The Engineering Projects

Introduction to HC-12

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-12. It is a wireless data transmitter and receiver module, that uses 433 megahertz frequency and can communicate to one thousand meter distance. It can communicate with more than one microcontroller. This module operates from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.

This Bluetooth module is installed in industries to control different processes and machines. It is also used in the circuitry of different security systems. This module uses silicons LABs Si4463 for (radio-frequency) RF data transmission. In today's post, we will look at its working, features, pinout and applications in detail. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-12.

Introduction to HC-12

•  HC-12 is an RF module, used for wireless data transmission.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megahertz, large no of channels can be tuned on this frequency range.
• The maximum sending information power of this module is one hundred megawatts or twenty-decibel milliwatts.
• The data receiving strength is -117 decibel milliwatts with a baud rate of five thousand bytes per second in the air.
• This device uses stamp hole packaging for patch soldering, having a dimension of 27.8-millimeter x 14.4-millimeter x 4 millimeters, consisting of an antenna cap that makes it easier to install in different circuitry.
• This module also consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) antenna socket and an external antenna can be connected by coaxial wire.
• This data transmission module also consists of the microcontroller, used to generate the data protocol.

HC-12 Pinout

• Now we discuss the pinouts of HC-05.

 

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	At this pin input supply is provided to this module, the range of direct current source is 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts, and the load connected with it should be two hundred milliamperes. One thing you should keep in mind that when this module sending data tries to connect 1N4007 diode in series voltage source if its value is larger than 4.5 volts for reduction of heating.
Pin#2	GND	This pinout is connected with the ground.
Pin#3	RXD	It is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) input data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. The resistance of one kilo is linked in series within the module.
Pin#4	TXD	it is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) output data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. With this pinout, one-kilo ohm resistance is connected in series.
Pin#5	SET	This pinout is for the setting of different parameters at active low level. One kilo ohm resistance is also connected with it in series.
Pin#6	ANT	This pinout is for 433 megahertz antenna.
Pin#7	GND	it is the ground pinout.
Pin#8	GND	This pinout is also connected with the ground.
Pin#9	NC	It is not used for any connection.
ANT1	ANT	It is IPEX20279-001E-03 antenna socket.
ANT2	ANT	433MHz spring antenna solder eyelet.

 

• The pinout from one to six consists of 2 bonding pads, with exterior half- holes bondings pads are manufactured for soldering.

• When the interior bonding pad antenna (ANT2) of pinout six is employed for linking, then the antenna connected with spring can be soldered with the hand.
• Let’s see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of HC-12

• This module can send and receive data to almost one thousand kilometers with a baud rate of five thousand bps.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megaHertz, to the hundreds of communication channels.
• Its data transmission power is almost a hundred megawatts or twenty decibels.
• It operates at 3 different modes according to the circuitry in which it is employed.
• A microcontroller is configured on this module so there is no need for a special programming device.
• It transmits a large number of bytes bits to the receiving module.
• It used a serial port for data transmission.
• Its operating voltage range is from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.
• It used the UART and TTL protocols for interfacing with other devices.
• It operates at minus forty degrees Celsius to plus eighty-five degrees Celsius.

Where to use HC-12

• These devices are used in pairs only and simple transmission of data is done by this device. That means its transmitter is used only for sending of data and its receiver for receiving data.
• With sending information to one thousand meter distance it is also used for short-range almost three meters of data transmission.

HC-12 Applications

• These are some important applications of HC-12 that are described here in detail.
•  Different wireless sensors consist of this module.
• For the control of robotic instruments, it is used in these modules.
• In industries, different machines are controlled from a larger distance.
•  POS (point of sale) systems also used this module.
• It is also used in the keyless automobile entry system.

That is a complete article on HC-12 I have mentioned each and everything related to HC-12 in this post if you have any questions ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Bistable Multivibrator and how it can be used in different circuits. In this type of multivibrator, the circuitry can operate in any state according to a signal provided at its input while it does not happen in a monostable multivibrator. This arrangement is also defined as a flip flop because flip flop also operates at more than one condition. It also has the ability to store a single bit of information so it is mostly used in logic circuits and in computer data storage part.

This vibrator like other vibrators is used for the production of square waves with providing some delay. These circuits are constructed with numerous kinds of semiconductor components. The most used semiconductor device circuits are operational amplifiers. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, construction, applications and different parameters related to it. So let's get started with What is Bistable Multivibrator.

What is Bistable Multivibrator

• Bistable Multivibrator has 2 operating conditions so it is called bistable, it is also known as a 2-shot multivibrator.
• Due to working at two different modes it needs 2 input signal for shifting from one operating mode to others.
• When first input signal is provided it shifts its operation to second state when second signal provided it come back to previous state.

• Its another name is flip-flop multivibrator because like flip flops its changes its operation state and regain it after some interval.
• In the given figure, its structure is shown that consists of 2 NPN transistors that is denoted as Q1 and Q2.
• At both of these transistors collector 2 loads resistors, RL1 and RL2 are attached.
• The output terminal of the first transistor is connected with the input of the second transistor through resistor R1 and output of the second transistor is provided at input of first transistor through the resistor R2.
• Both of the resistance R1 and R2 are connected with a capacitor in parallel. The purpose of these two capacitors is to enhance the switching feature of circuitry so they are also known as commutating capacitors.

Bistable Multivibrator Working

• Now we discuss the working of this vibrator, for this, we discuss the circuitry that given below figure its construction and components we already discuss so now we the working of these components.
• When input power is provided to the input terminals of first transistor-transistor starts its operation due to a difference in its feature than the other transistor.
• When it first transistor starts its operation it goes into saturation state. Due to this value of voltage decreases at the collector terminals.
• As we know the collector of Q1 is connected with the base terminal of a second transistor due to this it goes into the cutt-off region.
• Then the voltage at the collector increases to Vcc, this increment in voltage causes to further saturate the first transistor as this voltage is connected with base of Q1 through the resistance R2.

• It is the first operating condition of bistable multivibrator in which first transistor Q1 is in working state while Q2 is off.
• This first condition continuous to that point we do not provide the negative signal to first transistor Q1 and positive polarity to transistor Q2.
• Now if we provide the positive polarity signal to the second transistor Q2 by the capacitor C2 connected with it.
• This Process will change the second transistor Q2 from saturation mode to cut-off mode, and voltage will decrease at a collector of Q2.
• As the collector of transistor Q2 is attached with the base of transistor Q1 with the decrement in the voltage at the collector of causes to decrease voltage at transistor Q1 base.
• This cause to the second transistor obtain saturation state and it is the second operation mode of this module in which the first transistor is off and second is in an operating state.

Bistable Multivibrator Waveform

• The output waveform generated by the has smaller wavelength or larger according to circuit requirement in rectangle shape.
• The first end of the rectangle waveform depends on the first input signal and vary according to it and second relies on the second input signal, the resultant waveform is drawn in a given figure.
• Switching variation among these 2 modes can create bistable circuitry but in some cases it is possible.

TTL Bistable Multivibrators

• As we above constructed this circuitry by using 2 different transistors now we use integrated circuits for the production this vibrator.
• The given circuitry explains the circuitry of a bistable vibrator having two NAND gates.

• This kind of circuits arrangments is known as the Bistable Flip-Flop, in this circuitry, there is a switch that is single pole through a switch (it is such switch that takes one input and can regulate 2 different output). This switch provides logic one and zero to this circuitry.

Application of Bistable Multivibrator

• These are some applications of the bistable multivibrator.
• It used in different storage devices and for counting of binary numbers.
• For frequency division in different circuits.
• It used for the production of different clock pulses.
• It used for different relay controller.
• It used in the different circuit as a toggle switch.

That is complete post on bistable multivibrator I have mentioned each and everything related to this module in this tutorial.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

Hello fellows, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Monostable Multivibrator. It is a simple electronic circuit, used to produce a pulse at its output also known as one shot. It generates output pulses according to corresponding circuitry requirements. Its main feature is that after the generation of the output pulse, it regains its stable state and does not produce any further output pulse till not triggers again.

This circuitry can be considered as a biased form of multivibrator (such circuitry that is used for implementation of 2-state modules like timers) that is (on) operating in the starting condition till the triggered point and then becomes unstable on its own. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuitry, construction, working and related parameters. So let's get started with What is Monostable Multivibrator.

What is Monostable Multivibrator

• Monostable Multivibrator is used for the generation of a square waveform in electronic circuitry.
  
• This wave generator belongs to a group of wave generators known as Relaxation Oscillators.
• It has a simple circuit where 2 switching circuits are designed using transistors(acting as a switch).
• The transistors are assembled in a way that the output of one transistor is the input of the second transistor.
• This circuitry also consists of a capacitor and resistor network to create feed-back tank circuitry.
• There are 2 different working conditions in any multivibrator circuit but monostable has only one 'on' state.
• This vibration generator comes back to its original condition after a set time of resistor-capacitor circuitry.

 

Construction of Monostable Multivibrator

• In its construction, 2 transistors are connected in such a configuration that both of these operate as input and output providers to each other.
• The collector (c) of the first transistor is linked with the base (b) of the second through a capacitor denoted as C1 and base terminal of first transistor that denoted as Q1 is attached with a collector of second transistor by the resistance R2 and capacitor.
• A direct current source is connected with base (b) point of first transistor by the resistance R3. The input pulse is provided to base (b) of first transistor with the capacitor denoted as C2.
• In figure resistance, (RL1) and resistance (RL2) is the load connected with these two transistors.
• When any transistor goes into stable state, then at input pulse is provided to vary its condition. With variation in condition, transistor stays in this condition for time interval set by the resistance-capacitor time constant then get the earlier condition.

Monostable Multivibrator Waveform

• This wave generator produces a waveform of rectangle shape having low and higher amplitude, the first end of this wave generates with the input trigger signal and the second end generates resistor-capacitor time constant.
• This resistance-capacitor time constant changes its value to generates large no of pulses that have a specific time interval between them by following the trigger signal provided at input. This assembly is shown in a given figure.
• The resistor-capacitor time of this vibrator can be change by changing the capacitance of capacitor or resistance value of both.
• The circuits also have the ability to do increment in the dimensions of a wave as the frequency of output wave remains similar to input signal the difference between them is the width of the waves.

TTL Monostable Multivibrators

• Above we discussed that this vibration generator can be constructed from individual elements like a transistor, but it can also be manufactured by different ICs.
• This given circuitry explains how the using only two NOR gates we can construct monostable vibrator.
• As we are familiar with the operation of NOR gate that its input is low than output will be high and if input is high then the output will be low (0).
• So at the start, the input is 0 then the output will be higher mean '1'.
• The resistance Rt linked with the input is also at a high level '1' it means that the quantity of charge at the plates of capacitor is similar.
• The voltage (V1)  is equivalent to this voltage so the output of NOR is at level 0.

• If the positive signal is provided to the input at a time (t=0) then the output of NOR gate will be '0' due to this the capacitor will get a discharge.
• Due to the discharging of the capacitor, the input of second NOR gate is '0'  that converts into high output '1'. This condition is called second condition of circuitry, in which output voltage is equivalent to (+Vcc).
• This condition continuous on second NOR gate until the capacitor does not get charged again.

Applications of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some important applications of Monostable Multivibrator that are described here.
• Due to time delay capability, it is mostly used in different timer circuits.
• It also used in different storage circuits.
• It also used to provide input to other pluse generator circuits.
• It also has ability to reproduce damage pulses again.

Advantage of Monostable Multivibrator

• These are some benefits of this pulse generator over other pulse generation modules.
• It needs only one single pulse to start its operation there is no need of extra pulse for its operation.
• Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
• Due to simple construction its price is also less.

So, this is the complete article on  Monostable Multivibrator if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at detailed Introduction to Darlington Transistor. It was named "Darlington" as its inventor's name was Sidney Darlington, who was an electrical engineer and belonged to the United States of America. Such a circuit configuration that consists of 2 PNP or NPN transistor makes Darlington configurations. This transistor configuration is used for amplification and switching circuits. The signal amplified by the first transistor also amplified by the second transistor & due to this two-time amplifications, this arrangement provides a high gain output signal. This transistor operation is similar to normal single transistor that has a base, emitter and collector. Its current gain value is almost one thousand. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, applications and other related factors. So let's get started with Introduction to Darlington Transistor.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

• Darlington transistor ( also known as Darlington pair) comprises of 2 bipolar junction transistors, connected in such a way that they behave like a single transistor.
• This transistor converts low base current to high output current (collector current).
• Its construction is such that emitter terminal (E) of the first transistor that is input connected with the second transistor base (B) terminal and collector (C) terminals of both transistors are linked together with one another by a wire.

• In this configuration current amplified by the first transistor further amplified by the second transistor and its give high gain output.
• There are two kinds of power dissipation occurs in this transistor first is maximum Collector-emitter (CE) and second is direct current gain. The value for maximum Collector-emitter (CE) is thirty volts, sixty volts, and eighty volts.
• As the gain value of this transistor is one thousand so less value of IB needs to using it in different amplification and switching circuits.
• Its most important factor is that its impedance at the input is high that cause to decrement at the output due to this we get a high-value signal.

Darlington Transistor Structure

• The physical construction of the Darlington pair is drawn in given below figure. In this figure, we are working on NPN transistors for construction of the required circuitry.

• You can see that collector of these 2 transistors are linked with each other and emitter terminal of transistor denoted as TR1 connected with the base (B) of the second transistor to provides the current at base.

• This circuitry gets ß multiplication due to Ib and Ic, in this case, the value ß  is larger than one, its mathematical form is.

IC= (IC1+IC2) IC= (ß1) . (Ib)+ (ß2). (Ib2)-----(1)

• While the value of Ib of TR1 is equivalent to the emitter current of it and the emitter of the first transistor is linked with the base of second transistor TR2.

(Ib2) = (Ie1) =(Ic1) + Ib) =(ß1).(Ib) +(Ib) = (IB).(ß1 + 1)

• If we put the value of Ib2 in equation (1) then we have.

Ic=(ß1). (Ib)+ ß2.Ib(ß1+1) Ic= (ß1).(Ib)+ (ß2).(Ib)(ß1) + (ß2).(Ib) Ic= (ß1+(ß2.ß1)+ ß2).Ib

• In these equations the ß1 is the gain of first transistor and ß2 is the gain of second transistor.

Sziklai Transistor Pair

• This type of transistor configuration was first time created by George Sziklai who belongs to Hungry, its name is due to this scientist who created it. It comprises of NPN and PNP transistor that are connected in given below configuration.

• The arrangement of NPN and PNP transistors in circuitry has a benefit that this Sziklai combination does a similar function like normal Darlington transistor, but it needs 0.6 volts extra for its starting operation.
• The circuitry of this transistor combination is shown in the given above figure.
• You can see that the voltage drop of this configuration across base and emitter terminals is equivalent to the voltage drop across a single transistor.
• The operation of Sziklai is slower than the Darlington pair transistor. These transistor pair are normally used for pull-push arrangements and different sound amplifier circuits.
• But common thing in these two transistor arrangments is that they use in NPN and PNP transistor for their construction.

Darlington Transistor Example

• For a practical understanding of the Darlington pair transistor, we solve an example.
• Let's suppose that we have a load that consuming the power of sixty watts is connected with fifteen volts supply and 2 NPN transistor in Darlington pair arrangements.
• The gain value of the first transistor is thirty and another transistor gain value is ninety-five. So by using these given parameters, we calculate the value of Ib to operate the load.

• When the output load starts to operate then collector current flows this collector current is equal to the current consumed by the load.

IL= Ic

• As we know that P=VI. So,

Ic= P/I

=60/15= 4 amperes

• As above we discussed that the value of ß is 30 and for second is 95, so the value of Ib can be calculated by this equation.

Ic =[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2] x Ib

Ib=(Ic)/[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2]

Ib=4/[30 +(95 x 30)+ 95]

Ib=4/2975

Ib=1.3mA

• From this, we can conclude that if we provide 1.3 milliamperes to the first transistor, load start its operation when we disconnect current load will off.

Advantages of Darlington Transistor

• These are some important benefits of this transistor arrangement that are described here with detailed.
• It gains value is very high almost one thousand and sometimes greater than it, so a small value of Ib will be amplified to the larger output current.
• Its resistance at the input is very very high that decreases the resistance value at its output.
•  As this circuit is very easy to construct so it is easily available in numerous structure in a single casing.

Disadvantages of Darlington Transistor

• Where it has some benefits there it also has some drawbacks that are described here.
• Its main disadvantage is that its saturation voltage is higher than the normal transistor.
• The value of saturation voltage is 0.65 volts for Darlington pair while in case of a transistor is 0.1 to 0.2 volts.
• Another problem is that its switch time increases if the first transistor does not send Ib to the second current within the required time. That makes its operation slow.
• In the presence of large frequency signal, it shows the high phase shift that is low in a single transistor, due to this it losses stability when negative feedback is provided to this circuitry.

That is the detailed article on the Darlington Transistor I have mentioned every aspect related to this transistor. If you have any issue ask in comments.Thanks for reading.

Introduction to TIP122

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP122.  It is a Darlington braces NPN transistor. It works like an ordinary NPN transistor, but as it consists of a Darlington pair it has a decent collector current assessment of nearby 5 amperes and it's gain is around 1000. This transistor can bear 100 volts around collector and emitter terminals due to this feature it can be used for high loads. This is a common purpose transistor it used in different industrial projects. It manufactured for less time taking switching submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, distinction, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP122. 

Introduction to TIP122

• It is a Darlington braces NPN transistor. It works like an ordinary NPN transistor, but as it consists of a Darlington pair it has a decent collector current assessment of nearby 5 amperes and it's gain is around 1000.

• This transistor is famous for its higher gain of current which 1000 and it uses higher current at collector which is 5 amperes.
• Due to its higher gain of current and huge collector current (IC), it is used in such loads which use higher current and its uses for such submissions which required higher amplification.
• This transistor consumes less voltage only five volts across base and emitter, therefore, it can be effortlessly organized by a Logical expedient such as a microcontroller.
• Though precaution has to do to check if the logic expedient can supply up to 120 mA.
• So, if you are eyeing for a transistor which can be effortlessly organized by a Logical expedient to modification high power consuming loads or to intensify higher current then this transistor can be a perfect option for your solicitations.

  Pinout of TIP122

• These are the main pinout of TIP122:

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	Current comes out by the emitter, it is usually linked to ground.
Pin#2	Base	It governs the biasing of the transistor and works to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
Pin#3	Collector	Current movements in over collector, usually linked to load

Let's see a diagram of the TIP122 pinout:

Features of TIP122

• These are the main features of TIP122.
  • It is presented in TO-220 Compendium.
  • It is a Darlington Intermediate power consuming NPN Transistor.
  • It has Greater DC Current Gain, which value is 1000.
  • Its Nonstop Collector current (IC) is 5A.
  • Its voltage transversely collector and emitter are 100 volts.
  • The collector and base (Vce) voltage are 100 volts.
  • The quantity of (V_BE ) is 5 volts.
  • The value of the current at the base is 120 milliampere.

Working of TIP122

• • This transistor is recognized for its higher current gain which is 1000 and higher collector current 5 amperes, therefore, it is usually used to switch loads with higher current or in submissions which need higher intensification.
  •  This transistor has less base and emitter Voltage of the merely 5V henceforth can be effortlessly organized by a Logic instrument such as a microcontroller.
  • Though precaution has to be engaged to check, if the logic instruments can font up to 120mA.
  • Though TIP122 has extraordinary current at collector and current gain, it is impartially modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an Emitter-Base voltage (VBE) of the only 5V and Ib of merely 120mA.
  • In the lower circuit diagram, I have used the TIP122 to control a 48V motor which has an incessant current of around 3A.
  • The incessant collector current of this transistor is 5A and our load devours merely 3A which is well.
  •  The higher base current is around 120 mA, but I have used a higher worth of 100-ohm resistor to bound it to 42 mA.
  • You can also use even a 1K resistor if your collector current prerequisite is fewer.
  •  The highest current of this transistor is 8A so make certain your motor does not devour extra than that.
  •  This is disinterested a perfect circuit figure which displays the employed on this transistor it cannot be used as such.

Applications of TIP122

• These are the main applications of TIP122.
  • It is used to adjustment of high current loads such as 5 amperes.
  • It is used as an average Power switch.
  • It works where higher intensification is desirable.
  • It used for velocity controller of Motors.
  • It used in Inverter and other rectifier circuitries.

So, that was all about TIP122 if you have any question about it please ask in comments. I will reply to you as soon as possible. Thanks for reading.

Smart Energy Engineering Drives Manufacturing Growth

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how smart energy engineering drives manufacturing growth. Human life on earth has never seen more development it has experienced in the past 100-years. Nowadays, manufacturing is based on smart tech-oriented engineering. This guarantees quality productions in the minimum time possible. According to the British newspaper Yorkshire Post, a new $252m Siemens manufacturing site in the UK is a poster-boy for this new trend of super high tech combined with manufacturing. Innovative digital engineering solutions play a key role in upscaling these companies with modern-day technology that gets rid of older, classic manufacturing techniques and provides a cleaner, safer, and faster way of manufacturing goods.

Futuristic ovens

Needless to say, industrial ovens are necessary for manufacturing purposes. The creation of industrial ovens scalable to fit the industry's precise demands are prerequisites for the required airflow for the job, the type of energy used, and the lifespan of production. You know it already if industrial machinery misses the mark and fails to meet the industry standards, this can terribly impact the overall production. The reason, you need advanced machinery equipped with cutting-edge technology to grow your revenue skyrocket. These ovens are part and parcel of manufacturing with outstanding results in both the simple drying process and hydrogen de-embrittlement. Soon, innovators are expecting to use solar energy to power such ovens. In November 2019, CNN reported on a breakthrough made by Bill Gates’ secretive energy start-up that it had managed to concentrate heat in one area. Scaling down of this technology could be a further boon to an industry that helps tackle energy concerns with full control.

Further energy storage

These systems may well be expensive, but new technology is proving fruitful for energy storage and movement. And based on result-driven and swift processes, you will surely admit, they totally worth it. According to The Independent, breakthroughs in battery manufacturing have made Li-ion batteries 90% cheaper in material costs – also a sustainability saving – and have made manufacturing far easier. This will have far-reaching implications for manufacturing businesses across numerous sectors, particularly the car industry including EV, hybrid, or CEV. Furthermore, by using a chemical resin instead of heavy metals, these batteries degrade slower and have a lessened environmental impact, leaving your atmosphere with no toxic gases. They could lead to a serious overhaul in how manufacturing is done from the energy management perspective.

A reduction in waste

Energy-saving at the front-end is great and it is equally important in tuning energy usage to encompass largely green fuels. There remains, however, the question of waste. According to industry consultants Enel, significant energy is lost in the processing of manufacturer lines that are often uncovered at a later date in efficiency programs. However, they will go missing for years in the meanwhile, and this necessitates savings to be made elsewhere. One such way is through turning waste once again into energy. It comes with two benefits; first, if energy is wasted it’s less impactful as there is a zero-sum game; second, it creates efficiencies for manufacturers that can help against the impact of hidden problems in their assembly line. Finding a way to harness waste and turn it into energy should be a primary concern for manufacturers, both in environmental and cost-saving ways, and there are methods out there that may prove helpful for energy conservation.

The Icelandic method

Iceland is renowned for its use of geothermal energy which, according to IRENA, produces just 3% of the emissions that equivalent energy-producing operations will create. Despite this, the island nation is not contented on its laurels and manufacturers, the reason they have come together to look at turning waste into energy. The result is a program of gasification run by the University of Iceland. The main aim is to look at waste from all areas of manufacturing and day-to-day life and turn the waste materials and energy (in the form of heat, light, and emissions) back into useful energy by capturing and re-introducing materials to the manufacturing process. While still a relatively ‘dirty’ process – these are, ultimately, fossil fuels and bio-energy – this can represent a ‘closed-loop’ on emissions for manufacturing businesses and the opportunity to make the most out of every single piece of work. In turn, this reduces the amount of wastage at every stage of production.

Moving to clean processes

Long-term businesses must look to move away from all dirty and inefficient fuels and turn toward more clean and effective alternatives. Much of this is being completed already by private energy firms. Forbes estimates that fossil fuel usage will reduce from 82% of current global consumption to 60% by 2040 and this rate will be much higher in developed countries compared to third-world countries. In the USA, regardless of political pressure, energy companies are investing heavily in renewables that are becoming a part of the energy grid. While effective work can be done on the factory floor to clean energy compliance, regulators are doing great work to bridge that gap and ensure a much cleaner environment.

Future: the hydrogen solution

Hydrogen is a volatile energy that carries plenty of risk in the manufacturing process. According to engineering mag The Engineer, it could be the next big breakthrough – and one that is more palatable to the public than controversial nuclear energy. Scale-able hydrogen operations that pluck energy out of the air are springing up across the world and are, crucially, scale-able – they could find their way onto the site of manufacturing premises.   Hydrogen is, no doubt, inherently dangerous and carries a lot of risks, however with the help of advanced technology its impact can be reduced; for instance, some units have safety systems that rapidly turn Hydrogen stocks into oxygen if a dangerous situation arises. Clean and safe energy with the tendency of conversion is arguably the future fuel for manufacturing. This also leads to a clean and secure environment. Clean energy with large-scale manufacturing is the dream for both businesses and consumers. If engineers continue to focus on clean energy solutions for manufacturing, it will benefit both industry and environment that guarantees maximum production requiring less labor force.

Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well today. Thank you for viewing this read. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus. You may already be familiar with Arduino Boards, in case you don’t, they are the open-source easy to use hardware and software platform used in modern electronic projects. These boards receive inputs and convert them into outputs to activate motors, LEDs, electrical circuits, robots, and embedded systems. They are mainly designed for newbies and non-tech geeks who hesitate to construct the electrical circuits from the get-go and hate diving into the nitty-gritty of architecting electrical wires accurately to fashion electrical circuits. Arduino boards come with both ready-made electronic kit and software program IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on the computer. You only worry about the running code on your system, without involving into the hassle of organizing and connecting everything perfectly on your electrical circuit. We’ve already discussed the Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus. Both Mega 2560 and Mega 1280 are almost similar in working and execution with a slight difference in flash memory and microcontrollers incorporated on the boards. Arduino Mega 2560 carries Atmega 2560 microcontroller with flash memory 256kb while Arduino Mega 1280 carries Atmega 1280 with flash memory 128kb. These boards can be powered by both USB cable and external power source where AC-to-DC adaptor or battery is used to power them externally. Our team is designing and adding these new libraries in the proteus library database to help students better understand the working of Arduino boards in proteus workspace. Check this post where we’ve shared Arduino Library for Proteus that includes six Arduino Boards in a single library. If you don’t have proteus installed in your PC, check this post covering how to download and install proteus software. This is the brief introduction of Arduino boards, let’s dive in to download the Arduino Mega 1280 library for proteus.

Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus

Click the link below and download Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus.

• As you download this file, it will appear in zip format. Extract this file that houses two files named ArduinoMegaTEP.LIB and ArduinoMegaTEP.IDX.

Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus

• Copy and paste these two files in the library folder of proteus software.

• After placing these files, start your proteus software, if it’s running already… restart. Now, click the ‘P’ button and look for the Arduino Mega 1280.

• As you search this, it will return the figure below.

• Select this file and click OK. As you click OK your cursor will start blinking with the Arduino Mega 1280, indicating you can place this board anywhere in the proteus workspace.

As you place this board in the proteus workspace, it will appear as below. Half work is done. Now we’ll include HEX file to run this board. To do this, right-click the board and select ‘edit properties’ or double click the board it will return window as below. Now browse the ‘PROGRAM FILE’ option to upload the HEX file. You can read this post in which I’ve briefly explained how to get a HEX file from Arduino.

• This is how you can get Arduino Mega 1280 library for Proteus.

Now we’ll construct a simple LED blinking circuit with Arduino Mega 1280 in the proteus workspace.

• We’ve designed a simple LED blinking circuit where we’ve attached LED with the pin 13 of the Arduino Mega 1280.

Open this blink example in the Arduino software and upload the HEX file. As you upload the HEX file and play the proteus software it will appear as figure given below. That’s all about How to download Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus. You can use this library in your electronic projects. If you feel any difficulty in downloading this library, pop your comment in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your suggestions about libraries you think should be a part of Proteus Library Database, I’ll design and include respective libraries. Thank you for reading this post.

Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus

Hi Friends! Happy to see you here. Thank you for viewing this read. Hope you’re well today. In this post, I’m going to discuss the Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus. You should also have a look at Digital Flex Sensor Library for Proteus. I’ve been adding them over the last few days intending to design and share brand new libraries that are not a part of the proteus library database already. I’m adding both simple simulation and simulation with the Arduino board to help you better understand these libraries with microcontrollers and Arduino devices. Before I go further and walk you through on how to download and simulate Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus, let’s get to know what’s Flex sensor first. Simply put, a flex sensor is used to monitor the value of bend. It is also known as a bend sensor that is mainly used in robot whisker sensors, door sensors, stuffed animal toys, and Nintendo power glove. The flex sensor is coupled with the exterior where the rotation of this exterior is directly related to the change in the sensor resistance. Carbon or plastic material is used for the construction of these sensors where deflection value is sensitive to varying resistance. In terms of varying resistance and size, these sensors are categorized into two main types i.e. 4.5-inch bend sensor and 2.2-inch bend sensor. I hope you’ve got a brief insight into what is flex sensor and why it is used for. You can also sneak into the Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus that I’ve shared previously. And if you don’t have proteus software installed in your system, check this post on how to download and install proteus software. Without further ado, let’s jump right into the Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus. Continue reading.

Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus

First of all, click the link given below to download the analog flex library for proteus. Analog Flex Sensor Library for Proteus As you download this file, it contains two folders named Proteus Library and Proteus Simulation. Click the Proteus Library, it will open up four files that read:

• FlexSensorAnalogTEP.HEX
• FlexSensorTEP.HEX
• FlexSensorTEP.IDX
• FlexSensorTEP

Copy and place these four files into the proteus library folder. Now, click the ‘P’ button as below and write ‘Flex sensor analog’ in the search bar. As you do this, it will return the file as mentioned below.

• Select this file and click “OK” As you click OK, your cursor will start blinking with the flex sensor, indicating you can place this sensor anywhere you want on the proteus workspace.

When you place this sensor on the proteus workspace, it will appear as follows: This is how flex sensor appears on proteus workspace.

Flex Sensor Pinout

Flex sensor contains four pins as follow:

• G = first is the ground pin that you’ll connect to the ground voltage.
• O = second is the OUT pin that gives the Flex sensor value demonstrating if the sensor has identified the value of bend.
• V = third is the voltage supply pin that receives 5V to power the sensor.
• TestPin = forth is TestPin that we require in Proteus simulation only. This pin is not included in the sensor in real. We need to add this pin for identifying the value of bend. When this Pin is HIGH it gives the value of bend and when it turns LOW it gives no value of bend.

Adding HEX File

Now we’ll add the HEX file in the Flex sensor to run our simulation. You can find FlexSensorAnalogTEP.HEX file in the library folder of your Proteus library folder. Recall, we’ve already placed this file in the library folder of proteus.

• To add this file, right-click on the sensor and look for ‘edit properties.’
• You can also double click the flex sensor to reach the ‘edit properties’ panel.

Now search for the HEX file that you have placed in the proteus library folder. Add this file and click ‘OK’ … Before you run this simulation we need to design and connect the LC circuit with the Flex sensor. We’ll add this circuit purposely. Why? You’ll get to know later in this post. Connect the Output ‘O’ pin with the LC circuit through voltmeter where we get the output voltage following the variable resistor attached with the test pin.

• Both output voltage across voltmeter and variable resistance are inversely proportional to each other. When resistance is maximum, the voltage on the voltmeter is zero, thus indicating no amount of bend.

And when resistance is zero the voltage appearing across a voltmeter will be 4.98V, confirming the value of bend as an output voltage on the flex sensor. You may be wondering why we add this LC circuit with the flex sensor? We need to include this circuit because proteus gives a peak to peak value that we have to convert into the Vrms value. That LC circuit serves this purpose. You’ve done it. You have designed a simple simulation of a flex sensor library for proteus. We have added this library the very first time, as you won’t find this library in the proteus library database before. I’ve mentioned at the start of the article, I’ll share both simple simulation and simulation with Arduino Board.

Analog Flex Sensor With Arduino UNO

Now we attach the Arduino board with the flex sensor. To do this, we connect the voltage appearing across the voltmeter with the analog input pin of the Arduino board. As you run this simulation it will return the result below. Again, when resistance is maximum, the voltage is zero, that gives equivalent analog value on the LCD connected with the Arduino board, that value is 0019. And when resistance is zero, the voltage will be 4.98V and its equivalent analog value on the LCD will appear 1019. That’s all for today. Hope you find this read helpful. If you face any difficulty in the simulation of Analog Flex Library for Proteus, you can leave your query in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Feel free to leave your suggestions of the libraries that are not available in the proteus library database, I’ll design and share respective libraries with both simple simulation and simulation with Arduino boards. Thank you for reading this post.

Control Engineering: Surprising Applications of Servo Motors

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, we'll discuss surprising applications of servo motors. Servo motors also called “servos” or “control motors”, are electrical devices used for the precise control of position, torque, or speed of an object. They can help in rotating or pushing items at a certain angle or distance. This actuation device has been around for quite some time. Servo motors are widely practiced in different industries.

Servo Motor Applications

A servo motor may appear small but this tiny beast is packed with countless capabilities that make certain objects function more effectively. Projects that require maximum precision rely on this electrical device. You should also have a look at Servo Motor Control using Arduino. A servo motor with high torque is an ideal pick to handle heavy loads properly. These versatile servo motors can quickly adapt to any kind of environment. I have also posted on Servo Motor interfacing with PIC Microcontroller. Let’s take a look at some of the valuable uses of servo motors.

1. Sushi Bars

Have you seen those cute, sushi trains in Japanese restaurants? They use servo motors. Due to lack of staff, Yoshiaki Shiraishi developed a sushi train to serve sushi straight to customers. Sushi trains are made with a conveyor belt. The ability of a servo to deliver perfect repeatability of motion serves a great purpose in sushi trains.

2. Escape Rooms

Those who seek an adventure will love escape rooms. You and your friends will have to complete a mission for you to literally “escape”. The doors are installed with a servo motor controller that will only open if your team solves the puzzle. Props and supplies as well as other interactive parts of the game also use servo motors.

3. Automated Doors

We usually see these doors in business centers, shopping malls, and other commercial establishments. They all operate through servo motors. How? Automated doors have infrared sensors that detect the presence of an individual. The data collected through the infrared sensors is sent to the servo motors which in turn open the door.

4. Remote-Controlled Toys

Whatever remote-controlled toy or object it may be, it is guaranteed to be equipped with a servo motor. A user controls the toy using a transmitter which sends a signal through radio waves. The signal is then sent to the toy through an antenna and circuit board. Upon receipt of these signals, the servo motors then steer the wheels in a toy car, operate the toy helicopter’s propellers, or do whatever the command you apply.

5. Camera Auto-Focus

Advanced cameras like Canon or Nikon use servo motors for their auto-focus feature. You can see the feature “AF Servo” in some digital cameras. Based on the camera’s settings, autofocus allows photographers to capture perfect images even if the subject is moving. The servo motors are programmed with an intelligent algorithm. With just one click, it looks for angles with great focus in auto mode. This is helpful for photographers working on sports or wildlife.

6. Super High-Tech Fashion

Sometimes servo motors serve purposes beyond human imagination. In 2013, Anouk Wipprecht, an iconic Dutch designer, designed a one-of-a-kind outfit called “Spider Dress”. This dress is, no doubt, unprecedented. Each shoulder pad has two 12-channel Maestro servo controllers that move through embedded sensors. The triggers involve stress levels or when someone comes close around the wearer.

7. Collaborative Robots

Also known as “cobot”, this type of machine is different from a traditional robot. They are programmed to work in partnership with humans to complete a certain task. Servo motors provide these robots a remarkable intelligence that you cannot expect from a simple cc motor. Also, advanced sensors and servo drive technology enable cobots to adapt to different environments.

Types of Servo Motors

There are scores of servo motors available in the market. They are categorized in terms of size and shape based on the nature of the application.

1. DC Servo Motors 

DC current controls DC servo motors. They are the right fit for smaller applications for their ability to handle smaller current surges. Due to their swift reaction to commands and motions, DC motors are preferred for machines programmed with mathematical controls. They have, however, stability issues and may need more maintenance compared to AC servo motors.

2. AC Servo Motors

AC current controls AC servo motors. Compared to their DC counterparts, these servos can take higher current surges. The reason they are preferred for CNC and industrial machinery, as well as in automation. In this type of servo, there is an integrated encoder that allows closed-loop control and feedback. Stability is also not an issue with this servo. Furthermore, frequent maintenance is not required.

3. Positional Rotation Servo Motors

This kind of servo is considered as the most common and important among all servo motors. They are typically used in an aircraft, toy, or robot servo. This servo comes with a shaft that can rotate up to 180 degrees. To make sure it won’t surpass this limit, the servo is also equipped with gear mechanisms with physical stops that guard the rotation sensor.

4. Continuous Rotation Servo Motors

These servo motors are somewhat similar to a positional rotation model with limited operations. They can move in any direction but the distance results are indefinite. Instead of directing the motor in a fixed position, the control signals handle the servo’s speed and direction of rotation. Their unlimited rotation and directional control features make them ideal for radar dishes or servo motor for robots.

5. Linear Servo Motors

Another kind of servo that is similar to a positional rotation model is the linear servo motor. The difference is that this type of servo motor has extra gears that allow linear movements or forward/backward motions. They are rare but are available in hobby stores. A hobby or higher-model airplane, small vehicle build, and even a robot use linear servo motors as actuators.

Working of Servo Motors

Servo motors can rotate 90 degrees from either direction and can turn up to a maximum of 180 degrees. It cannot exceed this number because of its built-in mechanical stop. A Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal controls the servo motors which are sent to the control wire. Every 20 milliseconds (ms), the servo motor expects to receive a pulse. The PWM received by the motor sends a command as to how the shaft will position. Moreover, the duration of the pulse forwarded via the control wire directs the rotor in which position to turn to. Take a look at this study about a robot arm’s movement that can be controlled via Internet access. Here, the control signal came from someone behind the computer. The robotic arm servo motors react differently according to the pulse width received. With a pulse width of 0.6 mS, the shaft moved -45 degrees. Then the pulse width increased to 1.5 mS causing the shaft to return to 0 degrees. Lastly, the pulse width increased again to 2.4 mS which shifted the shaft to 45 degrees.

Conclusion

If excellent precision is required, servo motors are the solution you’re looking for. The application of this actuation device is rampant in different industries. You’ll find servo motors in a collaborative robot, sushi bar, and even in an out-of-this-world fashion. Their classification depends on the servo motors application. When it comes to movement, the command comes through PWM signals. The width of the pulse received dictates the position of the shaft. The Internet is already occupied with countless content where it’s difficult to identify the right one. With the Design Web Kit, you don’t need to worry about getting the wrong information anymore. We offer a collection of articles about various website trends.

Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus V2.0

Hey Guys! Glad to see you here. I welcome you on board. In this tutorial today, I’m going to share the Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus. We have already shared the digital PIR Sensor Library for Proteus V1.0. Moreover, you should also check the latest version of PIR Sensor Library V3.0. If you don’t know what is PIR sensor, you must read this post first where I’ve briefly discussed the Interfacing of PIR sensor with Arduino.

PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) also known as a motion sensor, is used to detect motion using infrared rays. It is used in banks for security purposes. It can detect the presence of a person by identifying their motion inside. Similarly, it is used in home automation where it detects the movement in the room, giving a signal we need to turn on the light because there is someone in the room. And when there is no motion detected, it turns off the light.

Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus is not available in the Proteus Library Database, and I’m sharing it, for the very first time. If you’re a regular reader of our blog, you might have read the new libraries we shared previously, if you haven’t, you can first have a look at Arduino Library for Proteus where you’ll get a hold of a simulation of Arduino Board in Proteus.

I’ll be sharing both: simple simulation in proteus and simulation of PIR sensor with Arduino Board. Besides Arduino Boards, you can also interface this analog PIR sensor with PIC and 8051 microcontrollers.

If you feel, we are missing something important that must be included in the proteus library, share your valuable suggestion in the section below. If you’re new to proteus software, check this post on how to download and install proteus software. Let’s discuss the Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus. Keep reading.

Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus

Click the link given below and download Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus.

Analog PIR Sensor Library for Proteus

As you download the library, it comes with four files that are:

• PIRSensorAnalogTEP.HEX
• PIRSensorTEP.HEX
• PIRSensorTEP.IDX
• PIRSensorTEP

Now copy all these files mentioned above and place them into the library folder of your Proteus software.

• Click ‘P’ (Pick from Libraries) as below and search for the PIR sensor analog.

• It will pop up four files of the PIR analog sensor as mentioned below.

• Place all these four files in the proteus workspace. As you place them, it will appear as follows:

• I have added four PIR Analog Sensor files in the proteus workspace that you can use as you like better.
• These sensors are the same in terms of working but they all come in different colors just to make them attractive.
• The first one appears in berylline color, the second one is green, the third is red and the fourth one is blue.

PIR analog sensor contains four pins as follows:

• Vcc = This is a voltage supply pin where we apply 5V to power the sensor
• O = second is the OUT pin where we get the output of the PIR sensor indicating whether or not this PIR sensor has detected the motion.
• G = third is the ground pin which is attached to the ground voltage.
• TestPin = forth is TestPin we need to add in Proteus simulation only. You won’t find this pin mounted on the sensor in real. We have to add this pin because without this pin we cannot detect the motion in proteus simulation. When this TestPin is HIGH it shows the motion is detected and when it is LOW it shows no movement.

After adding these four files to the proteus workspace, we need to include the HEX file in the PIR sensor. You will find this PIRSensorAnalogTEP.HEX file in the library folder of your Proteus software.

• You can add the HEX file in two ways. Right-click the sensor and look for ‘edit properties’ or double-click the analog sensor.

• Now look for the HEX file that you have pasted in the library folder below.

• After adding this file, click ‘OK’ … now you’re done. You’ve added the HEX in the analog PIR sensor. You can now use this PIR sensor simulation in Proteus.
• We’ll design and attach a simple LC circuit with this PIR sensor to understand the working and simulation of the library of this sensor.

Attach the sensor’s analog output pin (O) with the LC circuit through a voltmeter using a voltmeter. Ground (G) pin and apply 5V to the (Vcc) voltage supply pin. Now connect the variable resistor with the TestPin, which will help identify the motion in the surrounding.

The value of this variable resistor is related to the voltage appearing across the voltmeter. When resistance is 100% the voltage appearing on the voltmeter will be zero which shows no motion detection and when resistance is 0% the voltage value across a voltmeter will be 4.97V as below, indicating the presence of motion. Both output voltage and resistance are inversely related to each other.

• We need to design and connect this LC circuit with the PIR sensor due to the peak-to-peak value we receive on proteus. This peak-to-peak value needs to be converted into Vrms using this LC circuit.

This is it. This is the proteus simulation of the PIR analog sensor. We treasure to announce we’ve added this new library to the proteus database for the very first time.

PIR Analog Sensor with Arduino UNO

• It’s time to connect the PIR Analog Sensor with the Arduino Board.
• To do this, we’ll connect the output voltage we get on the voltmeter with the analog input pin of the Arduino board.
• You should also have a look at PIR Arduino Interfacing.

• When resistance is maximum, the voltage will be zero, thus giving an equivalent analog value of 0019 and when resistance is zero, the voltage across the voltmeter is 4.98V and gives an equivalent 1019 analog value on the LCD attached with the Arduino Board.
• You can download LCD Library for Proteus, which I have used in the above simulation.

This is it for today. Hope you find this tutorial helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below, I’ll help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.