The Engineering Projects

The Future of Cloud Development

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show give you an overview of the future of Cloud Development. As one of the fastest-growing innovations of modern technology, cloud computing has revolutionized our relationship with the internet and the ways we’re able to connect and share resources with others around the globe. As tech companies are rapidly discovering even more ways to utilize all of the cloud’s advantages, the future of cloud development is sure to bring further advancements as an integral part of our everyday lives.

Where it is and where it’s going

Cloud development has taken off because of its ease of use, security, scalability, and reduction of costs. Many companies have been growing more reliant on the services provided, and the explosive growth in the cloud market has benefited them. Industries incorporating cloud tech will see far greater flexibility and efficiency in their IT operations. Once bound by hardware limitations and costs, cloud computing has been removing barriers every step of the way. Many previous obstacles such as latency and conversion time have been cleared as internet speeds have gotten faster and developers have gotten better grasps of how to utilize the technology. A cloud development service company helps businesses transition their currently implemented services into a cloud environment. As more companies take advantage of these features, cloud tech will eventually overtake the use of local resources by a large margin. Financially, cloud service development will see huge gains as many companies are already investing billions upon billions of dollars into their cloud infrastructures, and those numbers are only growing.

How it’ll change and grow

With the rise of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other advanced computing services, the complexity of running these resources will quickly outpace the ability for regular computers to match. Cloud computing and software as service platforms that meet these needs will eventually become a necessity for production and development cycles. Cloud services are already a huge part of our daily lives. If we want to check an email for work, we use a cloud email service. If we need a ride to our favorite hang out spot, we can use a cloud service like Uber or Lyft. If we want to kick back and unwind with friends, we have cloud gaming and movie streaming services. Most of these innovations have snuck up on us over the past several years, so imagine where we’ll be once even more time passes.  You should also have a look at 3 Reasons to Switch to Cloud Storage. In about 10 years, we could see cloud services becoming an indispensable part of our daily lives. It’s likely that pretty much every company will utilize the cloud in some capacity. Similar to how computers and smartphones themselves became an integral part of our society, the adoption was gradual while people began to understand how they truly revolutionized their routines, but once they arrived, they exploded in popularity and we never looked back. Cloud services are similar in that they are rapidly growing tools that are opening new possibilities. Soon we’ll begin to see the development of new applications and services take off that would never have been possible with desktop-bound computing. It’s likely that before we even realize it, that future will be here.

Three Industries With High Quality Assurance Standards

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to discuss Three Industries With High Quality Assurance Standards. If someone asked you to bet $1 million on which industries had the highest quality assurance standards, the smart money would bet on the industries that are most heavily-regulated. How do you know if an industry is heavily-regulated? See if there’s a government bureau named after that industry. Another good indication is if lives and public health hinge on the industry doing its job correctly. Or, just work in a heavily-regulated industry. You won’t be able to walk from point A to point B without quality assurance implications. Successful enterprises in heavily-regulated industries approach “quality standards” in three tiers:

• Quality Assurance (QA): The high-level proof submitted to the public, and—more importantly—regulators that your products are of sufficient quality.
• Quality Management System (QMS): A series of processes that delivers quality assurance by implementing quality control.
• Quality Control (QC): The “boots-on-the-ground” act of rooting out and eliminating problems that might hinder quality production.

Most heavily-regulated industries have established, often international quality assurance standards to meet, as well as time-tested quality management systems to implement quality control. Here are three industries with high quality assurance standards.

Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry is heavily-regulated for good reason. Governments have a public trust to make sure products they consume are safe and do what they are supposed to do. A faulty drug formulation could hurt or kill consumers or contribute to a public health crisis rather than alleviate it, with lawsuits following close behind. The key regulatory agency for pharmaceuticals in the US is the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Pharma companies typically must comply with multiple sections of FDA 21 CFR (Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations). Pharmaceutical quality assurance focuses on:

• Public Safety: Medications can change someone’s life for the better or cause serious harm. Quality controls to protect public safety include strict attention to document control, employee training, laboratory OOS, corrective and preventive action (CAPA), internal audits, and managerial review.
• Professional and Consumer Confidence: Edelman’s 2019 Trust Barometer rated the public trust in the pharma industry at 57%, worse than any other healthcare vertical. Robust attention to quality assurance is necessary now more than ever to regain consumer and professional confidence.
• Production Efficiency: Production efficiency allows safe products to be produced at a lower cost, increasing profits and fostering affordability severely lacking in the industry. Companies can improve production efficiency through automated data collection and holistic data integration.

Medical Devices Industry

The FDA and its international counterparts also keep the medical device industry on a short leash, as much if not more so than the pharma industry. “Medical devices” is actually a fairly broad category of healthcare-related devices, covering such categories as:

• Physical Devices: Medical devices that live at or come from a hospital, like MRI machines, pacemakers, and defibrillators.
• IoT Devices: Short for “internet of things,” IoTs are a class of physical device that perform functions via the internet. Examples include blood glucose monitors and dissolving EEG monitors that transmit data by wireless signal or into the cloud.
• SaMD: SaMD--“Software as a Medical Device”--refers to software that performs the function of a medical device, regardless of the device it is in (i.e. smartphones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) Examples include software that uses the microphone or accelerometer in a smartphone to record breathing data or tremors.

While not always “consumable” in the way medications can be, medical devices have risks of their own, like radiation from an X-ray machine. Some hospitals even use sophisticated robots to perform heart surgery. Quality assurance is obviously paramount for a device like this. Other medical devices, like pacemakers and blood glucose monitors, are implanted in the body, where they could do significant harm if not manufactured to exacting quality standards. Key quality assurance guideposts to keep in mind include:

• Corrective and Preventative Actions (CAPA): Procedures to correct quality management failures.
• Complaint Procedures: How to receive, document, and respond to customer complaints, including tracking and close-out procedures.
• Reporting Procedures: Including written procedures for reporting data and key descriptions in compliant form.
• Nonconforming Product Procedures: Nonconforming products and materials are commonplace and acceptable if appropriate controls are applied.

Aerospace Industry

The aerospace industry sits at the intersection of multiple regulatory purviews, resulting in one of the heaviest compliance burdens of any industry. Millions of consumers who depend on commercial aviation and medivac helicopters are counting on the industry’s compliance and safety. Regulatory agencies with oversight over the aerospace industry include the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA), the Department of Defence (DOD), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)--and that’s just in the US. The key quality assurance control that applies to aerospace manufacturing is AS9100, also known as AS9100D due to Amendment D. This standard was created by the International Organization for Standardization to adapt quality assurance control standard ISO 9001 to the  specific needs of the aerospace industry. Dickson states that the standard is quite comprehensive, noting that it covers company policies, procedures, and documentation. Not only do aerospace manufacturers have to comply with AS9100D, but so too do their suppliers and subcontractors. International agencies, like the EU, often adopt versions of the standard that are basically identical. AS9100 is also divided into three standards:

• AS9100: Aerospace design, development, and manufacture.
• AS9110: Aircraft maintenance organizations.
• AS9120: Distributors of hardware, electronics, and other materials.

Aspects of AS9100 to be aware of include:

• Development and Design: Standards for new products.
• Purchasing: Selection of vendors, purchasing procedures, validation and verification.
• Traceability: Being able to trace processes to the accountable party.
• Risk Management: Reducing QC risks where possible, accepting and managing risks where not.

At the end of the day, burdensome as quality assurance may be, the industries that require extensive QA typically do so from a position of public trust. QA failures are often high-profile and disastrous in this industry, undermining their credibility at times when they need it the most to keep innovating and improving the landscape of human experience. Understanding quality assurance standards for heavily-regulated industries serves as an excellent guide even for industries that don’t depend on them. The compliance burden may be less weighty, but public trust and a reputation for quality never hurt any business in any industry.

5 Engineering Career Paths Worth Considering

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at 5 Engineering Career Paths worth considering. If you’re an engineering student or graduate and you later realize that this field isn’t what you had expected it to be, then all is not lost. As a matter of fact, there are a number of career paths available for engineering students and graduates from around the world. First and foremost, being an engineer isn’t just about doing one job. Truth be told, engineering focuses on a wide range of careers.  Even though every engineering career shares a set of crucial general skills, they eventually branch out into several other types of fields that require very unique and varying skill sets. Put simply, the skills that you learn as an engineer will be valuable in various other fields. You can either go to different specializations of engineering or even look for a similar job at a different company if the current place you’re working in is not up to your liking. Fortunately, engineering also involves problem-solving skills, training, and analytical prowess which you can apply somewhere else without having to take an extra course from a college or vocational school. But before we show you some of the most prominent engineering career paths there are a certain number of prerequisites that you need to keep in mind.

1. Start from The Bottom

No matter what discipline you are in, you’re always going to start from the ground up, which is as a junior level engineer.  This is an entry-level spot where you learn the ups and downs of the engineering industry from your senior engineer. A junior engineer’s responsibilities will depend on a certain branch of engineering, but it usually focuses a lot on gathering and deciphering data, engaging in fieldwork, testing products, and helping out in documentation and reports.

2. Get Your Professional Engineer License

The next thing for you to do is to acquire a professional engineer license.  With it, a vast sea of opportunities can open up for you.  It’s also something that you can look towards when giving your career an early start. As a licensed professional engineer, you will legitimately be allowed to practice engineering in your territory or province, as well as take legal responsibility for your job.  The credibility that you get with having a license will offer you astounding benefits if you wish to start your own business or even start work in consulting later on. Now let’s look at several career paths for engineering that you can opt for:

Best Engineering Career Paths

Let's now have a look at few Best Engineering Career Paths:

1. Fashion Engineer

Yes, believe it or not, becoming a fashion engineer is indeed an engineering career path.  There are quite a handful of engineers who are interested in the fashion industry.  This field of engineering, especially that of the ever-growing modern fashion landscape, values those who possess skills in science and math. In fact, several renowned fashion brands like Louis Vuitton and Nike are trying to figure out how to implement technology into their clothing line up, echoing in a new era of smart wear.  Think about how cool it would be to be part of a group that builds plausible 3D printed clothing solutions. Besides that, you might also be able to lend a hand in developing machines that can make clothing as well.  So, if you’re someone who is into fashion, and also loves engineering, then this is the right career for you.

2. Civil Engineering

Civil engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining infrastructures of various shapes and sizes.  Apart from covering a wide set of structural and civil engineering disciplines, civil engineering can act as its own career path and discipline. This field involves being able to plan, design, and maintain structures both on a small and large scale.  Civil engineers can design an entire building or else be involved in developing a whole transport system A civil engineer should also be mindful of real-life considerations or concerns.  What this means is that civil engineering can be intertwined with financial, environmental, ethical, and legal issues.  It’s the kind of engineering where one will always be involving theoretical problem solving with a real-world, practical application, that is inspired by the needs of the entire community. If you’re interested in construction management, which is a key component of civil engineering (many engineers do both over their careers), then you can learn more about it here.

3. Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is the study of energy, force, and motion. Mechanical engineers sought to control these elements by using a mix of human and economic resources, and material to develop mechanical solutions that satisfy the wants and needs of society.  Mechanical engineers have the following common responsibilities:

•  Product design
•  Manufacturing
• Research and development
• Energy
• Systems management

In many of these areas, mechanical engineers seek to create or harness energy in machines like air conditioners, refrigeration equipment, and boilers.  Product design involves designing as well as manufacturing physical products like personal computers, dishwashers, and engines.

4. Electric and Electronic Engineering

Another interesting engineer career path is electronic or electrical engineering.  Both of these are focused on applying electrical power.  Electrical engineering is more about the production and supply of electrical power, whereas electronic engineering focuses more on smaller electronic components like the ones used within computers. To understand how much electrical and electronic engineering has impacted the world, you should know that it has led to the creation of radio, universal electrical power, medical imaging, or television technology.

5. Environmental Engineer

Environmental engineers specialize in chemistry and biology to understand and develop solutions for environmental issues.  This is especially essential considering the world is constantly plagued by climate change.  Environmental engineer services are of great importance in areas of recycling, reduction of water and air pollution, as well as waste management. And thanks to governments and companies coming up with the latest and innovative green initiatives, there is an exceedingly high demand for environmental engineers.  What’s more, is that there’s usually plenty of traveling involved for environmental engineers who can go anywhere around the world and visit exotic locations.

How Technology and Human Resources Can Relate

The world of human resources stretches further than hiring and keeping employee relations copasetic. There’s so much to keep track of, day in and day out. Technology lends a hand to its friend, human resources. But with ASP.NET development services, your daily human resources task just got a whole lot easier. We’ll be examining the relationship between these HR management systems and daily tasks. Time and attendance, onboarding, and payroll management can all be integrated into one software system with asp.net development services.

Track Time and Attendance in Real-Time

Time and attendance can be tracked in real-time by logging into your HR system and approving clock-in times, based on when your employee was scheduled. The system can tell you when your employee was scheduled when they clocked in and out. It presents it all nicely for you on the screen so you can fix missed punches or late starts.

Identify Tardies and Trends

Tardies are also recorded. Managers can easily see which employees were late that day. They can then document the individual without dispute if the company reprimands for late starts. Historically late individuals are easy to catch when their start times are so plainly laid out! Suggest leaving a few minutes early if you notice you have an employee who is always three minutes late to clock in.

Assign Job Codes for Accurate Pay

Gain even more precision by assigning job codes to each position. The HR software automatically identifies job codes to their respective pay when the employee clocks in under a certain job. Make sure employees are clocked in under the correct job code so that you can accurately pay them for their work.

Recruit Talent and Track Interview Process

By utilizing a software system that does the heavy thinking for you, the recruiting and interview process is far less complicated. The software can identify candidates based on criteria and skills. And if you decide to move forward with them, both parties can easily keep track of progress with notifications and updates via email and other methods of communication.

On-Board New Hires

New hire paperwork is tedious but so important! Again, here we’re going to let the computer do all of the heavy thinking. Let your new employees fill out tax documents, read over manuals, and perhaps even start some training online. These new asp.net development services are a breath of fresh air and leave plenty of time for your HR manager to focus on other tasks like thorough interviews or more energetic orientations.

Labor Law Integration

While the new hire process is important, labor laws might take the win. But there’s so many of them, how can one manager keep them all straight? Software specifically designed for this in mind can tell you when you might be stepping on some toes. For example, when building your schedule, warnings will let you know if you haven’t allotted enough time between shifts, legally, for your employee. Human resource management is a key component of running a business that sees success. And a true leader knows when to allow others to do their job. By implementing asp.net development services into your business and HR practices, you’re being a true leader. Allow the relationship between technology and HR flourish.

Choosing the Right Storage System for Warehouse

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I will show you How to Choose the right storage system for warehouse. A warehouse is a place where businesses or companies store the products before delivering to their customers. The key elements in warehousing are management, operations, and systems. These are critical factors in planning, building, and maintaining the warehouse. One major part of warehouse management operations and systems is the storage.  The racking system in a warehouse is crucial to ensure business operations run smoothly.  If you are building a warehouse, make sure the shelving is maximized. You also have to consider the adaptability of the shelves based on the needs of operations. Another factor to consider is the durability of the shelving options and how well they can stand versus the products they need to hold.  Last, but not the last is safety for the employees and the warehouse as a whole. The quality of materials to be used should also not be sacrificed.

Study the Different Types of Shelving

What products would you need to store? What are their corresponding weights? Are you storing homogenous products?  Are you storing products with different shapes and sizes?  How often is the projected pull out of each item? Which goods are faster-moving? Are there seasonal products? Which goods are slower-moving?  Do the products need special storage? How about expiry dates? There are so many questions to answer.  Several factors should be considered in planning the storage system of a warehouse. Planning and analysis of the products and business needs is key in the initial stage.  This also involves studying the different options available suited for your needs. Check out different types of shelves, their advantages, disadvantages, and adaptability. For example, if you need to store large fast-moving goods, an industrial warehouse racking system may be suited. Always remember that the goal in a warehouse is optimal efficiency, which can mean reducing the time it would take to tick and complete an order. A systematic and a right shelving solution should help improve the inventory storage, workload distribution, and order fulfillment. Hence, depending on your business and products to store and goals, below are some shelving options you can consider:

Shelving Option 1: Pallet Racking

Does your warehouse have continuous product movement? Perhaps, the pallet racking system is the solution for you. This storage system provides easy access to the palletized goods. Access can be done simultaneously. This results in better productivity and efficiency for your warehouse operations. On the other hand, in the selective racking method, the pallets are loaded or unloaded coming from the front of the racking system.

Shelving Option 2: Push Back Racking  

Push back racking is suited for warehouses that need to access large different SKUs (stock-keeping units) simultaneously. This storage solution aims to maximize the capacity for storage.  The push back racking follows the last-in, first-out system. This means that the goods which are placed will also be the ones to be retrieved first.

Shelving Option 3: Cantilever 

The advantage of cantilever is the easy retrieval and storage of goods that have different sizes, shapes, and weights. The cantilever shelving provides easier access, selection, and adjustability. This can be customized based on your preference.

Shelving Option 4: Drive-in Rack

If you intend to store huge quantities of homogenous products, then you may consider a drive-in rack. In this method, the forklifts load and unload the products by entering through the front. The forklift then moves back once the products are already in place. This type of shelving follows the last-in, first-out management of goods.

Shelving Option 5: Long Span Shelving  

The long span shelving is highly flexible as it serves different types of applications. This uses a clip-together shelving system, which is best for storing small or heavy products. Given the easy clip-together system, the shelves can be adjusted. They can support a mezzanine floor system. The versatility of the long span shelving allows adding accessories like tool racks, crates, or security cages.

Bend-Tech’s Steel Racking

Warehousing is not an easy task. This requires careful planning to ensure operations are optimized. The shelving system is a crucial factor. The right shelving system ensures maximum efficiency for your operations.  We suggest that you study and carefully plan out the storage solutions. This is to avoid mistakes that may be costly. Getting a wrong type of shelving solution will only hamper or reduce operational efficiency. Need advice on what type of shelving solution for your warehouse? We can help analyze your storage requirements that are best suited for your operations. We offer bespoke solutions. No warehouse is too big or too small for us. We are open to any type of requirement. Whether or not you have an idea of what type of shelving solution you want, do let us know. We can sit down with you to listen. Walk us through your requirements, the products that need to be stored, the dimensions of the goods, product considerations, and warehouse size, and other needs.  Our well-trained engineers will be glad to assist you. We can do any type of Bend-Tech’s steel racking that we would agree on. All our metal storage racks are fully-engineered and built for industrial conditions.  They are all certified and meet Australian standards.  Rest assured that you will have high-quality shelving solutions. We service different parts of Australia. We have offices in Perth, Newman, Brisbane, Kalgoorlie, Mount Isa, and Sydney.

A Tour to WellPCB – Fabrication House

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to have a look at another fabulous fabrication house named WellPCB. I have tried their services recently in an Arduino project, where I need to design a 3-Layer PCB and I was quite satisfied with their services. Before getting into the details, let me point out their strongest point, they have a trained customer service team, which guides you properly & solves all your queries. So, let's have a look at why you should prefer WellPCB for your next PCB order:

A quick review to WellPCB

• WellPCB PTY LTD is an Australian company ( daughter company of Uniwell Circuits Co. Ltd. ), focused on the fabrication of PCB, PCBa ( Turnkey Services ) & Flexible PCBs.
• WellPCB provides High Quality & Low Cost services in PCB industry.
• They provide a Fast Delivery method as fast as:
  • 24 hours for double-sided PCBs.
  • 48 hours for 4 to 8 Layered PCBs.
  • 120 hours for 10+ Layered PCBs.
• You can order PCB online from anywhere in the world, from their official website.
• WellPCB is capable of delivering over 10,000 varieties monthly.
• They are currently running a sale on their site:
  • $5 for 5 PCBs, 1-2 Layer.

• They follow international Certifications, which they have also published on their website:
  • ISO14001:2015, ISO9001:2015.
  • CertifiedIATF16949: 2016 Certified.
  • UL Certified.
  • Follows IPC & ROHS Standards.

WellPCB Price Quote

• WellPCB have provided an online PCB Quote Calculator on their website, from where you can instantly calculate your cost.
• They have provided this calculator for:
  • PCB.
  • Flexible PCB.
  • Rigid-Flexible PCB.
• So, you can provide all your requirements and then can get your final cost quite easily.

WellPCB Capabilities

WellPCB has a wide range of capabilities, please have a look at the detailed WellPCB capabilities and here I am going to mention few of them:

• I have already mentioned, they offer PCB, PCBa & Flexible PCB fabrication.
• They also offer Double Sided BGAs.
• They have the capability to drill Mini Hole Diameter to 0.15mm.
• They perform X-ray Inspection on their final product for quality assurance.
• They follow Turnkey Assembly.
• They can also do Components Sourcing for you.
• All their products are in compliance with RoHS.

Why WellPCB?

I have discussed almost everything about WellPCB. I have mentioned just the important points and you can read full details on their official website. Now, let's have a look at why you should select WellPCB for your next order:

• WellPCB is a daughter company of UniWell Circuits and thus has a long experience in electronics industry.
• As it's a big fabrication house, so they not only design simple PCBs but also provide solutions for PCB assembly & Flexible PCBs, so it's like a one stop solution for everything.
• Their fabricated product follows all international standards, as I have mentioned earlier.
• They have expert Quality Assurance team and perform multiple tests on finished product.
• They have educated Customer Support Team, who answer to all your questions.
• You can also check this sister company of WellPCB named OurPCB Pty Ltd.

So, that was all about WellPCB. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and if you get their services, then do mention your experience in comments for other. Thanks for reading, take care !!!

How to use IF Else in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use IF Else in Python. It's our 5th tutorial in python series. In our previous lectures, we have covered the detailed Introduction to Python and then we have also discussed Data Types in Python & How to use Strings in Python. So, now it's time to move on a little further. In today's tutorial, we will cover If else statement in python and its not that difficult to understand but quite an essential one as its use a lot in programming projects. So, let's get started with How to use IF Else Statement in Python:

How to use IF Else Statement in Python

• IF Else Statement in python takes a Boolean Test Expression as an input, if this Boolean expression returns TRUE then code in IF body will get executed and if it returns FALSE, then code in ELSE body will be executed.
• You can understand it better by looking at its Flow Chart in right figure.
• Here's the syntax of IF Else statement in python:

if number == 10: print(number) else: print('Number is not equal to 10"

• We use if, in our daily life, it is part of our conversation, most of the time.
• For example, I say, If I win a lottery then I will go to a world tour! If I clear the test then I will throw a party.
• Here's another example, that if you are working late hours let say, overtime duty then you will get extra money, else you will not get the extra money.

Let's work with an example:

• Suppose, we have a food chain and our customer has a voucher for it.
• He has a voucher number (which is a code) written on it, by showing it, he can get a discount or he can get a free meal.
• If he is providing a correct secret code, then he will get a free meal offer. Otherwise, he will not be able to avail any offer.
• So, let's design this simple code using If Else statement:

Offer = 500 (This is, by default, price of a meal)

• We will take the input from the user.

voucher_number = input("please enter your voucher number: ")

• Whatever the number he will enter, it will get stored in that "voucher_number".
• Now let's check if the code, that he has entered is correct or not.
• We will need to use the IF statement here and first let's add this condition:

if voucher_number=="9753":

• If the voucher number is matching with the company generated number, then the offer will be:

offer -=300

• If the code is correct then deduct the amount as a discount.
• Then print("congratulations, you have got a discount")
• Then print("your remaining offer has " + str(offer))
• Run the program
• See the image, it says to enter the voucher number in the output window:

Suppose I put the wrong code. It will exit the program. Now what error he will face, if he put the wrong Voucher number, Let’s see what will be the next task.

• We will use else statement for this, if the condition is not correct.
• I have simply printed the message in else body, as shown in below figure:

Relational Operators in Python

As we are discussing IF Else statement, so we should also have a look at relational operators in python:

• Relational Operators are used to find a relation between two variables or data packets.
• We use relational operators in test expressions of IF Else statements.
• We have five types of Relational Operators i.e.
  • Greater than >
  • Less than <
  • Greater than equals to >=
  • Less than equals to <=
  • Equals to ==
• Let's understand them with an example. Now I have to check which number is greater so I will write it as:

if first_number > second_number:          print(" First number is greater than second number.") else:        print(“second number is greater than first number.") So, that was all about How to use IF Else statement in Python. If you have any questions, ask in comments. In the next, lecture, we will have a look at How to design a simple calculator in python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are ding great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python. It's our fourth tutorial in Python series. Arithmetic operators are required in mathematical problem solving. We will first have a look at the arithmetic operators and after that, we also discuss different builtin arithmetic functions in Python Math module. So, let's get started:

Arithmetic Operators in Python

• Arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, ^ etc. ) are used to perform simple arithmetic operations in python.
• So, let's open up your PyCharm and perform a simple task using these operators, as shown in below figure:

• I used a single star for multiplication and a double star for the square power.
• It is showing the results of the operations, which it is performing respectively.

Now let's design a simple calculator using these arithmetic operators but before that let's have a look at How to take input from user in python.

Getting Input from users in Python

• If we want to work dynamically, we will learn how we get values from users.
• It quite simple in python, you will just need to use an input method here.
• It will take input from the user and store it in the assigned variable.
• If you want to take the full name, age, and qualification of the player, you will write it as shown in the image:

Now I will talk about type conversion and we will make a simple program that will calculate the salary of an employee so that we can learn to perform basic calculations: Type conversion in Python In this part, I will tell you, what is Type Conversion in Python? And why it is required? Let's follow the step.

• Suppose we want to count the salary of an employee. See the steps in the image.
• Here I put int. before the fourth string, which is basic pay, but I have put the bonus in the whole numbers and it will be unable to do the concatenation because it is allowing it as a string. So, I typed the data and run it, see the results.

• You can also use the second method as you can put int. where you are performing calculations, as shown in the image.
• You can convert it by using three major data types i.e. int, float, string.

Simple Calculator in Python

Now we will design a simple calculator in which the user will enter 1st & 2nd number and our code will perform these operations with those operators like addition, subtraction, division, and multiplications. I typed the following strings below:

• first_number = float(input("Enter first number : "))
• second_number = float(input("Enter second number : "))
• print("All Arithmetic Operations are as under.")
• print(first_number + second_number)
• print(first_number - second_number)
• print(first_number * second_number)
• print(first_number / second_number)
• print(first_number ** second_number)
• I converted the type of first and second strings.
• Run the program
• You can see in the printed screen all the arithmetic operations are performed respectively.
• All the values are in floating points because we converted it into the float.
• You can also convert it in integer and check it.

• I wrote 9 and 5 and enter it, results are shown in above figure.

Operator Precedence in Python

Let's suppose, we have a variable here.

• Profit = 15 + 30 * 25
• Now let's print it using: print(profit)
• Run the program.
• The answer will be 765 in the output window.

Python follows the standard order of precedence. First, it will perform multiplication and then it will perform the addition. However, we can change the order using parenthesis.

• Suppose, we want to operate the addition method first.
• So, I will place parenthesis before and after both terms.
• Then it will perform the addition method first then multiplication.
• I will write it as:

profit = (15 + 30) * 25

• Run the program and answer will be 1125.

Now I will expand the equation and will do subtraction with it, let’s see what happens.

profit = (15 + 30) * 25 - 10

• Run the program and answer will be 1115.
• If we add parenthesis to it as:

profit = (15 + 30) * (25 - 10)

• Run the program and we will get 675.

Numbers and Importing Math’s Function in Python In this part of the lecture, I will discuss predefined functions about numbers in Python and I will also show you, how to import math modules for the advanced predefined function and methods, predefined for numbers. So let's get started. round()

• Suppose we have a variable as, number = 3.7.
• I want easily round it using:

print(round(number))

• Run the program and it will round the figure to 4.

abs()

• Suppose I have negative value -8 and I want to find the absolute value of it.
• I will use abs() and it It will return 8, as shown in below figure:

min()

• If I want to find the minimum value among the two numbers. I will write it as:

 print(min(9, 4.5)

• It will return the minimum value as, 4.5.

max()

• You can do the exact opposite of min, if you want to find out the maximum value among the two numbers.

print(max(9, 4.5)

pow()

• If I want to calculate the multiples of itself i.e. square, cube etc. then I will write it as:

print(pow(5, 3)

• The first number will be base and the second one will be the power.
• Run the program & it will show the answer, 125.

Import a Math Module in Python

Now let's have a look at How to import a math module in python code:

• Python Math library has a lot of builtin functions, which we can easily import by writing this statement at the top of our code.

from Math import *

• By writing this statement we are simply saying that get access to all the functions of Math Library.

Now, let's have a look at few of its functions: sqrt()

• Suppose I want to take the square root of number = 72
• I write it as

print (sqrt(number))

• Run the program and it will return as 8.4 something, as shown in below figure:

Here's the complete list of functions in Python Math Module:

List of Functions in Python Math Module

Function	Description
ceil(x)	It returns the previous integer value.
copysign(x, y)	It will assign sign of y to x.
fabs(x)	It returns the absolute value.
factorial(x)	It returns the factorial value.
floor(x)	It returns the next integer value.
fmod(x, y)	It divides x by y and returns the remainder.
frexp(x)	It returns the mantissa and exponent as pair value.
fsum(iterable)	It returns an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable
isfinite(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is finite i.e. neither infinite nor NaN.
isinf(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is infinite.
isnan(x)	It returns TRUE, if the number is NAN.
ldexp(x, i)	It returns x * (2**i).
modf(x)	It returns the fractional and integer values.
trunc(x)	It returns the truncated integer value.
exp(x)	It returns e**x
expm1(x)	It returns e**x - 1
log(x[, base])	It returns the logarithmic value to the base e.
log1p(x)	It returns the natural logarithmic value of 1+x.
log2(x)	It returns the base-2 logarithmic value.
log10(x)	It returns the base-10 logarithmic value.
pow(x, y)	It returns x raised to the power y.
sqrt(x)	It returns the square root of x.
acos(x)	It returns the arc cosine of x.
asin(x)	Returns the arc sine of x.
atan(x)	Returns the arc tangent of x.
atan2(y, x)	Returns atan(y / x)
cos(x)	Returns the cosine of x
hypot(x, y)	Returns the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y)
sin(x)	Returns the sine of x
tan(x)	Returns the tangent of x
degrees(x)	Converts angle x from radians to degrees
radians(x)	Converts angle x from degrees to radians
acosh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x
asinh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x
atanh(x)	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x
cosh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
sinh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x
tanh(x)	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x
erf(x)	Returns the error function at x
erfc(x)	Returns the complementary error function at x
gamma(x)	Returns the Gamma function at x
lgamma(x)	Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function at x
pi	Mathematical constant, the ratio of circumference of a circle to it's diameter (3.14159...)
e	mathematical constant e (2.71828...)

So that was all about arithmetic operators in Python. I hope now you got the clear idea of how powerful python is. So, that was all for today. In the next lecture, we will have a look at How to create IF Loop in Python. Till then take care and have fun !!! :)

How to use String in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we will have a look at How to use String in Python. It's our 3rd tutorial in Python series. We have discussed strings in our previous lecture How to use Data Types in Python. String is a most commonly used data type in python that's why I have created a separate lecture on it. Python has many built-in string operations, which we will discuss today in detail. So, let's get started with String in Python:

How to use String in Python

• String Data Type is used to store or collect one or more characters or sequence of characters, we can place any alphanumerical or special character in a string.
• Let's create a string in python, it has a simple syntax, as shown below:

first_var = "Hello World"

• There are two sorts of strings, we can use in python:
  • Single Line.
  • Multiple Lines.
• The above-given example is for a single line, like if you want to write an email or product name, etc.

Multiple Lines String in Python

• If you want to write an essay, story, report etc. then you will need to use Multiple Lines string, which is created by placing triple quote around the data, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, we have written multiple lines in welcome string.

Strings Operators

• If you are using an apostrophe, you will need to use use double quotes, otherwise, the interpreter will not be able to understand it and will give you a syntax error, as shown in below figure:

• But if I write in double-quotes, then it will work fine, as shown in below figure:

Escape sequences in Python

• If you are using double quotes in the same string, then you will need to use a backward slash ( \ ), as shown in the image.
• Run the program and see the result in the console window:

Now I have another escape sequence ( \n )

• If I want to add a new line break then I will use escape sequence ( \n ).
• As you can see in below figure, I have printed the name & age of Richard in separate lines using escape sequence ( \n ).

Tab escape sequence is \t

• I wrote it with tab escape sequence ( \t ) and run the program, see the six spaces in the printed window:

Some useful points before I move further:

• You can use backward slash and forward slash \/ like this.
• You cannot use the backward slash at the end of the string before the end of the quote.
• You will use double backward slash ( \\ ), if you want to print one.

Concatenation in Python

• In concatenation, we connect multiple strings together, we use ( + ) sign in order to concatenate strings.
• Let's understand it with an example, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, I have printed multiple strings in a single line using ( + ) sign.

 String Formatting In Python

When we use multiple strings, it gets harder to concatenate those strings, and it is difficult to remember each string format and codes. In such cases, we need to format those strings. Let's understand it with an example:

• In String Formatting, we simply place our variables in curly brackets, as shown in below figure:

• No need to add multiple quotes and + symbol, instead simply use curly brackets for variables.

String Indexes in Python

In python, when we store a string, it goes with an index for each of its element one by one, because it is a sequence of characters. Let's understand it with an example:

• For example, I saved the name "Ali Haider" in a string then each of its character has an index assigned with it.
• I have shown the string and the index starting with a comment # in below image:

• So, that means index of  A=0, L=1, I=2, (for blank space, it is also a character and its index is 3), H=4, a=5, i=6, d=7, e=8 and r=9.
• After that, I have printed first three characters of that string by writing a range of [0:3], it eliminates the ending index and shows the result as from 0 to 2, which makes the word Ali. (see above image )
• If you want to print till the final value, then you wont need to write the last index, you will just write it as [0: ].
• If I write in this way, print(player_name[:]), then it will print the whole string again.
• You can also write negative indexes like print(player_name[-1]) and it will print r from the right side.

Before moving further, I will tell you a magical feature that only Python allows.

• Type print("a" * 30) and check the magic in print window:

Builtin String Functions in Python

Python has numerous excellent builtin string functions, which we can access using  DOT ( . ) operator. These builtin functions are quite helpful, so let's have a loot at few of them: string.upper()

• This upper() function will make characters of the string uppercase, as shown in below figure:

• If, I write print(Precaution.isupper()), It will check the string, whether its uppercase or not.
• If string will be in uppercase it will return True and if it's not in uppercase, it will return False.

string.lower()

• Now let's convert string characters to lowercase by using lower() function.
• When I type print(precaution.lower()), It will print the whole string in lowercase, as shown in below figure:

string.replace()

• Now if we want to replace any word, then we need to use print(precaution.replace("WEAR", 'BUY')), It will replace the WEAR word with BUY, as shown in the image:

So, that was all about How to use Strings in Python. I have tried to cover all the main points and rest we will keep on covering in coming lectures. In the next lecture, we will have a look at How to use Arithmetic Operators in Python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

How to use Data Types in Python

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you How to use Data types in Python. It's our 2nd tutorial in Python series. In our first tutorial, we have seen a detailed introduction to python and we have also installed PyCharm IDE to work on python. Today, we will understand data types in detail as in order to design an efficient program, you need to select correct data types. Incorrect selection may cause memory loss and may slow your application. So, let's get started with data types in Python:

Data types in Python

• Data Types are used for the classification or categorization of similar data packets. There are numerous data types available in python, which we can use depending on our projects' requirement.

• Let's understand data types with an example: Suppose you have some digital data i.e. ON & OFF then you can save this data in Boolean data type but what if your data ranges from 1 to 10, then you need to use integer data types instead of Boolean.
• You can save Boolean data in integer data type but that will be a redundant i.e. we are allocating more space to our data by specifying integer, when we can easily assign Boolean to it.
• Here's the flow chart of available data types in Python language:

Now let's have a look at these data types one by one:

Numeric in Python

• Numeric data types are used to deal with all types of numerical data packets i.e. integer, float etc.
• Numeric data types are further divided into 3 types, which are:
  • Integer.
  • Float.
  • Complex Number.

Integer in Python

• Integer (int) data type only holds integer numbers, it could be positive or negative.
• We can't save decimal numbers in integer data type.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a value a of integer 20:

x = int(20)

Float in Python

• Float data types are used to hold decimal numerical values i.e. 2.13, 3.14 etc.
• We can also save whole numbers in float data types.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a value a of float 20.5:

x = float(20.5)

Complex Numbers in Python

• Complex Number data types is used to keep complex numbers in it. Complex numbers are those numerical values which have real & imaginary part.
• That's the versatility of python language, I haven't seen complex number data type in any other programming language.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it is assigned a complex number 1+3j:

x = complex(1+3j)

Dictionary in Python

• Dictionary data type is sued to save data in key -> value  form. The data is unordered but the value is paired with its key.
• Dictionary data is placed inside curly brackets i.e. {1:"Jones", 2:"IronMan", 3:"Football", 4: "Mosque"}.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x and it's assigned a dictionary data type:

x = dict(name="John", age=36)

Boolean in Python

• Boolean is the simplest data type of all and has just two values assigned to it i.e. True or False.
• Although it's quite simple but its too handy as we have to use it a lot in IF statements. ( We will cover that later )
• Here's a declaration of a variable x, assigned a Boolean data type and it's TRUE:

x = bool(1)

Sequence Type in Python

• Sequence Type data types are used to save data in characters form.
• We can't save numerical data in sequence type but we can convert the two. ( We will discuss that later )
• Sequence Types are further divided into 3 types, which are:
  • String.
  • List.
  • Tuple.

Strings in Python

• A string is used to save one or more characters and it's the most commonly used data type.
• Let's understand it with a simple example: You must have seen greeting messages on different projects, we save such data in strings.
• We will discuss strings in detail in our next lecture, where we will perform different operations using strings.
• Here's a declaration of a variable x, which is assigned a string "Hello World":

x = str("Hello World")

List in Python

• List data type is used to collect an ordered data, not necessarily of the same type.
• List data is displayed with square brackets.
• We will discuss this in our upcoming lectures in detail, here's a declaration of list:

x = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))

Tuple in Python

• Tuple data type is used to arrange ordered data, it's quite similar to list but the data is displayed with small brackets.
• Here's a Tuple declaration:

x = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))

So, we have discussed all these data types in python and if you are not understanding any of them yet then no need to worry as we are going to use them a lot in our coming projects, so you will get them. Before moving to next lecture, let's discuss variables in python a little:

Variables in Python

• Variable is a temporary location in computer's memory, which is used to save the data.
• As the name implies, we can change its value using different operations or information given to the program.
• Typically, a program consists of commands that instruct the computer what to do with variables.
• Variables are assigned with tag name, using which we call the value saved in it.
• For examples: x = 5, here x is the name of the variable and 5 is its value.
• In python, we can use special characters, letters, and any number as a variable name.
• Wide spaces and signs with meanings like "+" and "-" are invalid in python.
• You should remember that the names of variables are case sensitive. As the uppercase letter "A" and lowercase letter "a" are considered as different variables.
• As variables are used to save data thus they also assigned a data type. So, a variable could be of int, float or string. (as we seen above)
• In python, it's not necessary to define variable data type, python sets it dynamically.
• There are some variables, which are reserved and we cannot use them.
• We can also change the variables later and assign it to a new variable.
• For example, I have set a value 10 in a variable eat.

eat=100

• Then I added and stored the value of eat+10 in a variable cot.

cot = eat + 10

• So, now cot will be 110.

Types of Variables Here I have set some examples of Variables and their types.

• X = 456 #integer
• X = 456L #Long integer
• X = 4.56 #double float
• X = "world" #string
• X = [1, 2] #list
• X = (0, 1, 2) #tuple
• X = open('world.py' , 'r') #file

You may assign a single value to multiple variables at the same time.

• Variable x, y, and z are assigned with the same memory location with the value of 1.

x = y = z = 1

• Let's create few variables in python, I have created first_name, date_of_birth & last_name, as shown in below figure:

• I have printed first_name and its appeared in the output panel.

So, that was all about Python Data Types & variables. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In our next lecture, we will have a look at Strings in Python. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)