the TensorFlow library. We installed and checked TensorFlow in detail while we were in the previous lecture, and today we are going to use it for our practice. We have checked the presence of a perfectly installed library of TensorFlow in our tutorials and seen the basic structure of this library. As a result, we will skip the details and jump right into learning Python. In this tutorial, the main focus will be on Python instead of learning the workings of TensorFlow. You have to remember one thing: all the discussion will be from the point of view of deep learning, and it is not a general tutorial in which you will learn to develop apps or have a discussion about the details of Python; we will learn all the basics in detail, and after that, you will see Python in the field of deep learning. But first of all, we are showing you the list of content that you will learn in this lecture:
How do you introduce the syntax of Python?
What is the syntax error, and how do you define the other types of errors?
How can you execute the instructions of Python in TensorFlow?
How do we print the message in different ways while using Python?
What is an indentation in Python, and why is it important?
How can you use comments in Python?
These all concepts will be cleared as we are going to discuss all of them one after the other with the practical implementation and no step will be missing so let us discuss the detail of each of them.
As we all know, the syntax is the most important thing that you must know, even if you are typing the simplest program in any programming language. All these programming languages are recognized by their syntax, and even a single mistake with a semicolon matters a lot. When talking about Python, we have mentioned many times that it is a simple and easy programming language that is easy to understand. Before going into detail, I want to show you the definition of the syntax, and after that, we will link this to Python.
"In programming languages, the syntax is the set of predefined rules that communicate with the computer and tell it how to read the code."
This is the combination of alphabets, numbers, and symbols in a specific way and the programmer always has to follow these rules otherwise the computer will throw errors. Most of the time, the compiler shows the suggestions if the code is slightly different from the one that must be followed. But it is not true all the time. There are two types of errors:
Syntax error
Logical error
Runtime error
The details of each of them are given next:
In the compiler, syntax errors occur when the programmer does not follow the syntax of the language exact, and the compiler is not able to understand the exact operation. Therefore, it shows the error and is not able to perform the required function. As the instructions are pre-defined, they show the list of errors and the possible solutions to the problem. This solution may be in the form of an instruction, a statement, or any other clear indication of where the error is present and how you deal with it.
There are many ways to show you the exact information, but I am choosing the basic way to do so because many beginner-level programmers are also there and they need the information from scratch. The discussion above will be clearer with the help of the example given below.
Here you can see that the compiler does not know the correct spelling of the command given to it, but the point to observe is that you get the suggestions and other statements to solve the error.
The other types, which are the logical and runtime errors, are important to discuss here because, in this way, we can differentiate them better. When talking about logical error, you have to be very clear about your instructions and have to provide the best path to the compiler so that it may solve your code and present the right output. If there is a mistake in the logic, or, in other words, if you are telling it to compare illogical things or do a task that is not possible in real-time, it will not accept it and will do exactly as per your instructions, but the required results will not be obtained. This situation worsens when the programmers' concepts for solving the given problem are unclear, making it difficult to identify the error in the code.
Contrary to this situation, we observe another type of error that is a run-time error. A pure run-time error is one in which the logic and syntax are completely correct but you still do not get the desired results because the program does not receive the error during compilation but is unable to retrieve the required information from the code at runtime. The difference between logical and runtime errors is that in logical errors, the program is not compiled well because of illogical or incomplete information, whereas in runtime errors, the compiler is able to compile or gather all the information but the program is not complete because of the missing information that is to be gathered from the other piece of code. At this time, I do not want to discuss more these two error types more; my focus is on the syntax error. Truss, have a look at the table below that describes all these errors at a glance.
Name of the Error |
Short Description |
Possibility |
Complexity to Identify |
Example |
Syntax error |
Errors occur due to incomplete or incorrect syntax. |
It happens mostly if the programmers have little practice typing or are beginners. |
The compiler provides suggestions in the errors, making them easy to identify. |
Spelling mistakes, using variables before their initialization, and missing the opening or closing of the brackets. |
Logical error |
Occurs when unrealistic logic is applied to the code. |
These errors usually occur when the concepts of the programmer are not very clear. |
Difficult to identify the mistake. |
Infinite loops, incorrect boolean operations, the wrong type of brackets. |
Runtime error |
While the information is incomplete in the code and the compiler does not get the required data, the program is not run, and therefore, we get the runtime error. |
These errors happen due to the carelessness of the programmers. |
Usually, the instructions from the compiler are enough to identify the runtime errors. |
Demanding the information from an array with a position that is not present in that array, getting the result from the loop that is not yet been completed yet. |
The Python instructions are clean to execute, and you have to be very clear about the syntax before getting started. We believe that some of the instructions are well known to you, but for the sake of practice and to prevent any gaps in learning, we are discussing all the basic information here.
The first program that is obvious to practice while programming is the Hello World program, which is always practised when learning any programming language. But I want to do something different. Instead of writing the "hello world" program, I would like to write any other message. For this, you just have to follow the instructions given next:
Search for the installed software of “Anaconda Navigator” and run it on your PC.
Go to Jupyter Lab and launch it.
You have to write the code in the cells given on the screen.
The syntax for the printing of a message in the form of the string is given as
print(“You message”)
So, you have to follow some important rules all the time when you want to print something.
Write the keyword “print” to show any message.
The spelling must be exactly the same; otherwise, you will get a syntax error.
The text should be wrapped in parentheses.
The right data type should be mentioned. (You will learn a lot about the data types in the coming lectures, so do not bother about it.) You must know that you wanted to print the string message; therefore, you have used inverted commas.
There is no restriction on printing the specific message between the commas; in other words, if you make a spelling mistake or make another type of statement, the message will be printed as is and the compiler will not throw an error. Yet, the syntax should always be followed strictly.
Once you have followed all the rules, the result obtained on the screen will be like this:
Here, you can see that the message is printed as it is in the next line, which is the output line.
In programming, there are different ways to perform the same task, and you can choose any of them. Now, the printing of the message can also be done in another way if you do not want to print the string. You can do so with the help of variables.
We hope it is clear to you, but if you have any ambiguity, you can learn this in our upcoming lectures. For now, just look at the fact that we have stored the message in the variable and then fed this message into the print command.
While we say that coding in Python is simple, you may be surprised to learn that there is an indentation rule in Python. We all know that indention is the way of writing or typing something in with a gap at the start. Here is an example of the code without indentation.
You can see that the syntax and all other parameters are okay, yet you have to write the blacks with indentations to identify their separations. So, we are just making these simple changes and trying to run the program. Let’s see what happens.
As a programmer, you must know that you can specify the number of spaces of your choice, but the range is between one and four spaces. Moreover, if you have a bigger code than this and provide more than the required number of spaces, you will again get the error of too many spaces. So the number of spaces must be precise. Moreover, for such codes, the number of spaces must be equal. For example, if you are using more than one print function, then these two must be equally indented; otherwise, you will get the error.
Most of programming languages have the "comment" option. These prove convenient and are also interesting to know about. The comments are defined as:
"The comments in the programming languages are the additional notes and instructions that are saved by the programmer itself and ignored by the compiler."
The comments start with special symbols to tell the compiler that the line after this symbol is to be ignored. All the programming languages have different symbols to do so, but in Python, the hashtag sign is used, and the line after this hashtag is totally ignored so that you may store the notes in that line.
Observe that your message is ignored fully, and the compiler has just printed the message without any error. Comments make the code more readable and easier to understand. The comments are usually italicized and have a different color than the usual code.
Therefore, we have learned a lot about the syntax of the programming language and how important it is to follow the syntax. We have seen the different types of errors and have learned the print command, indentation, and comments in detail. It was an interesting lecture and be with us for the advanced learning.
Hey students! Welcome to the fantastic tutorial of this series, where we are talking about deep learning. Till now, the discussion has been about artificial intelligence, deep learning, and TensorFlow, but today’s lecture will change the type of discussion from the previous one. You will see that we will now talk a lot about the Python programming language and will connect all the discussions with TensorFlow. You will see the reason for both of these choices in just a bit, but before that, I want to show you the list of the concepts that will be cleared today:
What is the Python programming language when we are talking about deep learning?
Why did we select Python for deep learning when there were other options?
What is the importance of TensorFlow when we are learning deep learning by keeping Python as our programming language?
What is the Tensor Processing Unit?
Do we have the projects on GitHub for inspiration for the learning of this course?
The general introduction to the Python programming language differs. You can see the introduction of Python in a different way. Still, as we are learning it for the sake of deep learning, I am keeping that perspective in mind and introducing it as:
"Python is the programming language that seems to be ideal for deep learning because it has special libraries and an AI-based structure of working that makes it perfect for AI and related fields."
We have some other options for the working of deep learning subjects, but Python is one of the most convenient languages if we are talking about the syntax, working, or cleanliness of the programming language. You will see more points that prove the importance of Python for the working and learning of the subject and the applications of the deep learning subject in the next section.
Artificial intelligence is a different subject from other programming languages. For the implementation of these unique concepts, it is important to have a programming language that provides easy working and other different facilities for the best performance. Python is near all these requirements, and our discussion will be clear with the evidence of some points about Python given next:
The first and most important point that every Python lover mentions is the simplicity of this programming language, which is a plus among other options for programming languages. Python provides us with clean and simple syntax in which simple lines perform complex operations, and you do not have to take care of difficult syntax such as semicolons at the end of every line, etc. In this way, developers have to focus on machine learning and deep learning instead of solving the difficult and small eros that are difficult to detect by the user. This language is close to the human language, and Python is one of the most popular programming languages because programmers are attracted to its ease, especially beginners.
When it comes to deep learning, the first thing to remember is consistency. It is because of the complex and unique concepts involved in the training process that every learner faces while practicing artificial intelligence and related subjects. As a result, Python is the programmers' first choice because it is less error-prone and has the fewest lines of code for the various functions used in deep learning.
People who use Python are the most consistent in deep learning while working with it because it is a general-purpose language, and thus various types of training and work can easily be done with the help of this language; you do not have to work on different programming languages and get almost all of the work done with Python.
Working with machine learning is not an easy task, and if you start from scratch without the proper working environment, it may be difficult for you to understand and then train the neural networks in a better way. The Python frameworks and environment greatly assist programmers in this regard, and the majority of the work is ready for use by learners. In this way, they can have the easiest way to understand the concepts and then apply them with the help of Python frameworks in a better way.
To understand the importance of libraries in deep learning, it is better to understand the true meaning of libraries in programming languages:
"The software library in the programming language is defined as the set of pre-defined codes presented already for the users that perform the common tasks in just a few simple steps, and programmers do not have to write the same code again and again to perform these common tasks."
Python has fantastic libraries that are not only useful in deep learning but are proving efficient in different fields. When you move forward in this course, you will see this in action. There are several libraries in Python, but those that are closely related to machine learning are the source of attraction for us. Some of these libraries are listed below:
For machine learning and related fields such as deep learning, we can use Keras, TensorFlow, and Scikit-Learn. We have had a great discussion about these libraries in the past, and I believe you understand why they are important to us. Yet, if you are interested, you must know that scikit-learn has many algorithms related to clustering that include random forest, k-means, gradient boosting, and many others that are working best in this field.
Numpy is used in scientific research and data analysis.
SciPy is also used for advanced computing, and as you might expect, the "Py" denotes that it is a Python library. Moreover, Panda is used for the data analysis.
When talking about programming languages, the independence of the platform is important because the ease of the platform does not work if you feel uncomfortable learning these languages. Python provides us with independence because of its multipurpose libraries and ease of working. No matter if you are a Windows user or have macOS, you can use this language for your learning and its applications. For all types of operating systems, you can create standalone codes with the help of Python. In other words, no interpreter is required, and your code can be used on multiple operating systems.
Other features are also discussed in the previous lectures, such as the great community and the help of professional developers in those communities that are best for a learner to grow in a professional way. Usually, the problem that the programmer faces is unbearable because a simple code is enough to stop your work. In such cases, it feels like a blessing to have a large community that has faced, experienced, solved, and tackled the same technical issue and has the experience to solve your problem in an efficient way.
Here, let us again review the process of working in the deep learning applications and then make up our minds as to how all the features of the Python programming language are helping us at every step of the deep learning applications.
Till now, we have seen the features of TensorFlow and read a lot about the perfect match of this library with deep learning, but now I am going to start working on it, so it is important to know why and how this library was introduced to the market and what the features are that make it perfect for this course.
In 2015, Google launched TensorFlow under an Apache license, and at that time, it was a unique and interesting library that attracted people towards it without any delay. This was the reason why, in 2019, Google represented its updated version with the name "TensorFlow 2.0." If you are wondering why people use it with this interest, then you must know that it provides flexibility, and therefore, several applications are available for the users of TensorFlow in the market.
TensorFlow is one of the most popular libraries in the fields of research and commercial use. The ability to run with the help of more than one CPU and GPU provides us with tremendous speed and fantastic applications that are not possible in all libraries. In other words, we can say the architecture of TensorFlow makes it popular.
This may be a new term for you, and we have not put much light on this topic before; it will not be used in our course, but today I found it important to discuss it with you because we should know each and every important point about our focused library. In 2016, Google announced the application-specific integration circuit, or ASIC, that was specifically designed for machine learning and was customized with TensorFlow.
The proper introduction to this ASIC can be given as follows:
"The Tensor Processing Unit is a programmable artificial intelligence accelerator designed to provide high throughput for low-level precision, such as 8 bits, and to use the running mode rather than training the system."
The updated versions of the Tensor Processing Unit have more performance, and the detail can be seen in the given table:
Name of Version |
Year of Announcement |
Performance in teraflops |
1st generation TPU |
2016 |
N/A |
2nd generation TPU |
2017 |
11.5 |
3rd generation TPU |
2018 |
420 |
The fourth generation was also introduced, with performance that was twice as good as the previous versions. When announcing the TPU for the first time, Google revealed that it has been using it for more than one year and is getting perfect results and better performance from its system.
If you are a professional programmer, then you must know the importance of GitHub in different fields of computer science. Usually, it is simple to describe the significance of a code or piece of software based on its popularity among GitHub programmers because it allows developers and programmers to practice their codes with the help of this fantastic community. When it comes to TensorFlow, you will be surprised to learn that there are over 1500+ projects available for you to practice and learn TensorFlow, as well as learn about the practical applications of Python with TensorFlow. One of the best things about this library is the constant updating that makes it the real cherry on top. Thus, if you are a user of TensorFlow, you will get more and more interesting features all the time, and your skills will never get old. Not only that, but the older versions have the best working features, so if you are not ready to try the updated features, you can easily use the older ones and add creative ideas in the perfect way, so the choice is entirely in your hands.
Hence, it was an interesting and fantastic lecture in which we learned a lot about the Python programming language and TensorFlow. We had previously read about both of these, but this time we were going to start the practical implementation, so we learned it thoroughly while keeping previous knowledge in mind. We started with a basic introduction to Python and read a lot about it with the goal of deep learning. Moreover, after that, we have seen the reasons why we are choosing TensorFlow for the practical implementation because we have other options as well, but TensorFlow is our best choice. Today, the interesting thing was the information about the Tensor Processing Unit which is an ASIC designed with TensorFlow maybe, you will see its practical working in the future in this tutorial but right now, we have the focus on the TensorFlow basics and you will learn it in the coming tutorials. Till ten, you have to practice more and more about the concepts that we are describing in our sessions.
In-person events provide a unique ambiance and social experience that will continue to serve a significant purpose to businesses. However, the innovation, convenience, and affordability of digital tools and resources have sparked an influx of virtual events, from team and client meetings to launch parties and webinars (and everything in between). Of course, not all virtual events aren’t created equally, as they require thorough planning and execution. Acquiring the appropriate technologies is at the heart of factors to consider.
Are you interested in hosting virtual meetings or corporate events? Check out this list of must-have technologies to make the experience more enjoyable for you and your audience.
Planning, organizing, marketing, and monitoring virtual events is much easier when you have a dedicated website or page. Much like a wedding website for engaged couples, a site or page containing program-related information is ideal. It’s a one-stop shop for your target audience to learn essential details such as the event's title, date, time, and cost. It’s also a lot easier to integrate into your marketing campaign.
Your event website or platform should provide essential instructions for attendees, tech requirements, the agenda, names and contact info for speakers, audience feedback, promotional videos , and images from your last event to give viewers more insight into why they should attend.
Traditional methods of managing registration and payments, like mailing invites or sending out emails, are time-consuming and costly. So, if your event website doesn’t include RSVP or registration options, you’ll want to create a link or page for your guests.
Create branded, attractive, and user-friendly forms for attendees to supply their necessary information. Include a payment process that includes various methods, including credit/debit cards and online payment processors like PayPal, Stripe, or Venmo, to ensure everyone can cover registration costs.
Lastly, ensure that whichever registration and payment platform you use is secure, as data breaches are becoming more prevalent. Encryption, password protection, and two-step authentications are all effective ways to keep your guests’ data safe.
Many virtual events are streamed live for audiences to view in real time. However, you’ll need a secure platform to stream videos. Some of the most popular service providers include YouTube, Twitch, Facebook, and Periscope.
When deciding which live streaming platform is best for your virtual event, keep factors like ease of use, security, content management tools, video editing capabilities, monetization, digital rights, and analytics. It is also worth considering the preferences of your target audience.
Keeping your audience engaged is crucial, whether showcasing your latest product features, training your team, pitching to prospective clients, or giving a speech on industry-related topics to colleagues. However, it’s more challenging when hosting a virtual event. Everyone is accessing your content from various environments and devices and has different needs.
One way to keep guests interested in your virtual event is to utilize audience engagement tools like live polling software
. The platform works with video conferencing and live-streaming sites, allowing hosts to generate questions and get instant feedback from their audience. The analytic findings can provide insight into which topics your audience is most interested in, so you can fine-tune your event to meet or exceed their needs.
Other audience engagement tools include surveys, Q&A sessions, games, ice-breaking activities, images, videos, and learning modules. They all require audience participation and provide virtual event hosts with invaluable data that can be used to further their agenda and accomplish their goals.
Virtual events offer conveniences and economic advantages that in-person experiences can’t. They save individuals, business owners, and audiences time and money while helping them to overcome barriers like distance. However, hosting a virtual event is more than sending out a few emails, creating a meeting link, and hoping for the best. It starts with selecting innovative technologies to simplify the planning process and enhance the audience experience. Investing in the above resources will undoubtedly make your next virtual event one to remember.
Small businesses rely on a specific set of technologies but optimizing the way they are used can be challenging. It is a task that requires ongoing assessment, and you will need to be able to evaluate the different options. Making these adjustments requires you to be proactive and look for potential issues before they come up. There are several ways you can optimize the tech you use.
https://unsplash.com/photos/pElSkGRA2NU
Technology can help your fleet be more efficient, especially as your business grows. One way you can improve safety is by implementing GPS systems. Many fleets use GPS to make their operations more efficient, and more applications are being discovered every day. Are you wondering how does GPS work? You can review a fleet manager’s guide to GPS online.
You may find it hard to get enough resources together to keep your technology working as it should, and it is also harder for organizations to reach talent, so you might not have enough people to manage your technology. This can lead to it becoming outdated and inefficient. Even if you have the ability to hire someone else, you may not feel it is worth hiring a full-time employee for this. A managed service provider can help you fill in the gaps because they will be able to support your devices, apps, and services. They perform the same function as an IT team, without the need to hire full-time employees and cover salaries or benefits.
https://unsplash.com/photos/rxpThOwuVgE
Having the best equipment can give your employees more to work with, but if they do not know how to fully utilize it, it will not be effective. If they make common mistakes, they could end up causing more issues that take longer to solve. Don't assume every employee is comfortable with learning new technology. Instead, take the time to train them regularly.
A common mistake is a few employees using too many resources on the network. This makes the network slow for everyone. This might be because of an employee doing personal things, like watching videos, on company time. The more people who do this, the more the strain on the network. Another common issue is emailing large attachments instead of putting them on the cloud for everyone to view. Consider blocking common streaming sites and educating employees on how to put files on the cloud.
https://unsplash.com/photos/cckf4TsHAuw
Today, work does not happen in only one location. Even if you have an office space, you may do some tasks in your home or while on the road. While your staff may work in the office for now, there may come a time when they have to do some tasks remotely as well. They will need mobile access so they can work while on the go. Large desktops are not the only thing you can rely on anymore. You will need to supply teams with gadgets that allow them to work from anywhere.
Consider replacing these large devices with tablets, phones, or laptops. One solution may be convertible laptops with detachable screens. These can be used as either laptops or tablets. They can be hooked up to a dock station for in-office employees so the information can be displayed on a monitor, and it is easily transportable if going from site to site. Smartphones can also help your workforce be more mobile. They can connect through VPN services, which provide a secure connection to your business’s resources.
No matter how much work goes into optimizing your current infrastructure, it will not stay optimized for all eternity. You will need to watch key metrics and performance to ensure things are going as they should. You may need to hire an expert to help you out, or you may need to use special tools. Still, having an optimized system in place is critical to ensuring business operations continue to run smoothly. In fact, it may be the difference between failure and success. Still, even if a mistake does not lead to failure, not optimizing things efficiently can negatively impact productivity.
Promoting yourself online and having a strong digital presence are almost required in today’s business plans. You can implement digital marketing strategies and tools to help you build relationships with customers online. You can send emails to your email list, maintain your website, and leverage your social media presence. While you may not need a tool with all the bells and whistles, you may want a tool that can help you manage relationships with customers. There are also customer relationship management tools that can help you email customers and build content on your website.
You may want to pick one that will help you keep your site updated. It can also help you promote services and products. Some offer dynamic features, such as the ability to create custom forms, which can help you drive sales through lead generation. Many have tutorials and templates, which means you can get professional looking results, even if you are not a web designer. The reporting section will allow you to gain insights into visitors and potential customers. The reporting dashboard can help you tell whether posts or ads are generating enough traffic. Plus, you can see if your visitors are taking the actions you desire.
Your internet connection is likely one of the most important parts of your operations. If you don’t have it, it would take a long time to process sales, and you could be deep in paperwork. Still, it’s often hard to find a good internet service plan. While it may be tempting to use a plan designed for consumers, it may not meet your needs, and plans designed for larger businesses may be too expensive or fancy for your small business. Spend some time shopping around and ask providers in your area if they would be willing to create a personalized package for you.
The cloud software industry has begun developing new working models that have been especially needed during the pandemic. However, even though the pandemic is almost neutralized, the cloud market continues to grow. According to a new Forrester report, global software spending will continue to rise, reaching a CAGR of 10.3% from 2021 to 2023.
Therefore, in this article, we will learn more about cloud technologies and their trends.
Let's start with the definition of saas development . This is a special software model that is provided on a subscription basis. And most often it is a cloud solution. Such a concept as software as a service is deciphered.
The cloud can be a very secure storage solution if implemented correctly, which is why there has been rapid growth in recent years. Today, more and more companies use cloud computing for data storage. This is an expanding technology market that has changed a lot over the years. For this reason, it is important to keep an eye on trends to keep up with the competition.
In 2022, the need for cloud cost management services is one of the main cloud initiatives, and further growth of these services is expected in the next year.
Cloud operations are typically decentralized, making costs difficult to predict or control. For this reason, although one of the goals of companies when implementing cloud services is to reduce costs, they are willing to invest in a service that can manage costs in the cloud.
Every day, investments in SaaS services are increasing. This growth is driven by the standardization of remote work environments and the emergence of SaaS tools for hybrid and multi-cloud environments.
For the first time, the lack of knowledge of the company's staff has become the main obstacle to the implementation of a SaaS solution in the cloud. A large number of companies claim to train their employees at a basic and advanced level.
Cloud SaaS providers should take advantage of this context and offer their customers a higher level of training in the use of their tools so that the company can consolidate and use all the solutions offered by cloud software. This is an opportunity to stand out from the competition and provide special value to the SaaS product. Software demos can be a good option when it comes to communicating this advantage as a vendor.
With the recent consolidation of new technologies such as 5G, a new approach to analytics and artificial intelligence is becoming more accessible to companies. Because of this, the percentage of companies that intend to implement artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning solutions between 2023 and 2024 has grown significantly.
More than half of companies currently store less than 25% of their data in the cloud. Although the data move is starting to gain momentum, companies are expressing a desire to move their data to the cloud. Cloud service providers will see their customers' budgets increase and their industry expands, but they will also face an increasingly regulated context and will need to do what they can to ease this transition.
Multicloud is currently the preferred option for customers. Companies prefer a platform that integrates multiple clouds, both public and private, and traditional on-premise infrastructures to get the most value for services and pricing. Therefore, companies want to move to a multi-cloud environment to maximize the potential of software and reduce dependence on a single vendor.
Globally, cybersecurity continues to be one of the biggest concerns of customers.
Concern about cybersecurity when implementing cloud solutions is in line with the global trend and has become one of the main concerns of companies. Software vendors should be aware of this SaaS market trend and make cybersecurity a top priority for customers.
Therefore, when using such technologies, pay attention to the main trends and analyze the cloud technology you choose for SaaS.
Milling is a machining process that can create detailed or complex shapes from metal, plastic, or other materials. The CNC milling process involves using a computer to control the motion of a rotary cutter that removes material from a workpiece. This article will discuss things you need to know about the CNC milling process.
CNC milling is a machining process that uses computer numerical control (CNC) to cut materials precisely. It can produce complex shapes with high accuracy and repeatability from metal, plastic, or other materials. It is used for many applications, including prototyping, manufacturing parts, making moulds and dies, creating fixtures for production lines, producing 3D sculptures and more.
The most significant benefit of CNC milling is its ability to produce exact parts with tight tolerances. Other advantages include speed and consistency in production and flexibility in design since it can be automated easily compared to manual operations. Additionally, because it supports multiple types of machines with different tooling, it is a versatile solution for many manufacturing needs.
There are many different types of CNC mills available today, including vertical and horizontal mills. Vertical mills are designed for operations that require cutting or drilling straight down into material and have a spindle axis perpendicular to the table. Horizontal mills are designed for operations in which the workpiece is fed parallel to its length along an x-y axis.
CNC machines can mill nearly any material, from aluminium alloys to plastics, composites, and even hardwoods. It is essential to consider the specific properties of your material when selecting the best tooling for your application. Generally speaking, more complex materials such as steel require more specialized tools, while softer materials can be machined using standard-issue tooling.
CNC milling is often carried out in multiple passes, depending on the complexity of the design and material being milled. The most common techniques used in CNC milling include rough cutting, finishing, slotting, drilling, and engraving. Each technique has its tools that must be chosen based on the workpiece material and desired finish.
When looking for a CNC milling service provider, one must consider their experience with CNC machines and the type of parts they specialize in creating. Additionally, it is vital to look for certified CNC milling service providers with an established quality management system. Doing your due diligence on a CNC milling service provider will help you find the best fit for your application.
Safety should always be the top priority when operating a CNC machine. Proper training and use of personal protective equipment, along with regular CNC machine maintenance, are necessary to ensure safe operation. It is also essential to be aware of any hazardous materials or processes used during CNC machining so that proper precautions can be taken.
CNC machinists typically use CNC software programs to design and create their components. Popular CNC software programs include CAMWorks, Mastercam, Fusion 360, and Autodesk Inventor. Each CNC program has its own tools and capabilities that allow CNC machinists to create the exact parts they need for a given application.
When selecting the suitable CNC mill for your needs, it is essential to consider how precise and repeatable the parts will need to be. You must also consider what type of material will be machined and any special features that would benefit your application. It is vital to work with a CNC milling service provider with experience in the type of part you are trying to manufacture so that they can advise on the best CNC machine for your needs.
When getting started with CNC milling, it is essential to clearly understand the project goals and machining requirements. You should also be familiar with CNC machine operations, such as setting up tools and measuring material properties. It is also essential to have a plan for managing data so that any changes made during CNC machining can be tracked. Finally, it is beneficial to practice CNC milling on scrap materials before attempting to machine a final product.
CNC milling is a versatile machining method that can be used to create a variety of components from soft and hard materials. It is vital to research CNC machines, CNC software programs, and CNC milling service providers to find the best fit for your application. Additionally, safety considerations, as well as tips for getting started, should also be taken into consideration when beginning CNC machining projects. With the proper knowledge and equipment, CNC milling can open up many possibilities regarding part design and production capabilities.
Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, I’ll walk you through Electronics DIY Projects to Improve Work from Home.
Electronic devices are not cheap and rightly so. Since you require advanced setup and technical skills to build something sophisticated and delicate. The good news is that you don’t have to spend a fortune on such devices since DIY electronic projects are the solution. You can make similar electronic projects you find online at home and save a lot of money. Some people prefer working on a breadboard while others prefer building on printed circuit boards. However, if you’re new to this field, we’ll suggest you start from the breadboard, before building your projects on the PCBs. The good thing is that you don’t require a big setup or advanced tools to work on breadboards. Basic computer knowledge and a few tools and electronic components would suffice.
Know that nearly all of these electronics projects can be developed in less than a day if you have the required tools and components. It won't be difficult to test out these creative ideas for electronics projects because, fortunately, you can search hot electronics parts from kynix for a low price.
I suggest you read this article all the way through, as I’ll be covering in detail electronics DIY projects to improve work from home.
Let’s get started.
The long, warm months ahead can only mean one thing for DIY enthusiasts: polishing up the skills over the project after project. For some people, that can include finishing a picture or creating original dishes in the kitchen. And for tech nerds, it is learning new software or building electronic projects at home.
Looking for easy ways to spruce up your technical skills? These simple DIY Electronic Projects would help you to get your hands dirty in the electronic field without spending a lot of time and money.
This is a simple electronic project used to charge your lead acid battery. It comes with LM 317 which is the main component of the circuit that serves as an operational amplifier mainly employed to deliver the exact charging voltage to the battery.
Operational Amplifier LM 317
Transistor BC 548
Transistors
Capacitors
Potentiometer
LM317 provides the correct voltage for the circuit and the transistor BC548 is employed to control the charging current delivered to the battery.
It is worth noting that one-tenth of the Ah value of the battery must be charged - the basic idea behind charging this circuit. The charging current can be adjusted using the potentiometer R5. While Q1, R1, R4, and R5 regulate the battery's charging current. The current flowing through R1 rises as the battery charges and it changes how Q1 conducts. The voltage at the LM 317's output rises because Q1's collector is connected to the IC LM 317's adjustment pin.
The charging current is reduced by the charger circuit after the battery is fully charged, and this mode is known as trickle charging.
Signal transmission is crucial when you want people to hear someone from a distance. Especially in factory and college settings to allow people to hear programs and speeches within range. This is a low-cost, simple electronic project used to create an FM transmitter circuit that has a 2-kilometer range for signal transmission.
Matching Antenna
Transistors BC109, BC177, 2N2219
Capacitors
Resistors
Battery 9 to 24 V
This is a simple DIY electronic project that you can easily develop at home. It comes with a 2 km range for transmitting the signals.
In this setup, a 9 to 24 DC power supply battery is used to power the circuit which not only ensures the optimum performance but also helps in reducing the noise.
The traditional high-sensitive preamplifier stage is formed with the transistors Q1 and Q2. Know that the audio signal required to be transmitted is connected to the base of Q1 using capacitor C2.
The oscillator, mixer, and final power amplifier functions are all carried out by transistor Q3. And the biasing resistors for the Q1 and Q2 preamplifier stage are R1, R3, R4, R6, R5, and R9. The tank circuit, which is formed by C9 and L1, is crucial for producing oscillations.
The FM signal is coupled to the antenna by inductor L2. Recognize that, the circuit frequency can be adjusted by varying C9 and R9 is employed to adjust the gain.
Make sure you apply this circuit on good-quality PCBs, as poor-quality connections can hurt the overall performance of the circuit.
Tired of your speaker’s low noise? Don’t panic! Since this is another easy-to-design electronic circuit that provides 150W to the four Ohm speakers – enough to provide you with a lasting, ruthless buzz to rock and roll. The basic component of the project is the pair of Darlington transistors TIP 142 and 147.
Darlington transistors TIP 142 and 147
Transistor BC558
Resistors
Diode 1N4007
Electrolytic Capacitors rated at least 50V
This circuit is effective for those just starting in the electronic field. In this circuit, TIP 147 and 142 are complementary Darlington pair transistors known for their durability that can handle 5 A current and 100V.
Know that Q5 and Q4 of two BC 558 transistors are joined together as a pre-amplifier also called a differential amplifier. This is used for two main reasons: for providing negative feedback and for reducing the noise at the input stage, thus improving the overall productivity of the amplifier.
While TIP41 (Q1, Q2, Q3) and TIP 142, TIP 147 together are employed to drive the speaker. This circuit's construction is so robust that it can be put together by soldering directly to the pins. A dual power supply with a +/-45V, 5A output can power the circuit.
A siren is a device that produces a usual louder sound to alert and/or attract people or vehicles. Typically, ambulances, police cars, fire trucks, and VIP cars are among the vehicles that use the siren.
The basic component of the project is the 555 timer which is one of the most adaptable chips that can be applied in practically all applications because of its multi-functionality. It is an 8-pin chip with a 200 mA direct current drive output that comes in a DIP or SOP packaging. This IC is a mixed-signal semiconductor since it has both analog and digital components. The IC's primary uses include producing time, clock waveforms, square wave oscillators, and numerous more functions.
Using two 555 timers, speakers, and a basic circuit, this breadboard project creates a police siren sound. As indicated in the diagram above, an 8 Ohm speaker is connected to two 555 timers.
Note that, one 555 timer is attached in an astable mode (it carries no stable state, instead comes with two quasi-stable states which quickly change from one state to another and then back to the original state) and the second 555 timer is connected in the monostable mode (one of the two states is stable, and the other is nearly stable.
When a trigger input is applied, it changes from a stable state to a quasi-state and then returns to the stable state on its own after a certain amount of time) to achieve the appropriate frequency.
This setting creates a siren with a frequency of about 1 kHz. Using the knob in the circuit, the siren sound frequency can be changed to match the police siren sound. The siren is used not just in automobiles but also in many businesses, mills, and other establishments to notify workers of their shift times.
With the help of a few basic components, a cooling system to regulate a DC fan is designed in this simple breadboard project. The goal of this project is to build a cooling system by easily operating a DC fan without the need for microcontrollers or Arduino, but rather by using readily available and straightforward electronic components. Once the temperature hits a certain level, this fan will turn on.
5V DC Fan
5V battery
NTC thermistor-1 kilo-ohm
LM555 Timer
NTC thermistor-1 kilo-ohm
BC337 NPN Transistor
diode 1N4007
capacitors 0.1 uF & 200 uF
LEDs
Connecting Wires
Resistors like 10k ohm, 4.7k ohm, 5k ohm
Breadboard
In this circuit, the DC fan can be controlled using a thermistor. The resistance of the thermistor, a particular type of resistor, is largely dependent on temperature. Thermistors come in two main types including NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).
When an NTC is employed, the resistance decreases as the temperature rises. This is the opposite in the case of PTC where resistance and temperature are directly proportional to each other.
When the temperature reaches a certain threshold, the fan turns on. The first LED, "The green LED," which indicates rising temperature, will turn ON as the temperature rises.
The second LED will turn ON when the temperature reaches the second threshold, and the fan will run as long as the temperature is over the second threshold. The fan will continue to run for a set amount of time once the temperature returns to an acceptable level.
This simple LED chaser circuit is developed using a 555 timer and 4017 IC. Together, the two ICs in this project run the LEDs in a sequence to create the illusion that they are chasing each other.
555 timers
CD 4017 IC
Resistors 470R, 1K & 47K
1uF capacitor
Connecting Wires
5 to 15 V power supply
Breadboard
Before you start working on the project, you must visit the pin diagrams of both ICs. It will help you to identify the correct pins to be used in the project.
When an IC – a 555 timer – is used in an astable mode (that produces a square wave), its output fluctuates continually between high and low supply voltages. For instance, an LED will continuously blink if it is connected between 555 timers and the ground.
The CLK input of a decade counter is connected to the output of a 555-timer IC. This IC has ten output pins, each of which is wired to an LED. The remaining output pins will all be switched OFF once the first pin is turned ON.
This simple, low-cost traffic lights model circuit is designed using two 555 timers and some other basic components.
This circuit comprises three LEDs for the indication of RED, Yellow, and Green traffic light signals. First, it will turn ON a green LED, maintains it on for a while, then briefly turns ON a yellow LED before turning on a red LED that remains ON for almost the same amount of time as the green LED.
555 Timers
Resistors of 100K, 47K, 2 x 330R, 180R
LEDs – Yellow, Red, and Green
Connecting Wires
Power Supply 5-12 V
2 Capacitors of 100uF
Breadboard
The circuit comes with two astable circuits where the first astable circuit will power the other. Therefore, only if the first 555 timer IC's output is ON will the second 555 timer IC be powered.
When the output of the first timer remains at 0V, it will turn ON the red LED. The green LED turns ON anytime the output of the second 555 timer IC is at a positive voltage, and the yellow LED will turn ON when the second 555 IC is in discharge mode.
The yellow and green LEDs would turn on at the same time. However, even before the voltage across the capacitor of the first 555 timer IC reaches two-thirds of the supply voltage, the output of the first 555 IC goes off, which will allow the red LED to turn ON and the yellow LED to turn OFF.
Hope you’ve got a brief idea of how to get started with electronic projects.
Getting hands-on experience will not only improve your technical skills but also help you to develop critical thinking to get familiar with advanced electronics.
It’s okay to become acquainted with PCBs, but if you don’t know how to solder properly or how to design a good PCB layout, it’s preferred to start working on the breadboard to keep your project up and running.
That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you are welcome to reach out in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this post.
Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, I’ll walk you through How a Hobbyist Can Work on Electronic Projects in America.
Working on electronic projects is a bit inundating.
From selecting the topic to research work and development to execution, you need to hustle, grind and drill to keep your final product up and running.
When you are new to the electronic field, you must not be afraid to get your hands dirty in diving deep into the nitty-gritty of the project. This means that no matter what kind of technical project you pick, you need to spend a significant amount of your time and money to reach your final goal. It's not just about making sure that whatever it is you're looking for is done well—it's also about making sure that your project is done right from the start.
I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll be covering everything you need to know to make electronic projects as a hobbyist.
Development of electronic projects is tricky especially when you lack direction or you’re overwhelmed by the options available online. You can pick from a range of projects but the main goal is execution. If you fail to produce something that you proposed initially, it’s not worth it. NOPE. It’s not a good idea to pick the most difficult project to impress your instructors. Choose what resonates well with your expertise and helps you grow and excel in your field.
Newcomers have so many questions when they are about to get hands-on experience on the project. They don’t know how to start without lacking enthusiasm throughout the entire process. Don’t panic! We’ve streamlined a few steps in this post that will help you to complete your electronic project from start to finish with a proper strategy in place.
Whether you’re working alone or in a group, it all starts with brainstorming a few ideas. If you’re working in a group, make sure you work on concepts with shared interests and common grounds. Having a fruitful conversation before picking up the topic will help you figure out everyone’s weaknesses and strengths. What you lack in one area may well be covered up by someone good in that field. And if you’re aiming to develop something amazing for your final year project, this is a great opportunity to leave some sort of legacy for your juniors.
The following are the key considerations while brainstorming ideas for your electronic project.
Must be doable. You must have abilities to turn your thoughts into reality.
Start with something new. With the recent advent of technologies, there is a scope for covering something that has not been discussed before. Try incorporating microcontrollers and Arduino boards into your projects with new peripherals.
The best idea could be where you address the problem and provide a solution.
Cover both hardware and software. This is important. Covering both aspects of the project will not only polish your skills but also leave room for improvement for your juniors to work on.
Within price range. Yep, it should be well within your budget. Though you can ask for sponsorships if you want to produce something from a commercial aspect, still it’s wise to pick something that you can easily afford.
Should be completed in due time. That’s true. Deadline is important. Of course, you wouldn’t want to spend your money, time, blood and sweat that you can’t submit within time.
Once you’ve finalized the project idea, it’s time to play… Yeahhhhhh! Yep, it’s time to plan your project.
Say, if you have six months to complete your project, then divide the whole duration into dedicating each aspect of the project to a specific time limit. For instance, spare two months for research purposes, the next two months for purchasing the components and development of the project, and the final two months for the testing and execution of the project.
It is observed most engineering don’t plan their project according to the time limit and in the last month, they will be scratching their heads and doing everything to run the project. Even I did this mistake in our final year project. And we had to ask for extra days from our instructor to complete our project. So, I suggest you… please don’t do this mistake and plan your project accordingly.
Until now, you’ve selected the topic and planned the project. Now comes the research part. This is the backbone of the entire project. Start your research with what’s required to be included in both hardware and software.
Your time and energy are wasted when you rely on an inaccurate source of information. To research a subject with confidence and to cite websites as support for your writing, you should streamline your research to gain a clear understanding of the subject.
Make sure the hardware components you select are available in the market. And even if you have to buy them from outside the country, you spare enough time to incorporate them into your project.
Thoroughly go through the datasheets and pin diagrams of the components and look for possible substitutes. Why use an expensive part when a cheap substitute would suffice?
Apart from finding the components from the local market, there are scores of places online where you can get the right products. Some are better than others. But how do you differentiate them when all claim to be the best? Don’t fret! You can use Utmel Electronic Online Store which gives you quality electronic parts and components at reasonable prices to support your electronic project. From batteries, audio products, and connectors to capacitors, transistors, and evaluation boards, this place is a haven for tech nerds.
Hardware development is not a linear process. Sometimes you’ll witness going two steps backward for every step ahead. Don’t fear when this occurs since it’s what is required to turn your imagination into reality. Making hardware includes both: creation of mechanical structures and electrical circuit development.
The first step in developing the mechanical structure is making the 3D model on the computer. You can use “SolidWorks” to create the overall exterior of the project. Once you design the 3D model, turn it into a physical prototype. You can only create the model in the software but most probably, you will require someone in the market adept in understating the complexities of injection molding. Since this process is a bit tricky with many rules and regulations to follow.
If you’re a beginner and are not familiar with the nuts and bolts of developing PCBs, it’s wise to first create your hardware on the breadboard. This will help you identify all the possible mistakes before installing all these components on the printed circuit boards. Moreover, breadboards are user-friendly and you don’t require advanced technical skills to run your project.
PCBs are the cornerstone of many electronic and electrical units that provide a pathway to reduce their technological size. A PCB is often made of laminated materials like epoxy, fiberglass, or a variety of other materials that provide an essential framework for organizing electronic circuits.
You need to design your PCB to create PCB layouts. Print out your PCB layout on the glossy paper and transfer that print onto the required size copper plate.
Make sure you place the main IC into the center of the board to allow even connections with all the electronic components.
You have developed the required hardware for your project. Now is the time to use your programming skills to run your hardware.
If you’re using a microcontroller or Arduino, you might need to learn C++ since Arduino code is written in C++ with the inclusion of special functions. The code you build on the software is called a ‘sketch’ that is compiled and processed to machine language to run your hardware by the instructions given by the human input.
Similarly, if you aim to create development boards, MATLAB software is used which is quite handy for Data analytics.
A PCB and electronic design automation software suite for printed circuit boards is Altium Designer.
All circuit design activities can be completed using the tools in Altium Designer, including schematic and HDL design capture, circuit simulation, signal integrity analysis, PCB design, and the design and development of embedded systems based on FPGAs. The Altium Designer environment can also be modified to suit the needs of a wide range of users.
I don’t highly recommend this trick but if you find yourself stuck in some part of the hardware or software development, you can outsource that part to freelancers. But this is highly risky since if your instructor finds out that you were not the one who did that part, you may get into hot waters. Make sure you get your instructors on board before outsourcing the most complex part of the project.
You might have done everything right from the start, but it’s unlikely that your project starts in one go. You might need to run your project through a series of test and trial methods to identify errors and glitches in both hardware and software.
Always create a backup plan. Make your hardware in such a way that if you require some modification in the process, you can do so.
For instance, you can make a plastic casing for your mechanical structure before going for the hard metal enclosure. Ensure that the end product resonates with what you initially proposed in your proposal.
Once your project is completed and carefully tested, next comes the writing process.
Anyone can write but good writing needs practice. Make sure you dedicate this part to someone good at jotting down ideas in a clear and meaningful way.
Since the audience will get to see the end product. They don’t care how many struggles you withstood and how many sleepless nights you went through, they care about how your project can be beneficial for them and how it can solve their problems.
Additionally, it’s all about presentation. If you don’t know how to skillfully present your project, you fail to convince the audience that your project is worth spending time and money on.
It will be helpful to use data visualization in your presentation to present your project clearly and concisely. Throughout your presentation, be ready to respond to the panel's queries with care and attention.
And finally, don’t forget to make a video of your running project. Sometimes, even though the project runs smoothly, it doesn’t execute well in front of the instructors. So it’s wise to be on the safe side and record the video of your project.
You can make a home automation IoT project to remotely control the appliances of your home.
You can build an automatic security system that informs you whenever someone trespasses your home boundaries.
Develop an advanced light system that can be used to turn on the light loads whenever they detect human presence within range.
You may also create a robotic metal detector system that can find metals in the ground, and inside food products with the help of radiofrequency technology.
Build automatic solar tracker. To make sure your panel receives the most radiation possible throughout the day, you can construct trackers that follow the sun's path from sunrise to sunset.
Make Wireless Lock System Through OTP that provides a smart security solution.
Still reading? Perfect.
It means you’ve learned some valuable insights into how to develop your electronic project from start to execution.
Just follow these steps and you’ll be well ahead in turning your idea from ideation to execution.
Start with a simple doable idea. Some ideas may look best initially, but when you start working on them they become unrealistic.
Don’t forget to ask for help if you get stuck in the process. Since when you never ask for it, the answer is always NO.
That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading about how a hobbyist can work on electronic projects in America. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can ask me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.