The Engineering Projects

Introduction To TLS, SSL, and HTTPS

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great in your home. In today’s tutorial, we are going to look at a detailed Introduction to TLS, SSL, and HTTPS. Let’s break down what HTTPS, SSL, and TLS really mean, how they work, and why encryption is so important. Have you ever wondered why some web addresses are different from others?  Let’s discuss it with detail.

What is TLS, SSL and HTTPS

Online attacks are increasing day by day and easy to execute. Because of this, businesses around the world are heavily scrutinizing online transactions involving confidential data to ensure that customers are as secure as possible. Websites without proper security are leaving valuable digital assets vulnerable. Hackers can target customers through email phishing campaigns or intercept private information passed along through a site. All it takes is a single breach to devastate a business. If your website is not safe, secure, and reliable, users will likely avoid it.  In a nutshell, the internet can be a rather dangerous place. Over the past few years, Google has taken steps to shed light on this issue and keep everyone on the websafe. Google’s large browser market share means they have a significant influence on how the Internet operates and where it’s going in the future. Visual security indicators are more apparent now than ever to equip consumers with information to decide what companies they trust with their business. 

HTTPS 

(An example of a secure website from ssl.com) The very first part of every web address indicates whether the site uses Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS). In both instances, data is sent between your browser and the website you are on but HTTP websites are generally not considered encrypted or secure. Trust is the foundation of the Internet economy, and to ensure it, you need end-to-end security. HTTPS ensures that ongoing online communication between server and browser is encrypted and secure. Google also began to use HTTPS as a lightweight ranking signal in the search algorithm. Its algorithm prioritizes websites that used encryption, which, together with a whole variety of metrics, helps to outrank those without. 

SSL vs TLS 

Here is when Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) come into play. To establish an HTTPS connection, you will have to first purchase an SSL or TLS certificate from a trusted provider. Once the certificate is set up, data will be transmitted by using HTTPS which makes your website less vulnerable to cyber attacks.  SSL ensures secure communication almost the same way TLS does, and the differences between the two protocols are small and rather technical. Despite all the similarities they do differ from each other in some respects. Both protocols provide authentication and encryption when transferring data and work by tying a cryptographic digital key to a website’s identifying information. The Internet Engineering Task Force simply created TSL as the successor of SSL; therefore, nowadays, it is considered the encryption standard, although the term SSL is still widely used.  TLS, or the older SSL, both are technologies for encrypting the link between a web server and a web browser. When a browser accesses a server over HTTPS, a sequence called a “handshake” occurs, which establishes a cypher suite (a set of algorithms) for each communication. For the authentication, they utilize a pair of keys (a public key and private key, created together as a pair) that manage the connections. Public keys are encryption tools that use one-way encryption, while the original sender can “sign” data with a private key to secure it.  When you add a certificate to a website, you are encrypting sensitive information, which can include transaction and bank information, credit card information, usernames, passwords, contact information, or anything else being passed between a user and your site. With it, you safeguard your business and your customers’ information by making sure that any data transferred between parties remains impossible to read by hackers.  There are a few visual indicators that indicate a secure website. In addition to displaying your web address as HTTPS, all browsers will show the following trusted visuals cues: 

• Padlock / green browser bar 
• Company name 
• Trusted site seal 

Many browsers trigger security warnings when a user attempts to enter a site with an unsecured connection. Google Chrome, for example, flags all non-encrypted websites as unsafe and even displays a Non Secure warning to deter customers from visiting them. The goal is to have your website served to as many people as possible and to give customers a great experience as intended. 

TYPES OF CERTIFICATES 

Every website should have an SSL or TLS certificate, but there are a variety of certification options that differ in type, price, and level of validation. Any certificate will prevent browser warnings from driving traffic away from their sites, however, a website that deals with particularly sensitive information, such as an e-commerce site, requires a certificate that indicates a security standard with visual SSL indicators. When choosing the best SSL / TLS certificate, two aspects should be considered; validation level and functionality. 

Validation Level 

• Domain Validated (DV): requires proof of control over the domain. DV is a good, fairly easy option for small sites that don’t collect personal data. 
• Organization Validated (OV): requires light business authentication, which results in verified business information being listed in the certificate details. It is a good option for Enterprise environments and intranets. 
• Extended Validation (EV): because a trusted certificate authority has fully vetted your organization, browsers will give your website special treatment, displaying your organization's name in the address bar. 

Functional 

• Single-Domain (SD): can be installed on a single domain and is available at all three validation levels. 
• Multi-Domain (MD): can encrypt up to 250 domains with a single certificate. 
• Wildcard (WC): can secure a single domain and all accompanying first-level sub-domains, but is only available in DV and OV. 
• Multi-Domain Wildcards (MDWC): can encrypt up to 250 domains, plus any accompanying sub-domains, but is only available in DV or OV. 

There are free and cost-effective SSL solutions which satisfy the bare minimum requirements, but if you want your company to rise above the basic industry standards, as well as offer more security for your website and gain confidence in your brand, you should invest in the right certificate for your needs. 101domain offers a buyer’s guide that goes over everything you need to know to decide on your ideal certificate type. Since security certification is a dynamic and constantly evolving aspect of web security, it is essential to do your homework before you purchase just any SSL / TLS certificate.  This is all for today and if you have any question regarding this post, you can comment down below and ask me. I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019. The first printed circuit board was created by the Paul Eisler in 1943 until its creation it has become more sophisticated and advanced. Nowadays there are many types of PCB like single-sided, double-sided, multilayer PCB are exiting. The current PCB is available at less cost and more designing options than its creation time. If we look ten years back different PCB design like HDI (High-Density Interconnector), microvias, and  Field Programmable Gate Array were considered most expensive but nowadays they are easily available to all over the world. With the new inventions of electronic industries, the use and demand of PCB also increased. The basic element in every engineering project and the electronic component is printed circuit board over which all components of the circuit are designed. In today's post, we will have a look at the future of different PCB industries and their products. So let's get started with the Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019.

Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019

• The printed circuit board has future and its industry will grow widely in coming days as the electronic industry growing day by day and without PCB electronic devices can not be manufactured.
• Current PCB is available in very less price and different packages and also have space for further development in its designing and components attached to it.
• Due to different inventions in electronic industries, there is also variation in the design of PCB essential.

• There are also new manufacturing techniques introducing to industries due to different printed circuit board complicated structures.
• So we describe some areas that will explain the future of the printed circuit board and its industry.

PCBWay

• PCBWay is famous printed circuit board manufacturing company that provides PCB prototype, PCBA, SMD stencil and Flexible PCB packaging at the same time.
• This manufacturer provides its services to almost one seventy countries. It processing almost twenty-one hundred orders in a single day.

•  I have used many other PCB manufacturer's services for my projects, but I feel that PCBWay is best in all services like less price, order delivered in a given time, and all featured were present in the product that was I asked them to be added in my order.

• You can see in a given figure the PCB that I purchased from PCBWay.

• I am impressed with the quality of the boards, the delivery time and response to all my questions. Best price excellent service and speedy delivery. When I need another board I will certainly use this supplier.

• PCBWay strives to be the easiest manufacturer for you to work with. PCBWay – PCB Prototype the Easy Way!
• The main products manufactured by the PCBWay are HDMI, Server board, lift CPU Main control board, punch CPU, Industrial Motherboard, Lenovo, DSP board, GPRS Communication Products, wifi Module.

PCB Board Cameras

• Such types of cameras that are assembled on the circuitry board are known as PCB (printed circuit board) cameras.
• These cameras comprise on the aperture, image senor, and lenses and have the ability to make videoes and photos.
• The size of these cameras we can design according to our requirements. It means that we can construct a camera such size that can easily fit into the circuit of any electronic device like an example of this is a mobile camera.
• After the inventions of these cameras, they become very common for picture and video capturing. Nowadays their video and image quality has become very high than previous cameras.
• After few years board camera will further grow and many new features will come to these cameras that will also increase the features of electronic device that used this product.

3D Printed Electronics

• In the current era, one of the most interesting technology is three-dimensional printing. 3D printing technology is probably one of the most exciting technological innovations in recent years.
• Due to three-dimensional printing, numerous new innovations have been given to our electronic industries such as firearms and ammo.
• The three-dimensional printing is one of famous innovations of printed circuit boars like three dimensional PE, three dimensional (3D) printed electronics that are directing us how electric system will grow in the next few years.

• The three dimensional PE offers numerous scientific and assembling advantages to PCB users as well as PCB producers. Such as new design of PCB, high efficiency, etc.

PCB Autoplacers

• Most of the printed circuit board manufacturer use autoplacers for in their circuit board to this autoplacer will distribute the equal electronic functionality over the complete layout of the board. It makes the processing of circuit board easier.
• But the use of this component of the board is a little bit difficult and expensive, but its use increase processing speed by integrating electric and mechanical CAD (computer-aided design).

High-Speed Capabilities

• Nowadays everyone is trying to save his time and asking for everything to work fast as well operation of technology.
• To fulfil this faster operation demand of users there is need of variation in the features of a printed circuit board as it is the basic component in every electronic instruments and device.

Biodegradable PCBs

• Nowadays waste products of different electronic products and AKA e-waste (Byproducts from electronic gadgets are dangerous to our health and our climate) are a serious issue for us.
• This wastage material consists of electronic instruments like laptops, television, mobile phone and other portable instruments that consists of some elements that are not good for our health and environment.
• As this electronic wastage creating problem to reduce this e-scrapping has been used in different industries.
• The printed circuit board is a very important part of this electronic wastage some material used in the construction of PCB not disposed of properly so they make polluted our water and environment.

That is the detailed tutorial on the Future of Online PCB Industry in 2019 in this tutorial I have explained each and everything related to PCB and its future industry. If you have any question about it ask in comments.

Businesses Should Get the Help of a Ruby on Rails (RoR) Development Company

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Why Businesses Should Get the Help of a Ruby on Rails (RoR) Development Company. But before going into the details, let's first have a look at what is Ruby on Rails. Ruby On Rails is a server side web development framework, designed in Ruby Programming language and is distributed under MIT License. It was first emerged in 2000 and brought a revolution in web application development.

Basics of Ruby On Rails

• Ruby on Rails was first introduced in 2000, it was actually extracted by David Heinemeier Hansson from his own work named as Basecamp.
• It was properly launched in December 13, 2005 as an open source web development framework, and got immensely popular in web developers because of its flexibility & friendliness.

• Today, many successful online businesses are using this framework and are flourishing, few of them are:
  • Twitter.
  • Netflix.
  • Shopify.
  • Airbnb.
  • Twitch.
• Latest version of Ruby on Rails was released on August 16th, 2019, named as Ruby on Rails 6.0.

Why use Ruby on Rails ?

• According to a survey in 2017, conducted by Stack Overflow, Ruby on Rails is in top 10 most popular programming languages.
• There are many factors involved, in making Ruby that popular, let's have a look at them one by one:

Time Efficient

• If you ask from any ror development company, then they will agree on the fact that Ruby reduces the development time by 25% to 40%.
• That's because, it has a wide developers community and a lot of pre-built plugins, which can easily be utilized & hence saves a lot of time.

Framework Consistency

• Ruby on Rails Framework is too consistent in its operation and emphasizes on Convention over Configuration.
• Because of its consistency, it's quite easy for the developers to understand pre-designed applications and then make amendments according to their requirements.

App Customization

• Ruby on Rails got extensive online developers community and they are keep on launching new features in it.
• So, if you are planning on adding some new feature in your Ruby App, then you should first make an online search, as I am sure it has already been designed for you.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) Development Company

• Now the question arises that if Ruby on Rails is that simple & efficient, then Why we need to Get Help of a Ruby on Rails (RoR) Development Company.
• If you already have your website setup on some other platform, such as Wordpress, Laravel etc. then it's quite difficult & time consuming to completely transfer it to Ruby platform.
• So, it's always a best practice to first hire some professional ror development company, which could provide you the complete App and after that you can hire professionals for tweaking purposes.
• Hiring a professional, not only saves time but also reduces the security glitches/loopholes.
• If you work on it on your own, then there's a massive chance that you left some loopholes in your application for the hackers and they exploit your web App using those loopholes.
• So, because of security & time issues, it's always best to hire professionals, get your App completed and flourish your business.

So, that was all for today. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and we will try to resolve them as soon as possible. Till next tutorial, take care & have fun !!!

Introduction to ADC0804

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to ADC0804. In electronic engineering different modules used to conversion of analog signal into a digital signal. These tools are recognised as analog to digital converter or ADC. Thes signal converter also used to find the value of input current and voltage. Normally the output of these converters are 2 binary numbers but other values are also possible. These analog to digital converter are available in different structure scheme but mostly they are available in integrated circuits packaging. The working ability of these signal converter depends on their bandwidth and signal to noise ration (SNR). Their bandwidth can be fined by their sample rate (sample rat is the elimination of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal). The signal to noise ratio can be measured by the resolution (resolution of the converter designates the number of discrete values it can create over the series of analog values), accuracy of signal, aliasing (It is an effect that makes different signals to become indistinguishable). In today's post, we will have a look ADC0804 analogue to digital converter, its pinout working, applications, advantage and some other related parameters. So let's get started with Introduction to ADC0804.

Introduction to ADC0804

• The ADC0804 is integrated circuitry that used to transform anlog input into the digital output. This eight-bit analog to digital converter has twenty pinouts.
• This integrated circuit is mostly used in different microcontrollers such as Raspberry Pi etc. To triggering this ADC module there is no need of external clock this module has its own clock.

• This component is the best choice if you are looking such analog to digital converter having the finest resolution and eight bits.
• Earlier microcontrollers do not consist of analoge digital converter that used separate hardware for this purpose but currently, microcontrollers comprise of the ADC converter.
• These signal converter mostly used for temperature measurements like in homes or industries to measure the temperature of heating elements used in different machines. In automobiles like a car, it also used for measurement of temperature.
• This module is not used only for the temperature calculation but used in such applications where analog signal is used.

Pinout of ADC0804

• These are the main pinouts of this module that are described here with the detailed.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Chip Select  Pinout	If more than one analog to digital converter is working with this module.
Pin#2	Read command pinout	This pinout should be grounded to read the analog signal.
Pin#3	Write command	For data, conversion this pinout has a large pulse.
Pin#4	Clock in command	The exterior clock signal can be linked at this pinout.
Pin#5	Interrupt	Interrupt command is provided at this pinout.
Pin#6	Vin positive	For differential analog input attach analog to digital converter here.
Pin#7	Vin negative	For differential analog input, link to ground terminals.
Pin#8	Gnd	At his pinout analog ground terminal is connected.
Pin#9	reference voltage	This pinout is used to provide reference voltage during analog to digital conversion.
Pin#10	Gnd	At this ground pinout, the digital ground is connected.
Pin#11 to 18	Data bit 0 to bit 7	Seven output Data bit pins from which output is obtained
Pin#19	Clock R	This is RC timing resistor input pinout for interior clock generator.
Pin#20	Data Pin 6	This pinout is used to connect input plus five volts for analogue to a digital module.

Features of ADC0804

• These are some features of ADC0804 that describe with detail.
• This module can easily connect with other microcontroller and can also work alone in any circuitry.
• This is eight-bit analog to digital converter module.
• At this module, interior clock exists there is no need of special clock oscillator.

• Its digital output values change from zero to two fifty-five volts.
• This module is available in twenty pinouts PDIP (dual inline packaging) and SOIC (small outline integrated circuits) packaging.
• It takes one hundred ten microseconds for the conversion of analoge to digital values.
• Its interior clock frequency is six fort kilo-hertz.
• It can measure the voltages from zero to five volts by operating on the five volts input supply.

Working of ADC0804

• Now we discuss the working of ADC0804 with the detailed.
• As we discussed above that this module consists of the interior clock and there is no need of any separate clock.
• But if for use of this interior clock we have to connect RC circuitry with this module. This module must be linked with the plus five volts power supply and both ground pinouts linked with the ground terminal of circuitry.
• For the construction of resistance-capacitor (RC) circuitry use ten-kilo resistance and capacitor of hundred pico-farads after that attached the pinouts CLK R and CLK in as shown in a given figure.
• The pinouts CS and R should be linked with the ground. The reference pinout is not connected with any point since it will be linked with the plus five volts.
• In given circuitry you can observe that the input analog voltage is provided at the IN (+) pinout and digital output will be obtained at the DB0 and DB7 pinouts.
• You can also see that the second terminal of a source is connected with the ground for analog to digital conversion.
• Before starting of analog to digital transformation the WR pinout should be high this condition can be obtained by linking this pinout with the input or output pinout of Microprocessing Unit and it set to high value.

• In the circuit you can also see that potentiometer is linked to varying the voltage from zero to five volts at the input pinout.
• In the given figure, you can also see that voltage value is 1.55 volts and its corresponding binary value is (01001111) .
• Now we discuss how we can  convert this binary value into the analog,
• As our binary value is (01001111)
• First of all, we convert it into decimal.

Binary  to Deci = (0 x128)+(1 x 64)+(0 x 32)+(0 x16)+(1 x 8)+(1 x 4)+(1 x 2)+(1 x1)

                                       =   79 Analoge value will be= Deci x step size

                             = (79) x (19.53)mV = (1.54)V

• As you can observe that obtained value is (1.54 volts) and 1,55 volts is measured value both of these are approximately close to each other.

Applications of ADC0804

• These are some applications of ADC0804, let's discuss with the detailed.
• It can function with an eight-bit processor.
•  Normally it used with the different microprocessors like Raspberry PI, Beagle Bone, etc.
• It can easily be linked with the sensing devices, voltage sources and transducers.

So, friends, it is the detailed tutorial on the ADC0804 if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller. This microcontroller is a new category of a microcontroller family it is a thirty-two-bit microcontroller also compatible with the ARM and Cortex M processor. Due to thirty-two bits compatibility, this module provides good performance, processing of digital signal and consumes less power and voltage. The modules used in most of the industries due to their compatibility with the cortex M0, M0+, M3, M4.

In today's post, we will have a look at its working, features, pinouts, applications and some other related parameters. So lets with the Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller.

Introduction to STM32 Microcontroller

• The STM32 is a type of microcontroller that offers the ARM Cortex-M thirty-two bits processor.
• This type of microcontroller is mostly used in different engineering projects.
•  This module has numerous series and parallel combinations for the connections so many other electronic devices can be linked with this module such as LCD display, a sensing module, electrical motors, etc.

• All modules of the STM32 are mounted with interior memory storage and random access memory (RAM).
• The price of some other STM family modules is higher. And STM series like STM32F0 and STM32F1 is consists of the twenty-four megahertz and sixteen pinouts.
• The STM32H7 modules use four hundred megahertz and have two forty pinouts at its casing.
• The sophisticated modules of STM series are used for FPU floating-point units applications where there is need of some special arrangements.

Pinout of STM32 Microcontroller

• Now we discuss the pinouts of STM32 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin names	Pin Types:	Parameters
IOREF	It is power pinout.	At his pinout reference, 3,3 volts are applied.
RESET	It is power pinout.	This pinout is used to reset the controller.
+3.3 volts	It is power pinout.	At this pinout, 3.3 volts are applied as output that can also be used to give input to the microcontroller.
+5 volts	It is power pinout.	This pinout is only for five volts outputs.
GND	It is power pinout.	It is ground pinout.
A0-A1	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinout, analogue voltage is found.
A4 and A5	Analog Pins and I2C	At this pinouts, I2C transmission of data is done A4 is SDA (Serial Data) pinout and A5 is SCL (Serial Clock) pinout.
D8-D15	Digital Pins and SPI	These are digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins.
AVDD	Digital Pins and SPI	At this pinout, the analogue reference voltage is applied.
GND	Digital Pins and SPI	It is ground pinout.
D13, D12. D11 and D10	Digital Pins and SPI	These pinouts work as SCK (serial clock), MISO (master in slave out), MOSI (master out slave in) and CS pins respectively for SPI communication.
D0 to D7	Digital Pins and USART	These pinouts are Digital GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins
D0 and D1	Digital Pins and USART	These pins act as Rx (receiver) and Tx (transmission) pins respectively for USART communication.
PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC10, PC11, PC12, PC13, PC14, PC15	These are Port pinouts	All these are digital pinouts of port c of the module.
PD2	It is Port pinouts	It is the input and output pinout of Port D.
PA0, PA1, PA4, PA13, PA14, PA15	These are Port pinouts	All of these are input/output pinouts of Port A.
PB7, PB8 and PB9	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of PORT B.
PH0 and PH1	These are Port pinouts	These are input/output pinouts of port H.
VBAT	It is power pinout.	This pinout used to provide power to the module form the battery.
+3.3 Volts	It is power pinout	This pinout provides 3.3 volts as output that can be used to power up the module.
+5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts output supply pinout.
VIN	It is power pinout	It is unregulated input power pinout.
RESET	It is power pinout	It used to Resets the microcontroller.
IOREF	It is power pinout	This is reference voltage pinout.
PC4, PC5, PC6, PC7, PC8, PC9	These are Port Pinouts	These are the input and output pinout of Port C.
PA2, PA3, PA4, PA6, PA7, PA10, PA11 and PA12	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port A inputs and outputs pinouts.
PB1, PB2, PB3, PB4, PB5, PB6, PB8, PB9, PB10, PB12, PB14, PB15	These are Port Pinouts	These are the Port B inputs and output Pinouts.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is five volts power pinout.
GND	It is power pinout	It used to ground the controller.
U5V	It is power pinout	It is analog ground pinout.

• Now we see the pinout diagram of STM32.

Applications of STM32

• These are some practical applications of STM32 that are described in detail.
• This module is used in less power consuming hand-held electronic devices.
• This microcontroller is also used in Robotics and different electronic projects.
• It is also used in system automation.

It is a detailed tutorial on the STM32 I have explained each and everything related to this microcontroller. I tried my level best to describe this module in the simplest way, but still, if you have any question and query about this module please as in comments. Thanks for reading.  see you in the next tutorial. Have a nice day.

Industries impacted by Virtual Reality

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at Industries impacted by Virtual Reality. Since its introduction to the mainstream a few years ago, VR technology has been raising excitement in anyone interested in fresh ideas. This concept might not be developing on the level we expected from the beginning. However, the potential of Virtual Reality shows great promise for some fantastic things we could be doing in the future, but even now there are many fields and industries where VR is becoming a real game-changer.

Architecture and engineering

There is a lot that VR-based tools can do for engineers, architects, planners, designers, constructors, and so on. It helps them deliver value and make their work easier and better. Just imagine a project of your own house coming to life in front of your eyes in a way the best computer programs won’t be able to match. VR can greatly improve all the stages of the design cycle like the initial concept, modeling, prototyping, reviewing structural weaknesses and similar, as well as serving as an invaluable training tool.

Entertainment

VR in the gaming industry is one of the most promising trends for video game development and a significant stream of revenue for this sector. It is believed that the annual worldwide proceeds from VR will reach 28 billion dollars in 2020, with $4.5 B coming from actual VR games. The technology is getting more recognition in other entertainment branches as well. Some music artists use VR gear to provide a more memorable experience from music concerts. It is also used similarly in theaters, museums, galleries, and amusement parks.

Education

The concept of learning has changed a lot because people can acquire knowledge in different ways. Many of them through the sense of sight. Applying solutions coming from Virtual Reality makes sense here, and it can transform learning processes for students and teachers. It allows them to have a fuller, more immersive experience and come into contact with excellent interactive content.

Tourism and marketing

Virtual Reality is a great way to showcase a product to potential customers to make them want it more. No wonder then that marketing was one of the first industries to embrace the new technology. Travel companies, especially, can find it useful to deliver realistic views of exotic locations, architectural monuments, and exciting places.

Introduction to PT2272

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to PT2272. It is a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) that use to design simple wireless controlling of instruments installed at some distance. This module is normally used for controlling the circuits of garage door, speed control of the fan, robots and for monitoring the alarm connected at different places for security purposes. This integrated circuitry uses non-variable code address and no built-in encryption due to these parameters it not used for such circuits where high security is need but uses only for small or less cost security circuits such as used in home security alarms etc. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout,  applications and some other related parameters. So let's get started with the Introduction to PT2272.

Introduction to PT2272

• The PT2272 is a decoder coupled with the PT2262 use the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique.
• The use of PT2262 with this module to work as a transmitter for the PT2272 that work as a receiver and decodes the data sent by the transmitter.
• The output pinouts of this module are transistor-transistor logic that can be connected with the other circuitry and microcontroller.

• The operating voltage of the transmitter (PT2262) is five volts to twelve volts dc and the operation voltage of PT2272 are also five volts dc.
• This module consists of twelve bits of tri-state address pinout that offers three hundred twelve address codes.
• This module has features like large no of output data pinouts, latching and temporary output.
• The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technique (CMOS) technique used in this module offered the use of less power, less sound to noise ratio, twelve tri-state address pinouts, six data pinouts many ranges of voltages operation.
• This integrated circuitry is the finest option for security circuits used in different vehicles like cars, door alarm, robotic controls and some other home automation circuits.

Pinouts of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
A0 to A5	Input pinout	These pinouts are address pinouts. All these six pinouts are used to get input coming from the transmitter and then encode the data.
A6/D5 ~ A11/D0	Input and output pinouts	These 6 pinouts are used for such data that has a large number of bits and also on the type of PT2272 module used.
DIN	Input pinout	When these pinouts are operating as inputs, these pins behave as tri-state input pinouts and every pin can set at the three different levels one, zero and floating. If we use these six pinouts as When used as output pins, these pins are driven to VCC if (1) the address decoded from the waveform that was received matches the address setting at the address input pins, and (2) the corresponding data bits received is a “1” bit. Otherwise, they are driven to VSS.
OSC 1	input pinout	It is oscillator pinout no one.
OSC 2	Output pinout	It is oscillator pinout number two. A specific value of resistance connected among them finds the value of the fundamental frequency of PT2272.
VT	Output	This pinout is used for the output gain
VCC	-	At this terminal positive input is provided.
VSS	-	This terminal is used to provide a negative supply.
NC	-	This is open pinout.

Features of PT2272

• These are some features of PT2272 that are described here with the detailed.
• This module used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technique.
• This module used a small amount of energy for its operation.
• Its provides larger immunisation from the noise.

• This module has twelve tri-state code address pinouts.
• This module has six data pinouts.
• Its operating volt re from four to fifteen volts.
• This module also consists of a single resistance oscillator.
• It is also available in dual in-line package and in small outline package.
• Its operating span is from five volts to twelve volts.
• Its input voltage is five volts dc.
• This module has already assembled light-emitting diode on its assembly.
• This module also has four outputs of transistor-transistor logic.
• Its transmitter is dimensions are thirty-six milli-meter by twenty-six milli-meters.
• Its receiver dimensions are forty-five to twenty-six millimetres.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of PT2272

• Now we discuss the ratings of PT2272 with the detailed.

Parameter	Symbol	Rating
Input Voltage	Input voltage denoted as VI.	The value of these voltages is -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.
Supply Voltage	Denoted as VCC	The value of voltage is -0.3 to 16 volts.
Storage Temperature	This temperature denoted as Tstg.	The temperature value is -65 to 150 Celsius.
Operating Temperature	It denoted as Topr.	Temperature value from -40  to +85 celsius.
Output Voltage	This voltage denoted as VO.	This temperature is from -0.3 VCC+0.3 volts.

DC Electrical Features of PT2272

• Now we discuss the pinouts of PT2272 with the detailed, that is described here with the detail.

Parameter	Symbol	Conditions
Supply Voltage	This voltage denoted as VCC.	-
Stand-by Current	This current is denoted as ISB.	The conditions for this voltage is VCC is twelve volts. DIN is zero volts. OSC1 is zero volts.
DOUT Output Driving Current	It denoted as IOH.	The voltage VCC is eight volts. The voltage VOH is four volts.
DOUT Output Sinking Current	It is denoted as IOL.	The value of VCC is five volts. The value of VOH three volts.
“H” Input Voltage	This input voltage is denoted as VIH.	VCC
“L” Input Voltage	VIL	VCC

Applications of PT2272

• These are some applications of PT2272 described with the detailed.
• It uses in circuits of a different security system.
• It is used in circuits of automatic on and off of garage door circuits.
• It used for the automatic control fan speed circuits.
• Security circuits of home.
• It used in different robotics circuits.
• It used in industries for the control of different machines.

It is the detailed tutorial on the PT2272 if you have any question about it ask in comments thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 20x4

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module. The LCD stands for liquid crystal display, which works on the light modulation features of liquid crystals. It is available in electronic visible display, video display and flat panel display. There are numerous categories and features are exist in markets of LCD and you can see it on your mobile, laptop, computer and television screen.

The invention of LCD gives new life to electronic industries and replaces lED and gas plasma techniques. It also replaces the CTR (cathode ray) tube that is used for visual display. The input power consumed by the liquid crystal display is less than the light-emitting diode and plasma display. In today's post, we will have a look at 20 x 4 LCD, its features, working, applications, and practical implementation in different electronic devices. So let's get started with the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module.

Introduction to 20 x 4 LCD Module

• In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows in display and in one row twenty characters can be displayed and in one display eighty characters can be shown.
• This liquid crystal module uses HDD44780 (It is a controller used to display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing.

• The liquid crystal display interfacing code is easily accessible. We just required eleven input and output pinouts for the interfacing of the LCD screen.
• The input supply for this module is three volts or five volts, with that module other components like PIC, Raspberry PI, Arduino.
• Thie electronic device can be used in different embedded systems, industries, medical devices, and portable devices like mobile, watches, laptops.
• Liquid crystal display works on two types of the signal first one is data and the second one is for control.
• The existence of these signals can be identified through the on and off condition of RS pinout. Data can be read by pushing the Read/write pinout.

20x4 LCD Pinout

• These are some pinouts of 20x4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	It is denoted as Vss	It is ground pinout potential at this pinout is zero.
Pin#2	It is denoted as Vdd	At this pinout, five volts are provided.
Pin#3	This pinout denoted as Vo	This pinout is used to set the contrast of the screen.
Pin#4	This pin denoted as RS	It is used to H/L register select signal.
Pin#5	It is denoted as R/W	It is used for H/L read/write signal.
Pin#6	This pinout denoted as E	It is used for H/L enable signal.
Pin#7-14	The pinouts from seven to fourteen are denoted as DB0 – DB7.	It is used for H/L data bus for 4-bit or 8-bit mode.
Pin#15	It identified as A (LED+)	It is used to set the backlight anode.
Pin#16	It is recognized as K (LED-).	It is used to set the backlight cathode.

Features of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some features of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.
• The most important feature of this module is that it can display 80 characters at a time.
• The cursor of this module has 5x8 (40) dots.
• This module already assembled the controller of RW1063.
• This module operates on the plus five volts input supply and can also work on the plus three volts.
• The plus 3-volt pinout can also be used for the negative supply.
• The duty cycle of this module is one by sixteen (1/16).
• The light-emitting diode of this module can get supply from the pinout one, pinout two, pinout fifteen, pinout sixteen, or pinout A and K.

Electrical Characteristics of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some pinouts of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Input Voltage	It is denoted as VDD	The value of VDD is plus five volts.
Supply Current	It denoted as IDD	Its value is ten milliamperes.
LC Driving Voltage for Normal Temperature Version Module	Its symbol is VDD to V0.	Its value is 5.2 volts
LED Forward Voltage	It is denoted as VF.	Its value is 4.3V
LED Forward Current	It is denoted as IF.	Its value is 4.6V.
EL Supply Current	This pinout denoted as EL	VEL = 110 VAC, and four hundred frequency.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Now we discuss the maximum ratings of 20 x 4 LCD.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Working temperature	It is denoted as Top	Its value is zero to a plus fifty-celsius degree.
Storage Temperature	It is denoted as Tst.	Its value is minus twenty Celsius to plus seventy Celsius.
Supply Voltage for Logic	It is denoted as Vi.	Its minimum value is Vss and the maximum value is equal to Vdd volts.
Supply Voltage for liquid crystal display	It is denoted as Vdd or Vss.	Its value is three volts to thirteen volts.

Advantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some advantages of this module that are described in detail.
• It is less expensive, and lightweight as compared to the cathode ray tube display.
• It uses less power according to the brightness resolution.

• It produces less amount of heat due to less use of power.
• In this module, there is no geometric distortion.
• It can be constructed in any shape and size according to user requirements.
• The LCD used in the computer monitor uses twelve volts.

Disadvantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• Despite the advantages of this module, there are some problems created by this module that are described here.
• In some older LCD modules, there are some issues due to view angle and brightness.
• It loses brightness and operates at less response time with the increment of temperature.
• With the increment of the surrounding temperature, its contrast also disturbs.

It is a detailed tutorial on the 20x4 LCD module I have mentioned everything related to this Liquid crystal display. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Enums in C#

Hello friends, I hope you all are having fun. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at detailed Introduction to Enums in C#. It's our 23rd tutorial in C# series and this C# concept is quite easy one. It's normally used to give better meanings/understanding to your project. If you haven't studied lectures on C# Classes & C# Methods, then do read them first, as we are going to use them today. So, let's get started with Introduction to Enums in C#:

Introduction to Enums in C#

• Enums in C# ( short for Enumerations ) is a value type datatype for constants, created by using keyword enum and can be controlled by the class Enum. ( keyword with small e, while class with capital E )
• We can declare & implement Enums directly in C# Namespace, class or struct and the underlying type of an enum is integer.

• Enums are strongly typed so we can't implicitly convert them into any other Data Type. Although we can use explicit conversion to convert enums into integers etc. ( We studied it in Data Types Conversions and we will also look at it shortly )
• Let's understand this enum concept with an example, suppose we are working on some scheduling project and we need to print names of all days.
• As we know these names are constants, and are also occurring in a sequence, so we can create enums for them, as shown in figure on right side.
• There are 3 ways to create Enums as you can see in the figure.
• In the first enum declaration, I have simply added the data in the enum WeekDays. Although, I haven't added any index but still it got the index starting from 0 and then incremented automatically by 1, thorough out the enum, as its underlying type is integer.
• In the second enum declaration, I have added the index in front of the data, so we can do that as well. Although, there's no difference between first & second implementation, its just second one displays the hidden values.
• In the third enum implementation, I have assigned random values to constants, so we can do that as well. Instead of values in a sequence, we can assign random values to these Constants.

Why use Enums in C# ?

• You must be thinking, why we need to use Enums, we can remember such things and can easily replace them with integer checks.
• Yeah we can do that in simple project but in complex projects and especially in those projects where you don't have a sequence, enums play an important role.
• Let's say you need to use Elements of Periodic Table in your project, there are too many elements, so in such cases, enum comes quite handy, you can place these elements in right order in your enum and then can use them easily though out your project.

How to use Enums in C# ???

• Now let's have a look at How to use Enums in C#, so I am creating a simple code where we will check whether it's holiday or working day using enums.
• As shown in below figure, I have created an Enum named WeekDays and this enum is public so we can use it in other classes.
• Moreover, enums are value type so, we can't instantiate them in other classes.

• You can see in above figure that in Main Function, I have created a new variable CurrentDay of Data Type WeekDays, as enum is a Data Type.
• We can't assign any other value to this variable, we can only assign members of its enum to this variable.
• In the IF Loop, I have used the members of enum in my conditions to verify.
• So, now you can see the code has become more Readable & we can easily maintain it without remembering anything.
• We have studied enum keyword so far, now let's have a look at class Enum:

How to use class Enum in C# ??

• In Visual studio, you will also find Enum class along with enum keyword. (enum keyword starts with small e while class Enum starts with capital E )
• We can use this Enum class to get different properties of our enums i.e. we can get their Constants or can also get their underlying integer values.
• We can also search for any keyword in the Enum, whether it exists or not.
• I have performed all these three operations in the code, shown in below figure:

• So, you can see in above figure that we can get Names & Indexes of our enums using this Enum class.
• I have first used the class name Enum, then dot operator and finally methods from Enum Class.
• We can also change the underlying type of our enum using ( : ) colon operator.
• In the right figure,I have changed the underlying type of my enum from integer to short.

  So, that was all about Enums in C#. I hope you understood enums & their importance. In next lecture, we will have  look at Attributes in C#. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

Introduction to Access Modifiers in C#

Hello friends, I hope you all are having fun. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to Access Modifiers in C#. It's our 22nd tutorial in C# series and now it's time to have a look at access modifiers, which we have to use a lot in C#. I hope that you have already studied previous lectures i.e. C# Methods, C# Structs, C# Classes etc. as these access modifiers are used with them. So, let's get started with Introduction to Access Modifiers in C#:

Introduction to Access Modifiers in C#

• Access Modifiers in C# are used to apply restrictions on the accessibility of C# Objects within or outside the project, and are defined in the declaration.

• There are 5 Access Modifiers available in C#, whcih are:
  • Private
  • Public
  • Protected
  • Internal
  • Protected Internal
• We will have a look at all of them, in detail but before going any further, we need to understand the difference between Types & Type Members.
• All those C# objects, which can contain members in them as called Types i.e. C# Classes, Structs, Interface, Enums etc.
• While the members of these types are called Type Members i.e. C# Fields, C# Properties and C# Methods.
• All the C# Types can only be either Public or Internal i.e. we can't make a class private. ( We will discuss it in detail shortly )

1. Private - Access Modifier in C#

• Private Access Modifier restricts the C# Type Members to be used in the containing class only. ( Containing Class means, the class in which they are created )
• We can't use Private Members in external classes, as shown in the figure on right side.
• I have created a Private variable in a new class and now when I am trying to access this variable in Main function, I am unable to do that.
• In the IntelliSense, there's no property/option to use this private variable.
• Although, we can use this variable Number1 in HelloWorld class quite easily.

2. Public - Access Modifier in C#

• Public Access Modifier removes all restrictions from C# Objects and these objects become available in any assembly or project.
• In order to use Public Objects, we need to follow the proper way i.e. we need to instantiate in order to get the Public Property.
• In the figure, you can see I have created a public variable Number1 in a new class and then I have assigned a value to it in my Main Method.

3. Protected - Access Modifier in C#

• Protected Access Modifier restricts the C# Type Members to use only in containing classes or inherited classes.
• We can't use Protected Members in any independent Class or Struct, it has to be inherited from the Containing Class.
• Here's an example of Protected Access Modifier in action, and you can see that I can assign value to Protected variable Number1 in the inherited class HelloWorld2.
• But the independent class Program can't access this Number1 variable.

4. Internal - Access Modifier in C#

• Internal Access Modifier restricts the C# Objects to be used in the current assembly only.
• In complex projects, we need to add multiple assemblies i.e. different add-ons and plugins etc.
• So, Internal variables can be used in the current assembly / project only, we can't access it in external assemblies.
• We will look at them in detail, in our coming lectures.

5. Protected Internal - Access Modifier in C#

• Protected Internal Modifier allows the C# Type Members to be accessed in the containing assembly as well as in those classes ( of external assemblies ), which are inherited from the containing class.
• When we will be done with these basic concepts in C#, then we will design few complex projects and then you will get better understanding of these access Modifiers.

So, that was all about Access Modifiers. In the coming lecture, we will have a look at Enumerations in C#. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)