So in this project, we will overcome this issue and learn to make an adjustable DC power supply, in which we will get a wide range of voltages.
Software to install
We will make this project in the simulation, as it is a good practice to make any project in the simulation first so that if we do any mistakes or errors in the circuit, which can be corrected without making any physical damage to actual components.
To make this project we will be using the Proteus simulation tool. A brief about the Proteus, it is a simulation software for electronics, here we can make different types of electronic circuits and run the simulation and it will give us the real-time working model of our circuit. Also, we can easily debug in case of a wrong connection.
It has a very large database of pre-installed components which has basically all types of different electronic components and in case, if it is not pre-installed, then we can install a library for those.
Components Required
- One Step down transformer
- Five 1N4007 Diodes
- One 4700 microFarad Polarised capacitor
- One 100 microFarad Polarised capacitor
- Three 0.1 microFarad non-polar capacitors
- One 5 kOhms potentiometer
- One 220 Ohms resistor
- One LM317 IC
Components details
1. LM317
- It is a voltage regulator IC which has a wide range of applications in various voltage limiting circuits.
- It has three terminals as Vin, Vout, Adjust.
- Using these three pins only we can regulate the output voltage.
- As the name suggests, the Vin pin is used for the input power supply, the Vout pin is used to take the output voltage, and Adjust pin is used to control the output voltage.
- It is a very easy-to-use IC, it requires only two resistors for the circuit and it will be ready to use.
- It uses one resistor for the RC filter and one as a potentiometer to adjust the output voltage.
- As per the datasheet, it has a formula for calculating output voltage, and using that we can adjust our resistor value as per our requirement of output voltage.
- For more details about this IC prefer the following datasheet:
2. Step down Transformer
- Step down transformer is used to convert the high input voltage to low voltage.
- It takes high voltage and low current as an input and it will give low voltage and high current as an output.
- Here we will not go in-depth about the working of transformers but in brief, it has two windings as primary and secondary.
- It is the exact opposite of the Step-up transformer as per the use case and windings.
- In this type of transformer, there are more turns on the primary side winding and lesser turns on the secondary side winding.
- It is mostly used in power supplies.
3. Diodes
- Diodes are two-terminal simple electronics components.
- It works as a valve which allows the flow of current in only one direction and limits the flow of current in another direction.
- They are used mostly in every electronic device such as in power supply or as regulators or used in construction ICs for logic gates.
- It has two terminals as Anode and Cathode and current is allowed to flow from Anode to Cathode side only.
- As per the construction, it has two sides P side and N side.
- The P side terminal is also known as Anode and the N side terminal is known as Cathode.
- A simple PN type diode is made using the P-type and N-type semiconductors.
- In N-type semiconductors, free electrons are in majority, and in P-type semiconductors, holes are in majority.
- There are various types of diodes available but as per our use case, we will use a simple PN junction type diode.
- We are using the diodes as rectifiers in this project.
4. Capacitors
- Capacitors are electronic components that have the ability to store energy.
- It has two terminals that are connected with two parallel conductor plates and they are separated from each other with an insulating material called dielectric material.
- When we apply voltages across the terminals then due to generated electric field, it stores energy in the form of electric charges.
- We have used capacitors in this project for filtering purposes.
- There are various types of capacitors as per the use case in this project we have used the non-polarized and polarized capacitors.
5. Potentiometer
- It is a passive electronic component using which we can vary the output voltage by changing the resistance.
- Basically, it is a variable resistor in which we change the resistance by moving a nob.
- It has three terminals as Vcc, Ground, and Vout.
- There are two types of potentiometers. First is the Rotary potentiometer and the second is the Linear potentiometer.
- In this project, we have used a rotary potentiometer.
- The main application of a potentiometer is a voltage divider. And using this characteristic, it is used in various types of applications such as speed controlling of motors, volume control in audio systems, etc.
Project Overview
In this project, we will use the following components-
- LM317 - We will be using this IC as the main controller of our project, using this we will regulate the voltage of the power supply.
- Diodes - These are very important components for any DC power supply as they will change the AC supply to DC supply.
- Step down Transformer - This will be used as an isolator and it will lower the input voltage.
- Capacitors - These are used for smoothening the pulses and making the noise-free power supply.
- Potentiometer - It is used as a regulator to set the output DC voltage.
Now we know the basic role of each component, so let's talk about how actually our power supply will work. In brief, the flow of our power supply will be as mentioned further.
We connect it with AC power then we will lower down the AC supply to 12-24 AC because most of the electronic component has this working voltage range, thereafter we will change the AC to DC and do the smoothening of that DC supply, and then we will regulate that using a potentiometer and LM317 IC.
- To step down the AC voltage we have used the Step-down transformer and it will also isolate the AC circuit with the DC circuit although there are ways to step down the power without using the transformer also.
- After that, using the diodes we will make a full-wave bridge rectifier. It will change the AC power to DC but still, it will have some ripple from the AC supply.
- To smoothen the ripples from the AC supply we will use the RC filters, where we will connect some capacitors.
- Now we will have the smooth DC supply that we will use as input power for LM317 IC and a potentiometer will be connected to it.
- Using that potentiometer, we will change the output voltage.
Circuit Diagram and Working
Now we know all the components which we will use in this project and their use cases also. Let's start connecting them.
- Start the new project in the Proteus software and import all the required components to the workplace.
- Now, we have all the listed components in the workplace.
- First, connect the AC power supply with the Step-down transformer primary winding.
- On the secondary winding of the transformer, we will connect the full-wave bridge rectifier which we will make using the diodes. They are simple 1N4007 diodes.
- First, we will make two pairs of diodes by connecting two with each other.
- In the first pair, we will connect the Anode of two diodes with each other and leave the other two terminals free.
- Then in the second pair, we will connect the Cathode of two diodes with each other and leave the other two terminals.
- Now we have two free terminals in each pair, and we will connect them with each pair.
- If you are working with real components, just remember there will be a grey color stripe on the diode so that side will be Cathode and another side will be Anode.
- In simple words just take two diodes, connect the grey strip side of them with each other, then take another two diodes and connect the black side with each other, and after that connect them with each other.
- It is very important to connect the diodes very carefully otherwise our power supply will not work.
- And in case of wrong connections, it will flow the AC current in our circuit and that would be very dangerous.
- Now we have completed our full-wave bridge rectifier so now connect the input side of that with the secondary side of the step-down transformer.
- And connect two capacitors parallel to the output side of the rectifier. That is used for smoothening the output power.
- One 4700 microFarad capacitor and a 0.1 microFarad capacitor.
- While connecting the polar capacitor keep the terminals in mind.
- Connect the positive terminal of the capacitor with the positive side of the rectifier and the negative side with the negative side of the rectifier.
- In the polar capacitor, the longer terminal is positive and the shorter side is negative.
- Now let's connect the LM317 IC with the circuit.
- As we know LM317 has three pins so connect the Vin pin of IC with the positive terminal output of the rectifier.
- Now connect the Adj pin of IC with the potentiometer and Vout of IC will be the output of the power supply.
- We will use some more resistors and capacitors for filtering purposes.
- Connect two capacitors parallel with the output of LM317 and one RC filter also with it.
- At last, connect a diode from the output of LM317 with the input side of LM317 that will prevent the flow of reverse voltage. It is for simple protection.
- Now we have completed the connection of our circuit. For debug purposes, connect a voltmeter at the end so that it will be easy to check the working of the power supply and we can monitor the change in the output voltage by changing the value using the potentiometer.
Results and Working
- Now run this project.
- At first, AC high voltage will be converted to low voltage AC.
- As we know AC power is a sine wave and DC power is a straight line. It does not travel as a sine wave.
- That will be converted by the full-wave bridge rectifier. We know that diodes allow the flow of current only in the forward bias. This means only half of the cycle of the sine wave will pass through it, that is when the sine wave is in a positive direction.
- So to overcome this problem, we have used the diodes as full-wave bridge rectifiers.
- When the AC sine wave will be in the positive half cycle, the diodes D2 and D3 will be in forward bias, thus they will let the current flow. But D4 and D5 will be in reversed bias so they will not allow the current to flow.
- And when the AC sine wave will be in the negative half cycle, the diodes D2 and D3 will be in reversed bias, and diodes D4 and D5 will be in forward bias and that is how current will flow here. Thus, we will get the current in a full sine wave.
- So the output of the full-wave bridge rectifier will be like the following image:
- But still, this wave is not a DC current, so to make it a smooth DC current we have used the capacitors.
- When the wave goes upward, at that time, the capacitors store the charge but when the wave goes downward, then the capacitors start discharging, and while discharging they maintain the output voltage and let the current flow.
- But this will make some ripples and to neutralize that, we have used another capacitor that will do the same charging-discharging process and after that, we will have a straight line of pure DC power.
- Now DC power will go into the LM317 regulator IC. Thereafter when we change the value from the potentiometer, we can see the output voltage will change on the voltmeter which is connected to the output side.
- We can see in the following image when the value of the potentiometer is 4% then the output voltage is 2.40 volts
- Let’s change the value of the potentiometer.
- After changing the value of the potentiometer to 52%, we can see that output voltage is also changed to 14 volts.
- As we can see that output voltage changes by changing the value of the potentiometer which means our regulated power supply is working well.
Conclusion
I hope we have explained all the points related to this project. And I hope this will be a very useful project for your daily use as a power supply.
Please let us know if you face any issues while making this project in the comment section below.
We will be happy to know if you will make this project and how you are going to use it in your daily life.
Thanks for reading this article and All the best for this project, see you in the next one.
