The Engineering Projects

How to Streamline Your Contract Management Process

Hi Guys! I hope you are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to discuss how to streamline your contract management process with detail. Running a business involves maintaining a lot of processes. From developing a new product or service to updating your company website, every decision or change your business chooses to undertake can involve many more steps than you realize.

What Is Contract Management

Contract creation and management are some of these necessary processes that your company will have to take on eventually. It can quickly become messy, having to juggle lots of different parties, needs, and obligations. Not knowing how to navigate through the process can lead to bottlenecking during certain stages. One of the top contract management best practices is streamlining your contract management process.  Streamlining your contract management process will not only make things operate much faster but also ensure that nothing crucial gets missed along the way. With so many legal technicalities that could get missed throughout the lengthy process, it is absolutely critical that your process is as streamlined as possible.

Create Contract Templates For Future Use

Before you even engage in the contract creation process, one great tip for time-saving is to draft contract templates for different uses. This is one of the most common contract management best practices that any relevant business will tell you. By standardizing certain clauses, phrasing, and structures for different contracts, you will save a lot of time later on. 

Centralize Your Contract Documents 

Having your files, notes, and templates scattered across different file cabinets, cloud sharing locations and personal folders can really slow down your contract management process. If every time someone working on the contract needs 10 to 15 minutes to gather the contract file and relevant documents, that can lead to a huge bottleneck. Especially in stages of the process where lots of different parties need to be consulted (like the authoring and approval stage), it is important to keep all the files, documents, and templates in a central, easily accessible location.

Outsource Tedious and Manual Work

The global market for outsourced services is huge. Businesses who are finding themselves overwhelmed with copious amounts of reviews, data collection and analysis when creating contracts would be wise to look to outsourcing as an option.  Of course, you can’t outsource a lot of work that goes into a contract. Third-party companies will not understand the needs of your company as well as you and your team do. However, outsourcing legal analysis and review to a legal services provider may be cheaper than sending that work to your in-house legal team. Depending on the importance, confidentiality, and complexity of the contract, you will have to weigh the risks and costs that go with outsourcing. However, it’s good practice to keep this option in mind.

Re-evaluate Your Company’s Approval Process

Getting the appropriate approvals from the right departments and teams is one of the most time-consuming steps in contract management. Approval and authoring both involve getting the contract in front of many different pairs of eyes. This goes back to the previous tip: having the contract in a centralized location and not in some many random email threads and personal hard drives will make sending the document for approval much easier.  Automating approval workflows is a common solution to this problem that contract management software usually employ. They will automatically send a contract to the right people right after the previous steps have been completed and certain criteria met. Most people know that a company’s senior management usually has their hands full with other things, so approving a contract may easily get lost in all the emails and meetings. Making sure that the contract is in front of the right people, ready to be reviewed right when it’s done is the main function of these automated approval workflows. I hope you have learned from this article that how to stram lin your project and if you have any question related to this article you can ask in comments. Thank you so much for taking time out of your busy schedule and reading it.

What Is The Best Online Essay Writing Service?

Hello everyone, I hope you are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss What Is The Best Online Essay Writing Service? What does the phrase “successful essay writing” mean to you? Is it necessary to know what you are going to write and how to do a certain assignment? This article covers the essential aspects students should have in mind to write successfully. American students are usually optimistic about their college education until they face some obstacles. To illustrate, if you need to combine your work and study, or experience stress being away from home. Perhaps, your biggest struggle is writing essays? How to handle the stress with your writing assignments? Let's explore this topic! 

Best Online Essay Writing Service

The stress affects the way you act, perform other tasks and your life in general, and if you really have no energy to cope with everything, this professional essay writing service is ready to be your helping hand, so you’ll become more productive. This is the way to rule your life and become the one who calls the shots. You will be free from the essay writing routine. TimetoEssay.com is a great option to do things you want. You are free to choose whether to work on your rush essay yourself or to cooperate with the affordable online writing service in case you lack your time. Do you like the idea? Take a deep breath, relax and continue reading. As you’ve probably seen on the different Internet resources, there are a lot of writing services offering you to buy papers from the professional writers from the USA. But are they all so highly-rated as they seem to be? The real truth is that the majority of services don’t have the appropriate academic level and misguide students.  What’s so unique about TimetoEssay? This online essay writing service can handle any task - from easy high-school papers to the dissertation chapters or even the whole dissertation thesis can be done by the specific writer at a really cheap price. 

Essay Writing Service You Can Trust

It’s not surprising when students google “service to help me write my essay for money”. What exactly are they looking for? A lot of paid services aren’t good enough to meet the expectations of their clients. On the Internet, you’ve probably seen many companies using the same idea - to give you the resolution of your problems. Nevertheless, be attentive when choosing the company. A lot of such sites cannot satisfy their clients' needs. The choice is always yours – here are some basic features a top trustworthy service needs to have. 

• User-friendly interface, which is optimized to any device. Come on, it’s the 21st century! 
• Quick support team (online and telephone support) with a positive attitude;
• Trusted professional writers with proven experience; 
• Possibility to revise your paper for free;
• Proofreading and editorial services at your demand; 

• Wide range of disciplines on the site, the possibility to choose the recommended writer for each subject;
• Opportunity to read and check the best sample works on the site 
• Reliable online service which respects your privacy;
• Strict plagiarism-free policy. As a rule, each text is checked several times before the delivery; 
• Clear, safe and understandable payment system. 

Before Ordering an Essay

It’s not a shame for a student to ask for help. The dedicated team of TimetoEssay.com is online 24/7, eager to assist should you have any writing issues. Still in doubt? That’s a good sign! It means you realize the importance of making the right choice. Read all these features of good service, apply this check-list to other services you might come across to check them out. Good luck with your writing challenges!  Now you can choose the best writing easy services, this post will help you in selecting the best platform. If you have any question regarding this tutorial. Feel free to comment below. Thanks for stopping by and reading our article.

Why HP ENVY Printers Are So Popular

Hi Guys! I hope you are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to discuss why HP ENVY printers are so popular. HP is a world-renowned brand with a loyal following because they make tech that can be trusted. One of their most popular lines is the HP ENVY printer series that have dominated the market since they first were put on sale. We took some time to consider what it is about this HP printer that pleases consumers, and we were impressed by what we found out. Read on to see the main reasons why the HP ENVY series is a great choice.

Printer Cost

When you need a printer that can do it, all you are at risk of paying over the odds to get all the features you require. With an HP ENVY printer, you can tick all your boxes and still pay a low price as these printers are reliable, multi-functional and cheap. The best part is that included in the cost of the machine comes an aftercare system that cannot be beaten by the competition. There are online tutorials, forums, online chat and service desk support if anything goes wrong with your printer as HP know you need it to be connected at all times.

HP Cartridge Replacements

One of the downsides to HP is the cost of the ink; they are well known for charging over the odds for ink that runs out quickly. However, the upside is that because HP is a global brand, then compatible ink companies have made it their mission to come up with viable products that will save you money. One example is Smart Ink, an ink specialist company that prides itself on quality ink. When you purchase a compatible HP 62 XL with them, you will pay nearly 50% less than if you went with the HP cartridges. Compatible ink has come a long way, and printers now recognise these cartridges, so there is less stress when you are installing them.

Multifunction Capability

The HP ENVY series can do everything, and it does it well. Scan in your documents to be emailed, print copies of essential items that you don't want to lose, even print photos from it as well as the basic printing capabilities it holds. This printer means business, and it will work hard for you for as long as you have it in your home. Each HP ENVY has been made from a dedicated and knowledgeable team, and this line of printers shows no sign of losing popularity anytime soon. As you can see, the HP ENVY series offers excellent value and is a market leader in printing. It's great that it holds so many capabilities so that you can streamline the machines in your home and when it comes to the ink for HP printers you can get hold of great alternatives that will save you cash. HP has an impressive aftercare and troubleshooting system, so there should never be a time where you are left unable to print. We cannot recommend HP enough and feel that if consumers are keen to have a machine that will last, then HP is a great choice. I hope you have learned from this article that how it can help you in different ways. If you have any question related to this tutorial. Comment down below I am looking forward to hear from you.

Enhancing Home Security Through Electrical Engineering

Hi Guys! I hope you are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to tell you about enhancing home security through electrical engineering. And the Importance of enhancing the security of all home areas through electrical engineering. Underneath the sometimes chaotic surface, Pakistan has a burgeoning smart city scene that has led to the country becoming a member of the internationally recognized Smart Cities club. With Lahore as the exemplar in the region, this has nevertheless raised the question of security. As homes become ever more one with smart systems, digital-electrical conveniences and indeed the wider world, electrical engineering solutions are providing an inbuilt,  solid solution to security worries.

Protection Against Fire

As population swells and the amount of fully electrified homes has too, Pakistan has become a riskier place when it comes to fire and crime. According to the BBC, this has been shown by the record levels of railway accidents, due in part to outdated electrical systems and overuse of railway systems. These problems have a knock-on effect on the home, but electrical engineering and smart devices are providing a solution. According to American security experts  DSC, smart devices now allow total integration with security. What this means is that incidents can be reported automatically, and with smart house wiring utilized by the likes of Nest, signal the causes of fire or security break-ins before the incident has a chance to come to fruition. A fuse breaking without the circuit tripping, or a window being tried, are examples of problems that smart wiring can address.

Tackling Crime

Integrated circuits within the windows and walls of the home can provide a living, breathing ecosystem that fights against hazardous incidents. Crime is part of this solution, and the use of big data is helping to further improve efforts to keep the home and business out of harm’s way. Big data policing is already well underway in America and the UK,  according to Tech Crunch, and will have applications in the personal home. Risk identification can be seamlessly integrated into the home and the smart circuitry that powers it, providing insights into potential weaknesses and advice on how to shore them up and create a better, safer living situation for the family. Family comes first.

Shoring up Cybersecurity

As the very wiring of the home becomes smart-connected by default, this creates obvious holes for cybersecurity threats to move through. Indeed, studies have shown that Pakistan is one of the top 10 most targeted countries when it comes to cyber-attacks – and this includes both business and the home. Electrical engineering once again has a part to play. By using cybersecurity tools and techniques in the very basis of circuits within the home and business, this can provide an extra layer of security against would-be cyberattacks looking to either cause damage or gather private data. Smart technology is a wonderful part of the modern digital world that we all live in. It also presents risks in terms of fire, security and cybercrime. Using the advanced technology provided by modern circuitry and smart devices, homeowners can effectively defend themselves against the nascent threat while still making use of the full range of conveniences as they were designed. I hope you have learned from this article that how it can help you in tackling crime, protection against fire and so many more things. If you have any question regarding this post. Feel free to comment down below. Thank you so much for reading this tutorial. I hope we will see you soon in our new tutorial.

How to Install Solar Panels While living in Dorm

Hello friends, I hope you guys are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at How to Install Solar Panels While living in Dorm.  As global warming continues unchecked, the masses are becoming aware of the need for eco-friendly solutions. With numerous innovations at hand, it only takes a little effort to reduce our carbon footprint. The younger generations are much more aware of the impact of global warming and the need to become more environmentally friendly.  One way to effectively conserve energy is by using a clean, renewable source of energy, such as solar energy. Solar energy is an excellent way to reduce one’s carbon footprint, and numerous students are now turning to it to power their dorms.

Solar Panel Installation Guide

This Solar panel installation isn’t too complicated if you understand the technology behind it. However, the one issue that most students face is a lack of time. Students are often burdened with essay writing and papers and don’t get enough free time to themselves to be able to undertake personal projects like the installation of solar panels. If you feel like you’re burdened with more university work, than you can cope with, then you can always hire someone online to do your papers for you. You can pay such professionals a small amount to have the best articles or essays written for you. Ask any senior, and they will confidently tell you hiring someone online to do my research paper for me. Is a norm in university life.  If you do find the time, though, here are step-by-step instructions on how to install solar panels in your dorm room! However, before you start, make sure you take all safety precautions and enlist the help of a friend. You also have to take permission from authorities and fill out any necessary paperwork that may be involved.

Assess the Rooftop and build a Platform/mounting

For starters, it is essential to assess the site for the solar system installation. For a dorm room, this would usually be the rooftop of your building. You have to make sure that the roof receives adequate sunlight and has enough space for the solar panels. If you want to go the extra mile, then you can even get an engineer to assess the site for you.  After getting permission from the university, you can build a platform or mount on the rooftop of your building. Make sure the platform or mounting that you build for the solar panels is robust and firmly attached to the roof. While building the mounting, ensure that it is built in such a way that the solar panels face whichever direction gets them the maximum amount of light. The tilt angle of your solar panels should be decided according to the latitude of your location.

Installation of Solar Panels

Once the mounting structure is secured firmly to the rooftop, you can continue to assemble and mount the solar panels. You will be given a set of instructions with your solar panels that you are to follow while installing them.  Ensure that all of the solar panel's nuts and bolts have been appropriately attached so that the panels are correctly secured. Once the panels have been assembled and seem to be firmly connected and positioned, you can move on to the next step.

Wiring of the Solar Panels

Next, you have to wire the solar panels. Usually, MC4 connectors are used since they are universal connectors that can be connected with any solar panels. If you are connecting the solar panels in a series, then you have to connect the positive end of one module to the negative end of another module.  Series circuits increase the voltage and match it to the battery bank. If you are connecting the solar panels in a parallel connection, then you will join the positive end of one module to the positive end of another, and the negative end of one module, to the negative end of the other. A parallel circuit can maintain the voltage of each circuit. Install a grounding wire, which should be extended at least 6’ from the ground.

Connection b/w Solar Panel, Inverter and Battery

Establish a connection between the solar panel and the inverter first. You will have to have a safe and efficient conduit to transfer the wires from the outside to the inside. Once you have an established conduit, start connecting the wires of the solar panels to the inverter.  Connect the positive wire coming from the solar panel, with the positive terminal of the inverter, and connect the negative wire of the solar panel with the negative terminal of the inverter. If your solar panel system is off-grid, then you must install a battery to store backup power. Connect the battery to the inverter through heavy-duty battery cables.  Connect the positive terminal of the inverter to the positive terminal of the battery and then repeat the same steps for the negative terminal.

Check all Connections

If you have the solar system installed, check all the connections and cables to ensure everything has been connected correctly. You can get someone from the solar panel company to help with the installation or conduct a final check. Once everything is in order, you can use the solar panels to power your dorm.

Conclusion 

Numerous students are looking to use green energy to power their dorms. One such method is by using solar panels. These come in a variety of sizes and are relatively easy to install and work with.  However, most students don’t have the time to carry out such improvements for their dorms since they’re overburdened with work. In such cases, you can easily hire someone online and pay them a small amount to write an excellent essay or do your papers for you. If you have the time and capacity to install solar panels, though, you can follow our easy, step by step guide on how to install them yourself! Thanks for reading this tutorial, if you have a question regarding this article in your mind. You can comment below and ask us anything.

Voltmeter & Ammeter in Proteus ISIS

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at How to use Voltmeter & Ammeter in Proteus ISIS. It's our 4th tutorial in Proteus series. While designing an electronics project, voltage & current measurements are essential debugging features, as they help in understanding circuit behavior. Proteus has builtin instruments for voltage & current measurement. We have have their probes and today we will discuss them in detail. First have a look at Voltmeter in Proteus ISIS:

How to use Voltmeter in Proteus ISIS

• DC Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage difference across any DC component.
• In order to use DC Voltmeter, we need to click on Virtual Instruments Mode, as shown in the figure.
• In Instruments list, we have DC voltmeter, so click it and place it in your Proteus workspace.
• I am going to use the same circuit, which we have designed in first lecture, shown in below figure:
• As you can see in the figure, I have placed two voltmeters, one at the input and second at the last LED.
• Because of 100kohm resistance, there's a slight drop in the voltage at last two LEDs.
• Moreover, Voltmeters are placed in parallel to these component.

• We can also use Voltage Probe to measure voltage at any point in the electronic circuit.
• So, click on Voltage Probe in the left toolbar and connect it to any point in your circuit and its voltage will be displayed.
• I have placed two Voltage probes on my circuit, as shown in below figure.
• Voltage Probe provides value up to five decimal points, while DC Voltmeter provides value up to 2 decimal points.

• Voltage probes are quite helpful as they are small in size and easy to place in the circuit.

So, that was all about Voltmeter in Proteus. Now, let's have a look at How to use Ammeter in Proteus ISIS:

How to use Ammeter in Proteus ISIS

• DC Ammeter is used to measure the current passing through any DC component.
• We need to click on Virtual Instruments Mode and then click on DC Ammeter.
• Place this Ammeter in series, as shown in below figure:

• We aren't getting any value on our Ammeter as these LEDs are not drawing much current.
• But, you can see we have placed the Ammeter in series, we will use it a lot in coming projects.

So, that was all about How to use Voltmeter & Ammeter in Proteus. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. Till next tutorial, take care & have fun !!! :)

How to Increase Workspace in Proteus

Hello friends, hope you all are fine and having fun with your lives. Today's post is about How to increase Workspace in Proteus. It's our 3rd tutorial in Proteus series. Its quite a simple tutorial and along with this trick, I will also share few commonly used features or Proteus. Once, I was working on a simulation project in which I have to design a complete load management system in Proteus and it was quite messy as I have to include a lot of components and the area of Proteus got quite small for that and then I encountered this problem i.e. where to place the components.

You have seen in Proteus software that there's a blue rectangle which is considered as the workspace in Proteus. This area is constant and doesn't increase or decrease on its own. So if we are dealing with some messy circuit design then we have to increase this area, which we are going to discuss today. If you have downloaded my Arduino Library for Proteus, then you must have seen that the size of Arduino Mega 2560 is quite big and when I design Proteus simulations in which I need to use Arduino Mega, I have to increase the Proteus workspace to embedded all the other components. So, let's get started with how to increase Workspace in Proteus:

How to Increase Workspace in Proteus ???

• First of all, if you are working on some project in Proteus then simply don't increase the area because when you increase the area then components get too small and its quite difficult to arrange or connect them with each other.

• So, my suggestion is to keep using the default size, unless your circuit got messy and you actually need more space.
• Let's open Proteus software and place few components in it, as an example I am just placing PIC Microcontrollers to cover the available space, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure, I have randomly placed 8 PIC Microcontrollers, just to fill the space.
• Now suppose I want to add four more Microcontrollers in this Proteus file, there's no place to add them.
• Now in order to add more components, we need to increase the size of available workspace in Proteus.
• In order to do so, click on Systems in above menu bar and then click on Set Sheet Sizes as shown in below figure:

• Now when you click it, a new pop up window will open up, as shown in the figure on right side.
• You can see in the figure, there are six sizes available for the user to select.
• First five are fixed sizes while the sixth one is user defined and you can set it to any size you want.
• The default size of workspace in Proteus is A4, which is the first option i.e. 10inch by 7 inch.
• So, now let's change this selection and I am selecting the fifth option so now the size is 15inch by 10 inch, as shown in below figure:

• Now its quite obvious from the above figure that the area has increased.
• We have the same 8 PIC Microcontrollers but now we have more free space.

Right Click to Delete Component

• Proteus has a quick way to delete any component or wire.
• You need to right click on your component/wire for 2 times and it will be removed/deleted from the workspace.
• It's quite helpful, especially in designing complex simulations.

Default Terminal in Proteus

• Let's discuss Default Terminal as well, which is used to keep the schematic organized & clear.
• We can get them by clicking on Terminals Mode first and then click on Default, as shown in figure on right side.
• In our previous lecture, we have designed a simple LED circuit, so let's make small changes in it, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that I have deleted the wires and placed these default terminals on both sides.
• In order to delete these wires, I have simply double right clicked on each wire and placed these terminals.
• Now, double click on each terminal and provide it a name, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, top two Terminals are named as Terminal1 and below two terminals are named as Terminal2.
• So, although these terminals are not connected together but Proteus considers "Terminals with same name" as connected.
• If we run our simulation now, we will get the similar results, as shown in below figure:

• These default Terminals are too helpful, as in complex projects, adding too much wires make the simulation quite messy. ( We will use them in coming lectures )

So, that's how you can quite easily increase workspace in Proteus ISIS. That's all for today, it was quite easy tutorial but still if you are having any problems, then ask in comments and I will resolve them. Till next tutorial, take care !!! :)

Simulate First Electronics Project in Proteus ISIS

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will simulate our First Electronics Project in Proteus ISIS. It's our 2nd tutorial in Proteus series. In our previous tutorial, we have seen a basic Introduction to Proteus and today, we will design a simple electronics circuit in it and will also simulate it. If you want to work on Proteus, then you must have some prior knowledge about electronics. Proteus doesn't provide any suggestion about circuit designing so if you don't have electronics knowledge then you can't work with Proteus. Throughout this series, I will keep on explaining electronics circuits as well and will also embedded related components' links. So, if you are new to electronics then no need to worry and just follow these instructions and also do read those embedded links to understand electronic components. So, let's Create our First Project in Proteus:

Simulate First Electronics Project in Proteus ISIS

• Open your Proteus ISIS software and then click on Components Mode in left menu tab, as shown in the figure.
• After that click on the P (Pick from Libraries) Button, and a new window will open up.
• This new window is called Pick Devices and is used to make search for electronics components.
• Proteus has a huge database of electronics components in the form of libraries. i.e. Diode Library will have all the diode components.
• So, from these millions of components, we need to make a search for our required components to design electronic circuit.
• You can see Pick Devices window in below figure, so let's first discuss its layout:

• Keywords textbox is used to make a search for any component and Proteus will display the related components in Results panel. ( We will search in a while )
• Category Section displays all the categories available in Proteus and when you click on any category then it's components will be displayed in Results panel.
• After that, we have Sub-category & Manufacturer, rite now I don't have any.
• On the right side we have Schematic Preview & PCB Review, so when we select any component then its respective Previews will be shown here.
• So, now let's make a search for LED, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure that Proteus has provided us with 141 Results and I have boxed four LEDs, which I am going to use in my circuit.
• Moreover, Category section is now showing only those categories which are related to searched keyword.
• Moreover, we also have a Schematic Preview but we don't have any PCB Preview as it's not available for this component.
• So, double click on these four LEDs and they will be added in Proteus workspace.
• Moreover, we also need to add resistance so make a search for resistance, as shown in below figure:

• Double click on this RES component and then close this Pick Devices window.
• You will get these selected components in the Devices section, as shown in below figure:

• As we are designing a simple project so we have selected just four components but in complex projects, we have a long list of components in this Devices section and it proves quite helpful.
• So, let's place these components, one by one in the central work area.
• You can drag & drop them OR can select by clicking and then again click to place.
• I have placed these components in the work area, as shown in figure on right side.
• So, now let's connect them together using wires and for that, we need to click on the pin terminal of each component.
• I have combined these electronic components together using wires, as shown in below figure:

• Now we need to provide voltage supply to this circuit and there are several voltage sources in Proteus. ( We will cover them in coming lectures )
• For now, let's click on the Terminals Mode in the left Toolbar and you will get Proteus Terminals, as shown in figure on right side.
• From these terminals, we are going to use Power & Ground, so place them in the circuit, as shown in below figure:
• We will discuss all these Terminal Components in detail in our coming lectures.

• If we place multiple Ground components in the circuit then Proteus will consider them all as connected/short.
• These Terminals are quite helpful, as in complex circuits, these wires can become too messy and we can avoid them by using these terminals.
• So, we have completely designed our circuit but we need to change the properties of these components a little.
• So, double click on resistance to open its Properties Panel, as shown in below figure:

• From this Edit Component window, we can edit different properties of selected component.
• As you can see, first we have Component Reference, that's the name of our component i.e. R1. If we have multiple resistances, then there names will be R2, R3 and so on.
• We can't have multiple items with same Component Reference, as it will create an error.
• Second Property defines the resistance of the component and I have changed it from 10k to 1k.
• Then we have Model Type and its analog.
• Finally we have PCB Package, we will use it when we will be designing the PCB design of this circuit.
• So, click on the OK Button and resistance value will change from 10k to 1k.
• Now, double click on first LED to open its Properties Panel, as shown in below figure:

• As LED is a bit complex component as compared to resistance, that's why it has a lot more Properties to Edit.
• As we are designing a digital circuit, so we need to change the Model Type of LED from Analog to Digital and then click on the OK Button.
• You need to change this Model Type for all these four LEDs.
• So, now we have completely designed our first electronic circuit in Proteus.
• Let's run this simulation, by clicking the Play button at the bottom.
• If everything goes fine, then all LEDs will glow, as shown in below figure:

• We have successfully simulated our first electronics circuit in Proteus ISIS and you can see these LEDs have different colors as specified in their Reference Value.

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. In the next lecture, we will have a look at How to use Relays in Proteus ISIS. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

Introduction to Proteus

Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a detailed Introduction to Proteus. It's our first tutorial in Proteus series. Today's tutorial is for beginners but still I would suggest you to read it once, as I am going to explain why Proteus? Throughout our Engineering Course, we have to design a lot of electronics or embedded circuits and it's always a best approach to simulate these circuits first on some simulation software i.e. Proteus, PSPice etc., before assembling them on actual hardware. Among these simulation software, Proteus is my favorite one so let's get started with detailed Introduction to Proteus:

Introduction to Proteus ISIS

• Proteus Design Suite (designed by Labcenter Electronics Ltd.) is a software tool set, mainly used for creating schematics, simulating Electronics & Embedded Circuits and designing PCB Layouts.
• Proteus ISIS is used by Engineering students & professionals to create schematics & simulations of different electronic circuits.
• Proteus ARES is used for designing PCB Layouts of electronic circuits.
• It's available in four languages i.e. English, Chinese, Spanish & French.

Why use Proteus ?

"Our circuit is working perfectly on Proteus but when we have implemented it on hardware, it's not working." I receive a lot of such questions from engineering students, that's why, I am explaining what's the real purpose of Proteus:

• Proteus is quite lenient in circuit designing and it works on ideal conditions i.e. if you don't add pull up resistors in Proteus simulation, then it won't give garbage value.
• Proteus is also used for PCB designing, we use Proteus ARES for that. ( We will discuss it in upcoming lectures )

So, when I am working on some electronics circuit, then I first design the simulation on Proteus ISIS and once I got sure that everything's working fine then I design its circuit on either the vero board or the bread board and again I perform some real world testing & when I got sure that my circuit is fully working then I design its PCB in Proteus ARES.

• Proteus is also used for designing/testing programming codes for different Microcontrollers i.e. Arduino, PIC Microcontroller, 8051 etc.

In Embedded projects, we need to design a programming code for Microcontrollers and for designing such codes you have to perform a lot of testing, which involves uploading code to Microcontroller. So, in such projects, Proteus is a great relief. Let's say, you have to print some strings on 20x4 LCD, then its quite annoying to burn the Microcontroller several times for typographical errors. Instead, design a circuit in Proteus and test your code in the simulation and once you are sure that you are getting perfect output then burn your PIC Microcontroller and test it on real hardware. Quite easy and handy. In the coming classes, I will show you how to burn code in Microcontrollers in Proteus. Note: In code testing, there's again a possibility that you get different results in real hardware but its quite rare and mostly happens in delay functions.

Getting Started With Proteus

You can download Proteus software from it's official website and you should also read How to Download & Install Proteus software. So now I hope you have installed Proteus and ready to work on it:

• Click on Proteus ISIS and it will open up as shown in below image.
• In the central area surrounded by blue lines, we design our circuit i.e. place the components and then join them together.

• As you can see in above figure that we have a lot of icons in Proteus software, so let's first understand these sections one by one.
• In the below image, I have divided the Proteus font-end in four sections:

• Section 1 is a toolbar which you would have seen on many simulation software, it has simple functionalities i.e. first icon to create a new layout, second one to open an existing layout, next one is to save layout, then there comes few zooming options and few other tools which we will discuss in coming tutorials.
• Section 2 has two buttons. P is used to open the components list and E is used for editing purposes, like you want to edit the properties of any component then simply click on that component and then click on E and it will open the properties of that component and you can easily edit it.
• Section 3 has different tools, used for designing circuits, we will discuss them in detail, at the end of today's tutorial.
• Section 4 is the remote control section of Proteus, as it contains four buttons i.e. Play, Step, Pause & Stop. In order to run the simulation, we have to click on this play button.

Component Selection in Proteus ISIS

• As shown in below image, click on the icon that says Click # 1, it's a Component Mode Icon.
• After that click on P button and a new window will open up named Pick Devices.

• In this new window there's a textbox on which Keyword is written, this text box is used for the component search.
• Proteus database has unlimited components in it so now in order to get your desired component, you have to search for it as I did.
• I have searched for PIC16F877A and Proteus provided me that component along with its preview in top right corner and PCB package ( if available ). Unfortunately, my Proteus doesn't have the PCB preview of PIC16F877A that's why it's blank.
• In order to add the component in Proteus workspace, either double click on it or click on the OK button.

Instruments in Proteus ISIS

• There are few measuring instruments available in Proteus, which you can open by clicking the Instruments Icon, as shown in figure on right side.
• First one is oscilloscope, we use it for viewing the behavior of different signals generated.
• Another important instrument is Virtual Terminal, it is shown on the fourth number. This Virtual Terminal is used for checking data coming through Serial Port.
• Then there's Signal Generator, it is used to generate signal like sine wave of desired frequency.
• We also have Voltmeter & Ammeter for both AC & DC.
• We will discuss them in detail in our coming lectures.
• As you can see in figure on right side, Icon A is called Graph mode, used to create graphs of voltage and current. It has different style of graphs.
• Icon B and C are voltage and current probes respectively. Suppose you have designed some circuit in Proteus and you want to check the value of voltage at any point in the circuit. In order to do so, simply select this voltage probe and place it there and when you run your circuit, the probe will show the value of voltage above it and same for current probe.
• Icon D is used when we want to design our own component in Proteus.
• Icon E is a simple text editor, used for placing labels, warning or components names etc.

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed this detailed Introduction to Proteus. If you have any question, feel free to ask in comments and also subscribe through email to our mailing list, so that you don't miss any part of this tutorial series. Stay blessed. Take care.

DbContext Class in Entity Framework Core

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at what is DbContext Class in Entity Framework Core. It's our 17th tutorial in ASP.NET Core series. In our previous tutorial, we have discussed Entity Framework Core in detail and have also installed it in our web application. So, now we need understand how to work with Entity Framework Core and for that we have to look at its classes & functions. So, today we will discuss one of its class named DBContext in detail:

DbContext Class in Entity Framework Core

• EF Core contains an important class named DbContext, which is mainly responsible for communication between Database & software objects.
• We communicate with our database using this DbContext class and we can also map our fetched data to software objects i.e. properties.

• So, in order to use this DbContext class, we have to create a new class and then inherit it from DbContext Class.
• When we inherit our new class from DBContext Class, then we will be able to call all its members from our new class.
• So, I am going to create a new class in Models folder, as Models are going to communicate with the database.
• I have named this class TepDbContext and have inherited it from DbContext class, as shown in figure on right side.

DbContextOptions class in EF Core

• DbContextOptions class in EF Core contains all the configuration information about database i.e. database name, database provider, database connection string etc.
• We need to use DbContextOptions class along with DbContext class, so let's create a Constructor of DBContext class, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that I have created a constructor of TEPDbContext class and then instantiated DbContextOptions class as a parameter.
• After that, I have provided TepDbContext as a parameter inside < >, thus this option class is applied to our newly created TepDbContext class.
• Next, I have created its object titled options and finally called the base constructor from DBContext class and provided this options object as a parameter.

DbSet Property in EF Core

• So far, we have discussed two classes from EF Core and now it's time to have a look at this property in EF Core titled DBSet.
• DBSet Property is used to map the data from software objects to underlying database.
• Currently, we have just Engineers.cs file, which has the data properties, that need to be stored in our database.
• So, let's create a new property in our TepDBContext class named DBSet, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see we have created a new DbSet Property of type Engineers and given it a name DbEngineers. ( We will use it later )

So, we have successfully created our TepDbContext class and have updated it, so, now its time to register this newly created class with dependency injection of ASP.NET Core.

Database Connection String in App Settings

• We need to provide authentication settings for our database, which we will add in appsettings.json file, so that we could use it anywhere in our project.
• I am using MySQL database and thus provided its connection string, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above code that I have created a new section named ConnectionStrings and inside it, I have create DbConnection variable and have assigned DB connection string to it.
• In the connection string, I have first provided the server i.e. localdb and then provided name of the database i.e. TepDB and finally I have declared it a trusted connection.
• This MSSQLLocalDB is already available in Visual Studio and we will discuss it in detail in our coming lectures.
• When we upload our web application on a real server then we will change these server settings but for now, we will use localdb available.

Dependency Injection for DbContext class

• We have studied Dependency Injection in ASP.NET Core in detail, so now let's register TepDbContext class & provide SQL database connection string using Dependency Injection
• For that, open your startup.cs file and in ConfigureServices method, on IServicesCollection instance, we have called AddDbContextPool method, as shown in below figure:

• We have also specidified that we are using SQL Server & have provided the database connection string as well, I have placed a red boundary across it.
• In order to get the Connection string from appsettings.json file, I have injected IConfiguration using Constructor Injection and have placed a green boundary across it.
• So, our TepDBContext class is now registered with ASP.NET Core and we have also specified the Database provider & Connection String.

So, that was all for today. We have completed all our settings for database but we haven't yet created it. So, in our next lecture, we will see How to Create Database using EF Core Migrations. Till then take care & have fun !!!