Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I will share a Proteus Library of another embedded module i.e. NodeMCU. NodeMCU is a microcontroller board and if you are new to this board, you should read Introduction to NodeMCU to get your hands dirty. NodeMCU is not present in the components library of Proteus and using this library you can easily simulate NodeMCU in Proteus.
We can't add WiFi and BLE capabilities to our module in the Proteus software, that's why it will just perform the basic functions i.e. sensors interfacing, PWM, I/O control etc. So, you can use it for simple code testing and can also use it to design circuit diagrams of your projects.
So, let's have a look at How to download NodeMCU Proteus Library and simulate it:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | Battery 12V | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | LEDs | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | Resistor | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 4 | ESP8266 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Note: Look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8, if you don't know already.
So, we have successfully added the NodeMCU module to our Proteus software. Now let's simulate NodeMCU and for that, I am going to use the blink example:
Note: As you can see in the above code, we have selected Arduino UNO in the boards' section. As I have told earlier, this NodeMCU module is only going to use its pins, we can't add WiFi or BLE capabilities in the Proteus software. So, while compiling the code, select Arduino UNO board. Something is better than nothing.
So, that's how you can easily simulate NodeMCU in the Proteus software. If you have any questions, please ask in the comments. I will resolve them as soon as possible. In the next tutorial, we will share the ESP32 Library for Proteus. Till then take care and have fun!!!
Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. Today, I am going to share the Proteus Library of Current Sensor WCS1600. This sensor is not available in the Proteus Components Library and we’re sharing it for the first time.
The Current Sensor WCS1600 is used to measure the current flowing through the circuit and is used in embedded systems and robotics projects. If you are new to this sensor, you must first design its simulation before playing with the hardware.
Before we move further, let’s have a brief overview of WCS1600 Current Sensor:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | LEDs | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | Resistor | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | ACS712 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
WCS1600 comes with a drift linear hall sensor IC which gives precise and accurate values. The hall sensor IC is 9.0 mm in diameter through the hole and is incorporated with a temperature compensation circuit. To measure the passing current, the electric wire of the system should pass through the hole of this sensor.
Using this design, the system designers can monitor the current path of any length without affecting the layout of the original system. The integrated hall IC senses the magnetic field generated when current flows through the wire. That magnetic field is then converted into a proportional voltage.
WCS1600 Current Sensor Library for Proteus
Note: You should read How to Add Library in Proteus 8, if you are having any issues finding the Library Folder.
In the components section, write ‘WCS1600 Current Sensor’ in the search bar and you’ll get the following result:
Now place this sensor in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:
You can see in the above figure, this current sensor carries 4 pins as follow:
Now double-click the sensor to open up its Properties Panel, as shown in the below figure:
Go to the ‘Program File’ section and browse for the file WCS1600TEP.HEX which you have already downloaded and placed in the Library Folder of Proteus.
That’s all for today. Hope you’ve found this Library for Proteus useful. If you’re unsure or have any queries regarding the simulation of this sensor and how to use it in your engineering projects, you are welcome to get in touch with me in the section below. I’ll help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this tutorial.
Printed circuit board is a very important part of electronic devices. You will find them in all electronic appliances. To make a good quality PCB, it is very important to select high-grade materials. A PCB mainly consists of a NON-conductive material. Conductive lines are etched or printed on them.
PCB materials are mainly of 3 types.
Among these 3, FR-4 is the most common. This article will discuss all that you need to know about FR4 PCB Fabrication. We will discuss all about FR4. We will focus on its advantages.
Here are some samples of FR4 PCBs made by PCBway.
Here are some common FR4 PCB assembly mounting technology types:
SMT is the most widely used technology for mounting components on FR4 PCBs. In SMT, components are mounted directly onto the surface of the PCB using solder paste. The solder paste is applied to the solder pads on the PCB. Then the components are then placed on top of the solder paste. The PCB is then heated. It melts the solder. Thus it creates a permanent electrical and mechanical connection between the component leads and the PCB.
THT involves inserting component leads through holes drilled in the FR4 PCB. The leads are then soldered on the opposite side of the PCB to create a connection. THT is commonly used for components that need additional mechanical strength. THT is also used for high power or high voltage requirements.It is less commonly used than SMT. Still it is relevant for certain applications.
Many PCB assemblies combine both SMT and THT components. This is called mixed technology assembly. In such cases, the SMT components are typically mounted first. After that, the THT components are inserted and soldered on the opposite side of the PCB.
COB technology involves mounting bare semiconductor chips directly onto the FR4 PCB. This technology works without traditional packaged components. The chips are typically attached using conductive adhesives or wire bonding techniques. COB technology is commonly used for high-density applications where size and weight reduction are critical, such as in mobile devices.
BGA is a surface mount technology that utilizes an array of solder balls on the underside of the component. These solder balls create electrical connections between the component and the PCB. BGA components offer high pin counts and are commonly used in applications that require high-performance processors, graphics chips, or other integrated circuits.
Micro BGA is a variation of BGA technology that utilizes smaller solder balls and tighter ball pitches. This technology is often used for miniaturized electronic devices where space is limited.
These are some of the common FR4 PCB assembly mounting technology types. The selection of the appropriate technology depends on the specific requirements of the PCB design, the complexity of the circuit, the size of the components, and the intended application. Manufacturers consider these factors to ensure a reliable and efficient assembly process.
FR4 PCB fabrication typically involves the following steps:
First, we need to create the PCB layout. We have to use design software like Proteus, Kicad, Eagle etc. Then we need to place components. Then we need to route the traces. At the time of routing, we should avoid DRC errors. It is very important to define the board dimensions.
Following is a typical PCB layout:
The next step is Gerber File Generation. We can Gerber files from the PCB design software. These files have the necessary information about the PCB layers, copper traces, solder masks, and other design elements.
You can generate Gerber files using Atrium, Kicad etc.
A typical gerber will look like the following picture:
Choose the appropriate FR4 material for the PCB based on the desired electrical and mechanical properties.
Choosing the appropriate FR4 material for a PCB involves considering the desired electrical and mechanical properties. Here are some key factors to consider:
HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling):
HASL is a widely used surface finish for FR4 PCBs. In this process, the exposed copper pads on the PCB are coated with a layer of tin-lead solder. The PCB is then passed through a hot air leveling machine. The machine blows hot air to level and distributes the solder evenly across the surface. This ensures a flat, solderable surface for component attachment. HASL offers good solderability and robustness. It is relatively cost-effective. However, it may not be suitable for fine-pitch components due to the relatively thick solder layer.
ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold): ENIG is a popular surface finish for FR4 PCBs.If it suitable for applications requiring good electrical performance and solderability. In the ENIG process, the exposed copper pads are first coated with a thin layer of electroless nickel. Nickel provides a diffusion barrier between the copper and the final layer. Next, a thin layer of immersion gold is deposited on top of the nickel layer. The gold layer protects the nickel from oxidation. It provides excellent solderability. ENIG offers a flat surface, good corrosion resistance, and is suitable for fine-pitch components.
OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative):
OSP is another surface finish option for FR4 PCBs. It is suitable for applications where cost and environmental concerns are important. OSP is a thin, organic coating. It is applied directly to the exposed copper pads. It provides a temporary solderable surface that protects the copper during storage and transportation. When soldering, the OSP layer is removed during the soldering process.
Supplier and Industry Standards: Consider the reputation and reliability of the FR4 material supplier. Additionally, check if the chosen FR4 material complies with industry standards, such as IPC-4101 or UL-94.
When choosing FR4 materials for PCB manufacturing, there are various supplier and industry standards that can help guide the selection process. Here are some key standards to consider:
Supplier Standards:
Industry Standards:
We have to Consider these supplier and industry standards when selecting FR4 materials. This makes sure that the chosen materials meet recognized quality, safety, and performance criteria. It is essential to collaborate closely with reputable suppliers and consult relevant standards to make informed decisions regarding FR4 material selection.
Arrange multiple PCB designs on a larger panel. It is for efficient fabrication and cost optimization. This step involves duplicating the design layout. It also adds break-off tabs for later separation.
Dirt, oils, or oxidation may affect the bonding between the copper and the substrate. Clean the copper-clad FR4 material to remove these.
The following figures show different types of cleaning techniques:
Print the Gerber files onto a photosensitive film. This process uses a machine that exposes the film to UV light through a photo tool or a film negative. The following figure shows gerber file imaging.
Place the photosensitive film onto the cleaned FR4 material. Pass it through a laminator. The heat and pressure bond the photoresist film to the copper layer. Following are some images of FR4 laminates.
Expose the laminated material to UV light. You have to use the photo tool or film negative as a mask. The UV light cures the photoresist. UV light also hardens it in the areas not covered by the opaque parts of the mask.
Remove the uncured photoresist using a developing solution. This reveals the underlying copper layer. Thus it creates the required circuit pattern.
Submerge the panel in an etching solution. It’s typically a chemical mixture that removes the exposed copper. The etching process selectively removes copper. It leaves behind the circuit traces defined by the cured photoresist.
Remove the remaining photoresist from the panel.Use a stripping solution or plasma treatment. This exposes the copper traces for further processing.
Drill holes into the panel at the designated positions. These are for component mounting and interconnection. These holes allow for the insertion of through-hole components or the formation of vias for multilayer PCBs.
Plate the drilled holes with a conductive material, such as copper. Plating establishes electrical connections between different layers of the PCB.
Apply a solder mask layer over the surface of the PCB. Leave openings only at the solder pad locations. The solder mask protects the copper traces. It also prevents solder bridges during assembly.
Use a silk screening process to print component identifiers, logos, and other markings onto the PCB surface. This step helps with component placement and identification.
Apply a surface finish to protect the exposed copper and facilitate soldering. Common surface finishes include HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling), ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold), OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative), and immersion tin or silver.
Perform electrical tests. The tests check the functionality and integrity of the fabricated PCB. This can include tests such as continuity testing, insulation resistance testing, and high-voltage testing.
Cut or route the panelized PCB into individual boards along the break-off tabs created during the panelization step.
Inspect the finished PCBs for any visual defects. There may be solder mask misalignment, open or shorted traces, or incorrect component markings. Correct these errors.
Package the PCBs appropriately. Prepare them for shipping to the intended recipients or assembly facilities.
FR4 fabrication is cost-effective. FR4 has excellent electrical and mechanical properties. They support a wide range of operating temperatures. They are known for excellent thermal properties. FR4 PCBs have high strength-to-weight ratios.
PCBway Manufacturing House is capable of printing advanced FR4 PCBs. They have Up to 64 layer processing technology. Their PCBs are ISO/TS1694:2009 certified. They also have ISO9001:2008 quality certification. They offer efficient service and fast delivery.
Are you looking to become an influencer? If so, you've come to the right place. Influencer marketing is one of the most popular and effective marketing strategies in the world, and in this blog post, we will give you a complete guide on how to become an influencer. We'll cover everything from influencer marketing to the trends you should be aware of in 2023. We'll even provide advice on how to turn your followers into customers. By the end of this post, you'll clearly understand what it takes to be an influencer and how to succeed in the industry.
As we approach 2023, companies increasingly turn to influencer marketing to reach their target audiences. Influencer marketing is a type of marketing that focuses on utilizing influential people or "influencers" to drive brand awareness, engagement, and sales. It is an effective way to expand your reach and build relationships with potential customers.
If you're looking into influencer marketing for your company, the first step is identifying the correct type of influence for your brand. Understand how influencers work and what content will resonate with their followers to ensure successful campaigns. Leverage the influencers' networks by engaging them in meaningful conversations that add value to their followers and yours.
Once you have identified your brand's right type of influence, it's time to create successful campaigns! Establish clear goals and objectives to help ensure your campaigns succeed; develop quality content that appeals to the target audience; measure performance accurately; analyze results; adjust accordingly; and ensure you get the best return on investment from your efforts. Additionally, impactful strategies, such as leveraging user-generated content, can be used to boost campaign performance further!
Are you looking to become an influencer in 2023
? It's a great time to get started! To help you on your journey, we've compiled a comprehensive guide to marketing trends in 2023. We'll cover everything from understanding the different influencer platforms, knowing your audience and what resonates with them, creating content that stands out from the competition, and utilizing automation tools to simplify management. So read on for a complete guide to becoming an influencer in 2023.
First off, it's essential to understand the different influencer platforms available. Each has its unique benefits and drawbacks; research each carefully before deciding. In addition, be sure to know your audience - what type of content do they respond best to? What topics are they interested in? Knowing this information beforehand will help inform the type of content you create and where you post it (e.g., Instagram vs YouTube).
Creating content that stands out from the competition is also essential for success as an influencer in 2023. Use search engine optimization techniques such as keyword research or link building to target audiences more effectively and ensure your content reaches them quickly. Additionally, stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies so that you can always be ahead of the curve when creating engaging posts or videos for followers.
By following these tips & tricks outlined here today, marketers can confidently become successful Influencers by 2023! Utilize these strategies today & begin leveraging Generative AI technology and other digital marketing tactics available now – take charge of your career path today by becoming an Influencer tomorrow!
Are you looking to become an influencer and make a lasting impact on the world? Social media platforms are powerful tools to help you succeed in this endeavor. To become an influencer, it's essential to understand the basics of social media platforms and how to leverage them to your advantage.
First, understand your target audience and their needs. This will allow you to create content that resonates with your followers and drives engagement. Leveraging social media platforms is also essential to gain attention from potential viewers. Take time to learn about each platform's key features and functionality to get the most out of them.
Once you understand the basics well, develop a unique online persona that resonates with your target audience. Your content should reflect your unique voice and perspective while providing value for viewers. Connecting with other influencers or potential partners can also be beneficial in growing your following and identifying collaboration opportunities.
Engaging with viewers is as important as creating content; respond promptly when people comment or message you! It's also essential to post new content regularly and engage with followers who share it; this will help keep people interested in what you have going on! Finally, track the performance of your posts so that you can continuously analyze results and refine strategies accordingly - this will maximize success over time!
By utilizing these tips, anyone has the potential to become an influencer on social media platforms by harnessing their power effectively!
Whether you're just starting out or already an established influencer, becoming a successful influencer in the digital age requires knowledge and dedication. In this guide, we will explore how to become an influencer and all the steps you need to take to succeed.
The first step is to determine your niche and target audience. Knowing who you're trying to reach will help you create content that speaks directly to them. Developing a content plan for yourself can also be helpful as it allows you to focus on specific topics relevant to your target audience.
Once you have identified your niche, it's time to build a solid online presence by consistently creating high-quality content for your followers. Establish relationships with other influencers in your industry by engaging with their content, joining conversations, and connecting on social media platforms such as Instagram and Twitter. Utilize the power of social media by sharing stories, posts, videos, podcasts, and more – this will help grow your following organically over time!
Focus on organic growth rather than buying followers or using bots; this approach will ensure that those who follow you care about what they're reading or watching! Leverage metrics available through analytics tools such as Google Analytics or Hootsuite Insights to understand which pieces of content are performing well (and which ones aren't) so that you can adjust accordingly going forward.
Innovate when possible – stand out from the crowd by bringing something new into every piece of content, whether fresh ideas or unique perspectives from different angles! Start by identifying what makes your brand unique and then develop an effective strategy around it; this could include hosting weekly Q&A sessions on Instagram Live or launching webinars related to topics discussed to differentiate yourself from others in the same space!
Are you looking to become an influencer in 2023? It's a great way to reach potential customers and build relationships with followers. But it's not as simple as just posting content on social media; there are specific strategies that you need to understand and implement to turn your followers into customers. In this guide, we'll go over the steps you need to take to become an effective influencer and convert more of your followers into customers.
First, make sure that the audience following you is authentic. You want people who will engage with and respond positively to your content so that they can be converted into paying customers later on. Develop quality content for your brand – ensure it resonates with them and is engaging enough for them to pay attention. Connecting with subscribers through conversations or interactions is also essential; having a solid connection will help create trust between yourself and the customer base you're trying to target.
To further grow your reach and authority, leverage various platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, etc. Follow other influencers in your niche who have already gained traction so their audience can see what you have going on too! Measuring and analyzing engagement metrics should also be done regularly so that improvements can be made where necessary - this could include gathering feedback from followers about what kind of content they'd like from future posts or looking at trends based on data analysis (i.e., which posts had a higher engagement rate).
Are you looking to become an influencer in 2023? If so, it is essential to understand the power of influencer marketing and what it takes to succeed. The key to success as an influencer is creating engaging content that resonates with your audience. This guide will walk you through how you can create exciting content and drive audience engagement.
First, develop a multi-channel content strategy that speaks directly to your target audience. Brainstorm ideas for content that would be interesting or helpful to them, such as polls, surveys, or interactive visuals, which are proven methods of driving engagement. Leverage strong visuals such as images and videos to capture attention while repurposing content across different mediums and platforms to reach the broadest possible audience. Additionally, connect by reaching out to industry influencers and creating meaningful relationships with them – this can help grow your following while providing valuable insight into the industry.
Next, develop a comprehensive content calendar with set deadlines for regular postings to ensure consistency across all platforms – this is especially important for social media outlets, which require frequent postings to maintain high levels of engagement from followers. Research topics related to your expertise to create informative and relevant pieces; additionally, include captivating headline-rich headlines to maximize search engine optimization (SEO) capabilities for better online visibility. Finally, promote your content through organic channels such as social media platforms while encouraging feedback from followers – this will help gain insight into what resonates best with them and allow you to track how successful each post has been using metrics like likes, shares, comments, etc.
By following these steps on how to be an Influencer – A Complete Guide, you’ll soon have a credible online presence and higher audience engagement!
Becoming an influencer is a rewarding journey that requires dedication and knowledge. This guide provides insights into the various aspects of influencer marketing, from understanding the different platforms to creating content that resonates with your followers. Additionally, we highlight significant trends in 2023 and provide advice on how to build relationships with other influencers in your industry. By following these tips, you will be well on your way to becoming a successful influencer! So get started today and take charge of your career path – turn your followers into customers with the power of Influencer Marketing!
Cybersecurity is no sci-fi concept, but rather it's a practical necessity every individual and organization needs to be aware of.
As multiple options for foundational cybersecurity frameworks exist, knowing the 'what' and 'why' of these can guide you through this labyrinth efficiently. Let's dive in to explore more so you know what you need to do to protect your business’s IT assets.
Image Source: Pixabay
A cybersecurity framework is, essentially, a strategic guide designed to help organizations manage their cyber risks. It aids in defining and prioritizing the steps required for reducing cybersecurity risks .
This systematic approach ensures that no crucial detail gets overlooked amidst keeping pace with evolving threats. Think of it as your battle plan against potential security breaches where every small decision can count towards big outcomes.
In even simpler terms, it's like a playbook which details out the best practices one should adopt for mitigating cyber threats effectively.
Image Source: Pexels
The cybersecurity world is laden with numerous frameworks, and the reason for this sudden proliferation is their impressive ability to strengthen an organization’s cyber resilience.
Not every business is alike, therefore using universal criteria may not always be adequate or effective. Varied cybersecurity frameworks cater to different sizes, industries, and risk profiles of businesses, making it easier for you to find one that best fits your organizational structure and needs.
Understanding these diverse options out there allows organizations to make a more strategic choice, rather than arbitrarily picking a standard security measure.
No business is impervious to cyber threats and data breaches. Implementing a well-designed cybersecurity framework aids in strengthening your defenses against such threats. Here are some compelling reasons why:
It helps you map out measures needed for robust defense against varied cyberattacks.
Adopting one demonstrates your commitment to maintaining customer trust by safeguarding their confidential information.
If you operate across international borders, maintaining global standards (like ISO 27001) can facilitate smoother dealings.
Now that we're talking about frameworks that fit well with businesses of all sizes, you might want to read a guide to SOC 2 compliance . SOC 2 deals with the security issues surrounding the handling of customer data, which is something every business has to take into account today. Adherence to this standard assures stakeholders you have competent controls protecting their sensitive info, which is something worth considering when selecting a security blueprint for your enterprise.
The increased dependency on digital platforms has simultaneously escalated cyber threats, necessitating robust cybersecurity. As the consequences of lax security can be catastrophically damaging both financially and reputationally, having a tailored framework is imperative. The rise in the cybersecurity landscape has led to:
More budget allocation for IT departments in businesses worldwide.
Increased attention towards developing varied frameworks catering to specific needs across diverse sectors.
An upsurge in trained professionals who specialize in different domains, like threat intelligence and data loss prevention.
With growing awareness about cyber risks, individuals and organizations are more proactive than ever before. This behavioral shift forms the crux behind multiple cybersecurity frameworks coming into inception, all designed with one common goal, which is of course enhanced internet safety and making the online world a secure place to transact or store sensitive information.
Image Source: Pexels
Selecting a suitable cybersecurity framework may feel overwhelming considering the wide range available. Here are some tips to help you make an informed decision:
Compatibility: Ensure the chosen framework is compatible with your organizational structure and potential threats.
Regulations: It should align with any industry regulations that you must adhere to for running your business smoothly and legally.
Flexibility: Be aware that cyber threats evolve, hence adopting a flexible framework which can accommodate such changes is crucial.
Remember, there's no one-size-fits-all solution in choosing a cybersecurity framework. Each organization has unique risks and requirements, and what works best for another may not suit yours as effectively. The idea is to thoroughly analyze before making a choice, ensuring strong defense against potential security breaches.
As discussed, there are plenty of established frameworks out there, so let’s touch on just a few of the main options to cast your eye over:
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology): This flexible framework is ideal for organizations seeking an overall risk management strategy. It incorporates guidelines aimed at improving your systems' ability to prevent, detect, and respond to cyberattacks.
ISO 27001: An international standard portraying best practices for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). Both private and government sectors widely use this due to its holistic approach towards managing information security risks.
CIS Critical Security Controls: For firms looking forward to strengthening their baseline defense, the CIS framework helps in limiting specific vulnerabilities that often face targeted exploits by attackers.
Each shines in its unique way. Depending on what you seek, whether that’s wider coverage or addressing specific threats, choosing among these can streamline your cybersecurity procedure.
Given the diverse cybersecurity frameworks in existence, it’s crucial to be strategic when exploring your options. Here are a few tips that could guide you:
Identify Your Needs: Understand what needs protecting within your organization and contemplate on the type of threats likely to target these assets.
Research: Dearth of knowledge often leads to poor decision-making. Understanding various frameworks, their strengths and weaknesses will aid in making informed choices.
Seek Professional Guidance: Having expert advice might save you from potential loopholes or overlooks.
Consistency is key when implementing any system, and the same rules apply here. Taking small steps towards securing your digital domain can bring about substantial changes over time.
Image Source: Pexels
Decoding the realm of cybersecurity frameworks doesn't have to be daunting. Empower your defenses by embracing a robust security blueprint that resonates with your business needs.
The main thing to remember is that proactivity works better than passivity in this context, so make cybersecurity a priority today and foster trust among your clients in the long run.
Geometry, as one of the oldest branches of mathematics, has evolved over millennia, leaving its mark on cultures worldwide. One fascinating aspect of geometry is the use of the Roman numeral converter, an ancient numerical system, to denote various aspects of angles and shapes. In this blog post, we will explore how numbers to roman numerals are employed in geometry for angle measurement and shape notations, uncovering the historical significance and practical applications of this enduring system.
The concept of angles and their measurement has been fundamental to geometry since its inception. Roman numerals, developed during the Roman Empire, were widely used in various disciplines, including geometry. They served as a concise and effective way to represent angle measurements.
In the Roman numeral converter system, specific letters are used to represent different numbers. When it comes to angles, the most common usage of Roman numeral converter is in indicating the degree of a particular angle. For instance:
A right angle is denoted as a "90° angle" or "an angle of XC."
An acute angle measuring 30 degrees is represented as "XXX°" or "an angle of XXX."
An obtuse angle measuring 120 degrees is denoted as "CXX°" or "an angle of CXX."
The use of Roman numeral converter in angle measurement not only provides a historical connection but also imparts a certain elegance and uniqueness to the presentation of geometric concepts.
Beyond angle measurement, Roman numerals are employed in geometry to denote specific shapes, particularly polygons. Polygons are two-dimensional shapes formed by connecting straight line segments. Different polygons have distinct names, and Roman numerals play a crucial role in this nomenclature.
For instance:
A triangle, the simplest polygon with three sides, can be denoted as "△" or "a III-sided polygon."
A pentagon, with five sides, can be represented as "▲" or "a V-sided polygon."
A hexagon, with six sides, can be denoted as "⬟" or "a VI-sided polygon."
This notation system extends to more complex polygons as well. Roman numerals provide an efficient way to classify and identify polygons without the need for lengthy descriptions, making it easier for mathematicians and learners alike to communicate and visualize geometric shapes.
The use of Roman numerals in geometry has historical roots that date back to ancient times, showcasing the enduring nature of this numerical system. Beyond its historical significance, the integration of Roman numerals in geometry has several practical applications:
a. Architectural and Engineering Designs: Roman numerals continue to be used in architectural and engineering drawings, especially in denoting angles and various shapes, contributing to the preservation of classical design aesthetics.
b. Educational and Pedagogical Benefits: Incorporating Roman numerals into geometry lessons can offer a unique perspective and engage students in a more culturally diverse and historically rich learning experience.
c. Mathematical Art and Symbolism: Roman numerals add an artistic touch to mathematical expressions, opening the door to creative and expressive representations of geometric concepts.
The usage of Roman numerals in geometry for angle measurement and shape notations reflects a harmonious blend of history, art, and mathematics. From their origins in ancient Rome to their continued applications in modern contexts, Roman numerals hold a unique place in the world of geometry, offering valuable insights and aesthetic appeal. Embracing these ancient symbols not only enriches our understanding of geometry but also celebrates the enduring legacy of human mathematical exploration. So, the next time you encounter a Roman numeral in a geometric context, take a moment to appreciate the historical connection and the beauty it adds to the study of shapes and angles.
Data transfer tools are essential for sharing data across devices through a secure medium. The process can be hectic if you are trying to transfer data from one device to another manually. You can also miss some important data files during the manual method. Moreover, data transfer apps ensure a successful transfer process with their integrated technology.
You can also back up or restore your data files by using the features of transfer apps. Therefore, the need for Android-to-Android transfer apps is essential. This article will highlight the top four data transfer apps available on the Google Play Store. Thus, give this guide a quick read to discover the features and pros of the suggested apps.
MobileTrans is a famous data transfer app many people use for a safe transfer process. Using this tool, you can transfer data between devices without disturbing the original quality. One of the best features of MobileTrans is that it does not require an internet connection. By scanning the QR code, you can connect your devices effortlessly.
Furthermore, this Android-to-Android data transfer app gives huge versatility to the users. You can transfer data selectively across your devices with one tap. The fast transfer speed of this tool can also positively impact your productivity. It can also help you sync any data files in your iCloud on your Android devices. Thus, it's a complete tool for flawlessly transferring data between Android devices.
This tool does not impose restrictions on the type of data files. You can efficiently transfer media files, schedules, apps, and other content.
With its WhatsApp transfer feature, you can save your WhatsApp chats on your new phone. The WhatsApp feature allows you to transfer WhatsApp messages and media files from one Android to another.
You must buy a suitable subscription plan to use its advanced features.
Copy My Data is an easy-to-use transfer tool that lets you share multiple files instantly. It can transfer your contacts, photos, and high-quality videos without decreasing their quality. Moreover, it shows high compatibility with every Android and iOS device.
Connect your devices with the same Wi-Fi connection to transfer data using this tool. Afterward, the tool will guide you by giving on-screen instructions. Hence, you can transfer your data files without complications within a few taps.
This Android-to-Android transfer app supports wireless connectivity. By scanning a QR code, you can build a connection between your two devices.
This tool also provides a quick data restore option. Restoring your data can eradicate the risks of permanent data loss.
This tool does not support the transfer of audio or music files.
Do you want to know about another advanced data transfer app? Zapya is one of the advanced Android-to-Android data transfer apps containing various features. For example, you can enhance the storage capacity of your device by using a USB drive.
Moreover, it supports app sharing that lets users share applications with their friends in .apk format. This data transfer tool's enhanced Android support ensures secure file transfer between devices.
Zapya can boost your work productivity through the feature of bulk transfer. This option allows you to share multiple files at once without any restrictions.
The “Install All” feature allows you to install all the applications from your old Android to the new one.
Sometimes, this app shows glitches and crashes during the transfer process.
Smart Transfer provides the fastest transfer speed with cross-platform compatibility. It has a 40 Mb/s speed that allows you to send media files to your friends within seconds. The bulk file transfer feature lets you send and share multiple files simultaneously.
Furthermore, it does not require a Wi-Fi connection, data usage, or USB cables. Along with media files, you can also transfer text and MMS messages to your new Android device without any difficulty.
The smartphone cloning feature lets you transfer all your data in one step. Moreover, it supports various languages such as German, Spanish, Chinese, etc.
It also works as a file organizer, as you can move, delete, and rearrange files on your device.
This Android-to-Android data transfer app contains tons of ads disrupting the user experience.
Data transfer apps are necessary for this age to secure file transfer. To help you, this article has highlighted the top four data transfer tools. These transfer tools are available on Google Play Store, which you can easily download on Android. However, if you want the best user experience and multiple features, MobileTrans is the top-rated app.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our raspberry pi 4 tutorial. In the previous tutorial, we learnt how to interface a gas sensor with a pi 4. However, in this tutorial will cover how to automate your home with a Raspberry Pi and Bluetooth Low Energy. To automate a home means to mechanize its environment, including the appliances within it. To that end, we've designed an intelligent lamp whose functionality can be adjusted from afar via a companion mobile app.
Using your smartphone, you'll be able to manage a variety of household gadgets. The following code demonstrates using a mobile device as a remote controller for a Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins. (Or another BleuIO Dongle).
The recently introduced Raspberry Pi 4 will serve as our testbed, but the lessons learned here should apply to any Pi board. You'll need these things if you want to follow along:
Raspberry Pi 4B
Micro SD Card
Micro SD Card Reader
Power Supply
Ethernet Cable
As a result of its low price and excellent integration, the Raspberry Pi has quickly become a popular platform. This board has Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity.
Bluetooth functionality on the Raspberry Pi is variant-specific.
The Raspberry Pi has a built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy chipset so that you can connect wirelessly. Depending on the motherboard, different chipsets may be supported. Previously, Raspberry Pi 3A utilized Broadcom's BCM43438 chipset, but now it uses Cypress's CYW43455 chipset, which adds compatibility for 802.11ac and dual-band Wi-Fi. (2.4GHz and 5GHz).
For Bluetooth support, all Raspberry Pi models use the free and open-source BlueZ stack. Although this stack has been around for quite some time, it only recently began supporting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), so it has some limits and occasional errors. BlueZ should be rigorously tested in a production environment before being deployed.
Raspberry Pi's Bluetooth 5.0 compatibility is minimal and only includes minimum functionalities. Most notably absent is Long Range support, which means you can't take advantage of the Coded PHY for a particularly outstanding range. Combination Wi-Fi and Bluetooth chipsets rarely include this function.
It's important to talk about performance before we dive into actually using the Raspberry Pi. After all, with it, even one of our guides would be complete. The Raspberry Pi's performance and low price have made it a popular gateway system in recent years. We've incorporated it into a couple of other projects ourselves.
The good news is that the Pi uses Broadcom and, more recently, Cypress chipsets, which provide decent RF performance and features. Support for some devices' higher-frequency 5 GHz WI-Fi channel helps keep the BLE-optimized 2.4GHz spectrum free of interference. Since it is a single-chip solution, interference can be minimized by using the Coexistence feature. The most severe issue is the Raspberry Pi's tiny antenna. The GPIO connector pins enclose this antenna to some extent. Both can affect performance, but the RPI base doesn't reveal specifics on antenna radiation.
Due to several factors, the antenna of a Raspberry Pi cannot be altered.
Soldering an antenna is required because there is no actual connection.
The presence of an external antenna is not shown in the Raspberry Pi certification. The FCC and other credentials are void if the board is altered in any way.
The Raspberry Pi devices' Bluetooth LE range is adequate but not great; it cannot compete with a more advanced system with an additional antenna. To extend the range of your device control beyond a single room, you'll need to either add another radio or devise another solution.
In light of the preceding, it could be an effective method for managing electronics inside the house. Let's get started with Raspberry Pi automation right away.
If you're starting with a working Raspberry Pi, you may jump to the section titled "Installing the BlueZ Bluetooth Stack on the Raspberry Pi."
The Raspberry Pi utilizes a unique flavor of Linux. We'll be installing Raspbian. The SD Card image file must be downloaded before it can be written to the card.
Raspbian Buster, published in July 2019, is the most recent version of this guide's publication.
As a result of its superior speed, the Torrent protocol comes highly recommended. After downloading, unpack the archive into a new directory.
Depending on your system, you can create the Raspbian SD card. The quickest method to achieve this in Windows is as follows:
Win32DiskImager-1.0.0-binary.zip is the recommended version of Win32DiskImager; download it here.
Connect your microSD card to your computer with an external MicroSD Card reader.
Run Win32DiskImager.exe, navigate to the Raspbian is img file within the zip archive, and then pick the appropriate drive corresponding to the micro SD card.
The next step is to select Write to start composing. The process of writing will now begin. The time required for this operation is highly variable and depends on the speed of the memory card and the reader.
As there are a few moving parts, we suggest following the installation procedures found in Installing OS images on Linux.
Several methods for interacting with the Raspberry Pi, such as a mouse and keyboard. However, we typically utilize Serial Port or SSH due to the speed of the command line.
A universal serial bus to UART converter cable is required to access the Raspberry Pi's command prompt. Mouser, Digikey, and many other retailers sell all of these components. Some suggestions are provided below.
Mouser - TTL-232R-3V3-WE
Adafruit - FTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable
SparkFun - FTDI Cable 5V VCC-3.3V I/O
3.3V I/O is the norm for Raspberry Pi cables. These cables require severing the ends and correctly connecting them. We employ the FTDI TTL-232R-3V3-WE cable here.
The TTL-232R-3V3-WE only has three pins, which are all depicted in the above diagram. The cables themselves are colored black, yellow, and orange. A 6-pin connector is pre-soldered to some wires, but you cannot use it because the pinout is incorrect. Instead, you must snip them and solder in some female jumper wires, as demonstrated below.
The Raspberry Pi's serial console output is turned off by default. As a means of making this possible:
Remember to put the Memory card into your computer. Two partitions should be displayed, one of which is the boot partition.
In the boot partition's cmdlineargs.txt file, append the following lines:
enable_uart=1
This way, you won't have to worry about using SSH, getting disconnected, etc., before using serial. Instead, if you're interested in utilizing SSH, read on for instructions.
Make a folder in the boot section and name it SSH. The file should be called "SSH"; no quotes or extensions are necessary. To create a new SSH file, right-click the Boot drive folder in Windows, select New, and then Text Document. Respond with "Yes" when prompted by Windows to allow the extension.
Warning: syncing may fail if you don't eject (Windows) or unmount (Linux/Mac) the SD card now.
The Raspberry Pi can be set up by connecting an Ethernet cable, a 5V power supply, and an SD card. All of the board's LEDs should be functioning.
Connecting via Serial will bring up the Raspberry Pi interface, where you can log in with the details provided up top. Check the pin connections and swap the TX and RX wires if necessary if no prompt appears.
You'll have to know the Raspberry Pi's IP address in order to connect to it via SSH. It can take time to locate. Among the methods we employ is a rapid network scan using NMAP to identify any devices that may be present. Raspberry Pi will announce its identity and IP address. The MAC address assignments are also viewable via the router interface.
To connect to the device via Serial or SSH, you'll need a program like PuTTY. Follow this link to download PuTTY:
For the 64-bit version, click the link mentioned above. You can skip setting up PuTTY. Turn on PuTTY, and then either
To connect to the Raspberry Pi, you must first enter its IP address into the SSH client.
(Serial) Use 115200 baud and the COM port your USB - UART converter is connected to, then click Open.
Use the default credentials of "pi" and "raspberry" to log in.
Certain things must be taken care of before we begin tinkering with BLE on the Pi 4. Let's make more room for our files by increasing the size of the file system with the help of the Raspbian configuration utility.
sudo raspi-config
In the option that appears, choose Expand Filesystem under the advanced tab. To save your changes, please click back and then Complete. The Raspberry Pi must then be rebooted to ensure the settings have taken effect.
sudo reboot
Using SSH? You'll need to reconnect. Right-click the PuTTY window and choose "Restart Session" for a quick restart.
It's time to install BlueZ on our Raspberry Pi now that it's all setup. Open-source framework Bluetooth stack BlueZ was previously mentioned. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has already taken care of the low-level configuration of the Wi-Fi / Wirelessly chipset. You need to set things up as though it were a bespoke hardware platform, like others with which we've previously worked.
Firmware is stored in read-only memory (ROM) on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth chipsets and their hybrid versions. The ROM firmware requires updates and bug patches. The RPI foundation already installed these fixes and upgrades when it installed the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi drivers. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to revise it. Therefore we bring it up. Fortunately, we can skip taking action, as the predefined values are adequate.
BlueZ will need to be installed manually, even though Bluetooth packages are already available for download in Raspbian. You should be able to update to the most recent version, install updates, and possibly alter the build to add desired functionality. The BlueZ version and its prerequisites must be installed for this to work. To get your hands on BlueZ's underlying code, follow the links below. Please take note that the current stable version of BlueZ is 5.50.
cd ~
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/bluetooth/bluez-5.50.tar.xz
tar xvf bluez-5.50.tar.xz
The preceding commands download and extract the BlueZ source code; in this example, version 5.50 of BlueZ will be used. The Raspberry Pi's processing power is sufficient for compiling BlueZ locally, and a cross-compile system adds extra work and optional complexity. The following dependencies must be installed to build on the RPI:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y libusb-dev libreadline-dev libglib2.0-dev libudev-dev libdbus-1-dev libical-dev
Following the completion of the prerequisites, we will proceed with configuring, building, and installing BlueZ:
cd bluez-5.50
./configure --enable-library
The software known as "Configure" ensures that all prerequisites for a build are present and generates any missing files. If you encounter a specific error, check the configure logs to determine if there is a missing requirement. There shouldn't be any problems now that we've installed everything.
You may now compile Bluez by running make:
make -j4
Time-wise, this build could be faster, but you can speed things up using four processor cores. During that period, the RPI could rise to dangerous levels.
We must now implement it into the system. We can use the following command to ensure that the BlueZ tools we developed are used whenever possible.
Sudo make install
Once BlueZ has been installed, we can check to see if we have the correct version:
This verifies the currently installed version was the one we coded.
Gaining familiarity with fundamental instructions and the operation of BlueZ will be beneficial. To begin, BlueZ has a set of tools that will be used to link and manage various gadgets. A few of the most popular utilities are as follows:
The hciconfig tool has informed us that the hci0 interface provides the Bluetooth functionality provided by the BT adapter. Yes, that user interface is what we'll be utilizing.
If there are any instances when we need to loop the interface, we can bring it down and put it back up again.
If the interface is acting erratically, try the reset procedure described above.
To locate nearby BLE devices and pair with them, we can use the hcitool program:
An LE Scan was requested above by calling the hcitool with the scan hci0. The MAC address of any adjacent devices is shown.
Let's start hooking up on BLE gadgets now that we know their addresses. Since we will also be changing the GATT settings on a BLE device, we will use the gatttool program. While hcitool can execute Traditional Bluetooth and BLE HCI instructions, it cannot control the GATT tool independently.
gatttool has an interactive and non-interactive mode of operation. With the console's interactive way, you may send commands and converse with the machine. You must exit the game to get back to the main menu.
It's crucial to prevent the command from exiting independently while performing it. If you interrupt a command with CTRL+C, the hci interface may enter an unexpected state. In that instance, cycling power to the interface off and on may be of assistance.
The preceding code is typical; however, the -t argument indicates whether the device's IP address is random or accessible to the public. Assigned IEEE media access control (MAC) addresses are used for public addresses. Addresses when the media access control (MAC) is set randomly, as is typically the case with BLE devices.
If you're having problems, try connecting to the device using public or random if you're having problems.
Literacy in reading and writing to traits is a crucial skill. Using the gatttool's interactive features
Dwad
Another method for obtaining data from Bluetooth devices while using minimal power is subscribing to notifications. Any time a piece of hardware has something new to report—data or an alert—it can send a message.
The Client Config characteristic descriptor must be updated with the proper flags to enable notifications.
We touched on the Raspberry Pi's performance issues at the outset of this piece, and you may have noticed that the range is relatively restricted, depending on the device. It isn't the only thing to think about. Because of its narrow temperature range, the Raspberry Pi has some severe drawbacks. The operating temperature of the newest Raspberry Pi 4, which is 0 to 50 degrees Celsius, can only be used in climate-controlled environments. We've had more success with bespoke heatsinks and fans to boost performance, but testing is required before deployment can be assured.
Here are some things to keep in mind if you want to get the best outcomes possible from a Raspberry Pi deployment:
Reducing the quantity of data carried via Wi-Fi networks operating in the 2.4GHz range.
Using Ethernet or the 5GHz spectrum can help prevent interference.
This Raspberry Pi home automation circuitry enables control from a mobile device. The following circuit describes how to attach the relay to the Raspberry Pi.
Follow this step: Plug the BleuIO Dongle into your Raspberry Pi.
To use a specific GPIO pin, change the value of the switch variable in the script. (A graphical representation of the board's GPIO pins is available via the pinout command.)
To begin, plug in the BleuIO dongle.
Write 0x01 to the Flow Control feature to make BleuIO listen for orders (UUID: 0783b03e-8535-b5a0-7140-a304d2495cb9)
The GPIO can now be controlled by writing to the Server RX Data attribute (UUID: 0783b03e-8535-b5a0-7140-a304d2495cba).
“SW=1” for ON
“SW=0” for OFF
# import GPIO and datetime
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import datetime
# set GPIO numbering mode and define output pins
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(37,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(38,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(40,GPIO.OUT)
# Turn lights on and off based on the time
try:
while True:
now = datetime.datetime.now().time()
if now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 5:
GPIO.output(40,True)
elif now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 6:
GPIO.output(38,True)
elif now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 7:
GPIO.output(40,False)
GPIO.output(38,False)
finally:
# cleanup the GPIO before finishing :)
GPIO.cleanup()
Here's the python code for controlling lights in your home with a smartphone app using a Raspberry Pi as a hub for automation.
import time
import serial.tools.list_ports
import serial
import RPi.GPIO as io
switch = 7 # Edit this to suit your setup! (7 = GPIO 04), use command pinout to show you the GPIO pins for the board graphically
io.setmode(io.BOARD)
io.setup(switch, io.OUT)
master_array = []
index = 1
dongle_port = ""
print("\nWelcome to BleuIO RaspberryPi Switch Example!\n")
print("\nPlease insert dongle...")
try:
while len(master_array) == 0:
m_ports = serial.tools.list_ports.comports(include_links=False)
for port in m_ports:
if str(port.hwid).__contains__("VID:PID=2DCF"):
master = port.device + " " + port.hwid
if master.__contains__("VID:PID=2DCF:6002"):
print("Found dongle in port: %s" % port.device)
master_array.append(master)
dongle_port = port
break
for dongle in master_array:
print("\nConnecting to BleuIO @ %s\n" % dongle)
time.sleep(0.5)
dongle_conn = Serial.Serial(
dongle_port.device,
115200,
timeout=1,
)
if not dongle_conn.is_open:
dongle_conn.open()
print("Starting Advertising...")
dongle_conn.write("AT+GAPDISCONNECTALL\rAT+DUAL\rAT+ADVSTART\rATI\r".encode())
read_tries = 0
dongle_resp = ""
while read_tries < 20:
dongle_resp = dongle_conn.readline().decode()
if "Not Advertising" in dongle_resp:
dongle_conn.write("AT+ADVSTART\r")
if b"Advertising\r\n" in dongle_resp.encode():
break
read_tries += 1
time.sleep(0.01)
if dongle_resp:
print("BleuIO is %s" % dongle_resp)
else:
print("ERROR! No response...")
exit()
print(
"Going into a loop, waiting for the signal to turn the switch on/off...\n(Press Ctrl+C to abort)."
)
while True:
try:
dongle_resp = dongle_conn.readline().decode()
if "SW=0" in dongle_resp:
print("Turn Switch off!")
io.output(switch, io.LOW)
if "SW=1" in dongle_resp:
print("Turn Switch on!")
io.output(switch, io.HIGH)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
if dongle_conn.is_open:
dongle_conn.write("AT+GAPDISCONNECTALL\rAT+ADVSTOP\r".encode())
dongle_conn.close()
io.cleanup()
print("\nBye!")
exit()
except Exception as e:
print("(ERROR: %s)" % (e))
In conclusion, controlling household appliances with a Raspberry Pi 4 with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) capabilities is an efficient and hassle-free option. A Raspberry Pi 4 equipped with the appropriate hardware and software may connect with and remotely control various BLE-enabled devices.
Using a Raspberry Pi 4 and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), users may command their household appliances from their smartphone or a web interface, and the Pi will carry out the commands. This allows for a versatile and adaptable method of managing lights, thermostats, and smart plugs.
Home automation enthusiasts may find that programming a Raspberry Pi 4 with BLE to operate their household gadgets is a fun and rewarding do-it-yourself project. Developing a highly effective system that can improve the quality of one's life requires skill, expertise, and access to the necessary materials. In the following tutorial, we will learn how to buid an IOT-based weather station in pi 4.
Hey learners! Welcome to the following lecture on Python, where all the examples are practically explained with the help of the Jupyter notebook. We have been working with the data types for a long time, and now we know all the basics about them. There are certain concepts that are applicable to almost all sequences, but there are some rules for performing this function. Python has many concepts that are unique and simple, and if we talk about the slicing of the data type, other high-level languages such as C++ have the same concept, but Python gives the easiest way to do so. How we will work on different data types to check whether they support the slicing or not. In this way, we can revise the concept that we have been working on so far. Nevertheless, before that, you have to check the list of content given next:
What is "slicing" in Python?
Can we slice any sequence?
What are the methods to use for the slicing process?
How do we use the colon to slice the lists?
Describe the process of using the colon in different ways and slice the sequence.
How do we use the slicing function on the arrays?
Can we use Numpy to slice the sequence?
How do you slice the tuple for slicing the sequences?
We are all familiar with the slicing of bread, and the same concept is related to the slicing of a sequence with the help of different procedures. As we sliced the things and then picked the required ones for our usage, in this lecture we will slice the sequences(that are mutable or immutable in different ways). It is an important concept in programming especially if we talk about Python. There are different ways to introduce the slicing of data types:
"Slicing is a mechanism in Python that allows you to extract a portion (or a subset) of a sequence, such as a string, list, or tuple."
Slicing allows you to extract a portion of a sequence by specifying the start and end indices, allowing you to extract a contiguous portion of the sequence. There are different ways of slicing the data types, and we will go through all the important types that we have learned in this course.
There are certain ways to perform the same operation in a different way while you are programming. This is a plus point of Python it provides programmers to work in uncomplicated ways. People with prior experience in programming will find it super easy to slice the data types. There are two options for using the slicing mechanism mentioned below:
Slicing through colon
Slicing through function
There are still more types and ways to perform these functions, and we will try our best to perform all of you to show you the perfect way for every type of slicing you want according to your requirements. Moreover, it becomes easy to perform the complex problems when you know more than one solution in programming.
The first data type that will be sliced here is the list. We know lists are described by square brackets, and in Python, slicing of the list is a common practice because a large amount of data is stored in the lists; therefore, to perform efficient operations, we need the slicing often. The first example of the slicing of sequences is given next:
This is the first style of slicing a sequence with the help of a colon. It is the simplest way to use the colon for slicing a long sequence, and the following syntax is used in it:
Name=[start;end]
Where,
name = "Name of the sequence declared before using this function."
start= It denotes the starting point for our sequence.
end: The point at which our chosen area must come to an end.
So let's try the example to check the results.
#starting a new list to be sliced
myList = [22,8,11,9,44,11,22,89,4,90]
#slicing the list from the first to the fourth element
result=myList[1:4]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, only a small portion is obtained as expected.
We have seen a simple example till now but what if we want the variation? Programming is not an easy job and not every time do we need to simply put the portions of a list into different programs, but most of the time we have to pick the specific entries of the lists. For this, Python has another option for programmers. Simply by adding another parameter to the previous case, we can get the variations in the results according to our choice in the following way:
#starting a new birthday party list to be sliced
myList = ["balloons", "party hats", "cake", "candle", "drinks", "plates"]
#slicing the list to get from the first six elements at the step size of two elements
result=myList[1:6:2]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, in this case, we have seen the list in which the items from the birthday party were saved, and we wanted to get a final list that had the items from the parent list by ignoring the odd indexed elements and printing only the even indexed elements. We have taken this simple example to make sure you get the concept of the difference between the types of slicing discussed so far.
If you have run the previous code, has the question popped into your mind as to what the other way to do so is? Well, yes, as we always say, programming gives you multiple options. If, in any case, the programmer is not able to use the start and end points and wants the whole sequence with steps, the other way to do so is to use the double colon. The simple code is given next:
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the whole set with three steps till the end.
result=myList[::3]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
Here the procedure is simple and we are getting the required elements according to the need.
Another method to get the same results as in the first case is to use the negative indices. This option may seem different and weird, but in programming, having more options for the same task gives programmers more opportunities to use their creativity in a different way. Let’s prove this with an example:
#starting a new list with the floats in it to be sliced
myList = [23.8,44.8, 120.7, 226.90, 11.7, 118.90,12.55,1.3,77.3,119.1,23.90,31.66,119.4,12.65,11.4]
#slicing the list to get the 6th to 1st element from the end.
result=myList[-6:-1]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, the programmers can access the data from any side of the sequence easily, according to their needs. This way to slice the arrays has many interesting and fantastic applications in image processing.
The next type to be discussed is the one where only one number and one column are enough to slice the element. The limitation of this method is that the output contains all the elements from the side we started to the ending point, or, as we can say, this is the best way to get the left or right part of the sequence by using merely the starting or ending point and using the colon. The syntax to do this is
Name[start:]
Name[:end]
Here, two cases are discussed. Take the example of a long list where the requirement is to obtain the first five elements only, then the following code will be used:
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the first four elements from the end.
result=myList[:4]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
As you might expect, the next case is diametrically opposed to the one just discussed. If a person wants to get the second half of the same message, then we have to count ourselves and enter the number of elements that we want to print from the end.
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the last five elements from the end.
result=myList[5:]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
Hence, the result we wanted to get is here on the screen. This gives a quick and easy way to print the entire length of the sequence.
To slice the sequence, there is a special function that we have also mentioned in this lecture. Using the function is uncomplicated; just feeding the data is in the function's syntax, and the programmers do not need any special declarations before it. The procedure is the same as what we have discussed so far, and therefore, to make things simple, we will use the single code for different types of applications in the slice function.
#importing the double array from the NumPy library
import numpy as NumPy
#decalring the new array
myArray = NumPy.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])
#Printing the first to the fourth index of the array using the slice function
result=myArray[0, 1:4]
print("Result= ", result)
#slicing both arrays at the same time and printing output
result=myArray[0:2, 1:5]
print("Result= ", result)
The following points are an extraction of the contents of this code:
The library in NumPy can be used to slice the sequences.
The double array is possible to import from NumPy.
The slicing of an array is possible using NumPy.
It is up to the programmer if he wishes to get the result from the single array or both of the arrays.
The index is used in the slice function, but not the position.
A tuple is another sequence that can be sliced. The procedure is the same, but we will use different ways to use the function in this example.
#creating a new tuple having different data types in it
tuple = ("apple", "balloons", 32.2, "cat",12, "dog", "ear",23,"fruits","guitar","hen",1)
#using the slice function to get the third and fifth elements only
x = slice(3, 5)
print("Element at index three and five= ", tuple[x])
#using the slice function with the steps to get the required output
x = slice(1, 7, 3)
print("Sliced the tuple to get the result using step function= ", tuple[x])
Hence, tuples can easily be sliced using the function, and we have used it here because we wanted to save multiple types of data in the same sequence.
Consequently, it was an informative lecture with a lot of examples and concepts. The start was full of an introduction to the slicing process and why we need the slice function in Python programming. After that, we learn different ways to use the colon for slicing. Although the concept was sometimes discussed in the previous lectures as well as here, we purely focused on the slicing, and it was interesting to see the examples of different data types such as sets, arrays, and tuples. We have a lot to learn in Python, so stay with us for the next lecture.
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The inherent durability of sheet metal makes it one of the most preferred materials for making electronic components. Aluminum or stainless steel sheet metal has excellent strength and resistance qualities, ensuring the durability and dependability of the finished products. In the electronic industry, where components must withstand a variety of mechanical stresses and environmental conditions, this durability is essential. Manufacturers can create durable and resilient components that satisfy exacting quality standards by utilizing sheet metal solutions.
High levels of precision can be achieved through sheet metal fabrication, which is a significant additional advantage. Advanced computer numerical control (CNC) systems, which provide unmatched accuracy and repeatability, are used in modern manufacturing processes. Each component will be manufactured to the required specifications thanks to these systems' ability to precisely cut and shape sheet metal enclosure for example, in accordance with complex designs and close tolerances. Manufacturers can produce components with minimal error thanks to the precision provided by sheet metal solutions, which also lowers the need for rework and increases overall productivity.
Additionally, the flexibility of sheet metal fabrication enables the creation of intricate designs. Contrary to conventional production techniques like injection molding or die casting, sheet metal solutions provide the adaptability to support complex and multifaceted designs. Manufacturers can use this capability to produce electronic components with distinctive shapes and features, giving them a competitive advantage in the market. Sheet metal fabrication can make intricate enclosures, heat sinks, or connectors as well as other complex designs.
The incorporation of sheet metal solutions also boosts the effectiveness of production. The manufacturing workflow is streamlined through the use of CNC machines and automated procedures, lowering human error and shortening production time. Sheet metal fabrication enables the production of complex components more quickly because it can handle multiple operations in a single setup. Additionally, manufacturers can meet high volume demands without sacrificing quality thanks to the scalability of sheet metal production. Companies can boost production capacity, reduce lead times, and maintain competitiveness in the market for electronic components by optimizing the manufacturing process.
Any manufacturing process must be cost-effective, and sheet metal solutions excel in this area as well. Sheet metal fabrication frequently turns out to be more cost-effective than other manufacturing processes, especially for large production runs. Utilizing effective CNC systems decreases material waste because careful cutting reduces the need for extra material. Additionally, sheet metal's adaptability enables the fusion of numerous components into a single structure, lowering labor and assembly costs. The readily available and affordable sheet metal materials have competitive pricing, which is also advantageous to manufacturers.
Beyond production, sheet metal solutions are used in the manufacture of electronic components. Due to their compatibility with other materials and manufacturing techniques, sheet metal components can be easily integrated into a variety of devices. Sheet metal solutions offer the flexibility necessary for seamless integration, whether it is a consumer electronic device, medical instrument, or industrial control system. Due to their ability to innovate and create products that satisfy particular application needs, manufacturers are able to successfully compete in the market.
The industry for electronic components is driven by innovation. To stay ahead of the competition, one must be able to quickly prototype and iterate designs. Manufacturers can speed up prototyping with the help of sheet metal solutions.
Manufacturers can quickly convert digital designs into physical prototypes by using CAD software and CNC machines. This shortens the time needed to introduce new electronic components to the market by enabling quicker testing, validation, and iteration of concepts. Manufacturers can be more innovative, flexible, and responsive thanks to the accelerated prototyping process, which ultimately results in the creation of cutting-edge electronic components.
The industry for producing electronic components has undergone a revolution owing to the adoption of sheet metal solutions. The inherent strength, accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of sheet metal fabrication provide a flexible strategy that satisfies the needs of contemporary electronic devices. Intricate and complex components that meet strict quality standards can now be produced by manufacturers. The incorporation of sheet metal solutions improves the robustness and dependability of electronic components, guarantees design accuracy, boosts production efficiency, and provides affordable manufacturing methods. With its compatibility and adaptability, sheet metal transforms into a crucial tool for improving the production of electronic components in the rapidly evolving technological environment of today.